• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-137
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• 1989

Chemical and microbial characteristics of root zone of neighboring large and small ginseng in a high yield field were investigated in relation to root growth. $NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$, and available P contents were significantly low for large root but Ca high. The contents of $NO_3-N$ or $NH_4-N$ showed significant negative correlation with fine root development. Precipitation quotient of humic acid tended to be high for large roots. The population of one dominant bacteria was significantly high for large root. The ratios of bacteria to fungi or actinomycetes were positively correlated with fine root development.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2005

Epilepsy constitutes a significant public health problem, and even the newest drugs and neurosurgical techniques have proven unable to cure the disease. In order to select a group of isolates which could generate an active compound with neuroprotective or antiepileptic properties, we isolated 517 actinomycete strains from soil samples taken from Jeju Island, in South Korea. We then screened these strains for possible anti-apoptotic effects against serum deprivation-induced hippocampal cell death, using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay as an in vitro test. The excitotoxic glutamate analog, kainic acid (KA), was used to induce seizures in experimental mice in our in vivo tests. As a result of this testing, we located one strain which exhibited profound neuroprotective activity. This strain was identified as a Streptomyces species, and exhibited the rifampinresistant genotype, Asn$(AAC)^$442, according to the results of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene analyses

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.246-253
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of rhizobacteria associated with ginseng of varying age levels and their plant benefiting attributes. A total of 143 different isolates belonging to 15 different bacterial genera were recovered. Although variation was found in the rhizobacterial community due to age of the plant, majority of bacteria belong to Firmicutes (58%). In which, Bacillus was found to be the predominant genus irrespective of age of the ginseng. To assess the plant benefiting attributes, 30 representative isolates were selected. The results indicated that some of the isolates could exhibit multiple plant growth promoting traits like secretion of cell wall degrading enzymes, production of indole-3-acetic acid, synthesis of siderophores, solubilization of phosphates and soil pathogens inhibition. It can be suggested that strains of B. subtilis, B. amyloliquefaciens, B. velezensis, and B. licheniformis were positive for all the above traits, which have potential to be used as plant growth promoting inoculants to improve ginseng crop in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.52-59
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• 2006

This study was conducted to find end-members and tracers which are effective to be applied in the End Member Mixing Analysis (EMMA) model for runoff separation at the Gwangneung coniferous forest catchment (13.6ha), Gyeonggido, Korea. We monitored three successive rainfall events during two weeks from June 26, 2005 to July 10, 2005, and analysed chemical properties of rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, groundwater and soil water considered as main components of storm runoff. The followings are the results of analyses of each component and tracer. Groundwater, soil water and rainfall (or throughfall) were dominant runoff components. Rainfall and groundwater were selected as main components for the two components-one tracer mixing model, and groundwater, soilwater and throughfall were selected as main components for the three components-two tracers mixing model. Tracers were selected from anion ($Cl^-$ and ${SO_4}^{2-}$), cation ($Na^+$, $K^+$, $Mg^{2+}$, and $Ca^{2+}$) and Acid Neutralizing Capacity (ANC) in event 1, 2, and 3. $Na^+$, $Ca^{2+}$ and ANC were selected in the two components-one tracer mixing model and ${SO_4}^{2-}-K^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Na^+$, ${SO_4}^{2-}-Ca^{2+}$, ${SO_4}^{2-}$-ANC, and $Ca^{2+}$-ANC were selected in the three components-two tracers mixing model. Selected main runoff components and tracers can provide basic information to determine the contribution rate of each runoff component and identify the runoff process in a forest watershed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.3-21
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• 2002

국내의 휴ㆍ폐탄광 수는 2002년 현재 230여 개에 이르고 있다. 이에 따라 갱도, 폐석적치장 및 광산 시설물들은 방치상태로 남게 되며 광해의 주요인자가 되고 있다. 광해현상은 이들로부터 유출되는 산성광산배수(Acid Mine Drainage : AMD), 폐석 및 오염토양의 유실 및 하류부 퇴적, 채굴적 상부 및 인접지역의 지반침하 등이다. AMD는 pH가 6.0 미만이고 총산도(total acidity)가 총알카리도(total alkalinity)를 초과하는 물로서 노천광이 가행되었던 지역, 가행중이거나 휴광 또는 폐광된 광산에서 유출된다. 또한 도로사면 절개부나 지하철 터널에서도 황철석(pyrite)이나 백철석(marcasite)등을 함유하는 층이 공기 중에 노출되면 산성수가 침출되어 나오기도 한다. AMD에 의한 하천수의 오염이 매우 극심하여 때로는 미생물마저도 그 속에 살 수 없게 된다. AMD에 의해 오염된 하천수의 오염범위는 산성수의 양, 농도, 하천에 유입되는 산성수의 분포, 상류에서 흘러드는 오염되지 않은 물의 양, 지류에서 유입되는 물의 양에 따라 좌우된다. AMD 오염이 문제시되고 있는 나라는 미국을 포함하여 호주, 일본, 한국, 러시아, 남아연방 등이다. AMD를 처리하기 위해 여러 기술이 도입 적용되었으며 일부 기술들은 현재도 사용되고 있다. 각 기술마다 일장일단이 있으므로 경비의 과다, 유지 및 관리에 대한 지속성 여부, 공간의 확보 여부, 지역적 특수성에 맞춰 가장 적합한 방법을 채택하여야 하며 꾸준히 채택한 기술의 개량 및 새로운 기술의 첨가가 요구되고 있다. 따라서, AMD 오염지대에 대해 획일적으로 같은 처리방법을 채택하여 사용하는 것보다 각 지역 또는 AMD가 유출되어 나오는 광산폐기물의 특성 등을 고려하여 거기에 맞는 기술들을 복합적으로 또는 단독으로 사용하되 처리방법 채택 시 신중을 기할 것이 요망된다. 우리나라에서도 폐탄광을 복원하기 위하여 여러 시도가 있었으나 시간적, 경제적으로 충분히 고려하지 않아 시행착오을 범하고 있다. 따라서, 복원 대상광산에 대한 실제적인 조사, 평가 및 복구설계의 과정을 예로 들어 적절한 처리과정을 토의하고자 한다.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.19-35
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• 2003

In order 새 investigate the spatial and seasonal variations of heavy metal pollution in heavily industrialized urban area, urban roadside sediments were collected for five years from gully pots in Seoul City. A series of studies have been carried out concerning the physicochemical characteristics of the sediments in order to evaluate the contamination of heavy metals such as Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. Roadside sediments and uncontaminated stream sediments were analyzed for total metal concentrations using acid extraction. The roadside sediments are characterized by very high concentrations of Zn (2,665.0$\pm$1,815.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g), Cu (445.6$\pm$708.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g), Pb (214.3$\pm$147.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and Cr (182.1$\pm$268.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g), indicating an artificial accumulation of these metals to the sediment chemistry. Comparing with average contents of uncontaminated stream sediments, roadside sediments were shown zinc 14 times (up to 64.4), copper 9 times (up to 181.7), lead 6 times (up to 63.7), cobalt 6 times (up to 168.7), nickel 4 times (up to 98.4), cadmium 2 times (up to 12.8) and chrome 2 times (up to 40.2) high content. The relative degree of heavy metal pollution for roadside sediments collected from each district in Seoul City is evaluated using the “geoaccumulation index”. As a result, heavy-metal contamination is highest centering the oldest residential district and industry area, and contamination level decreases as go to outer block of the city. The factor analysis results indicate that the levels of Cu, Ni, Fe and Cr are strongly related to numbers of factories, whereas the concentrations of Cr, Zn and Cd dependant on pollution index, indicating artificial contamination due to site-specific traffic density.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.333-341
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• 2001

The Compost-decomposing-bacteria was isolated from livestock compost containing sawdust. The isolated bacteria was identified as Bacillus subtilis LYH201 by the method of the composition of the fatty acid with MIDI system and Bergey's manual. Cloning of CMCase encoding gene was accompanied by shotgun method. The pLK100 have yellow activity ring on CMC medium, that was carried 2.2 kb insert DNA in pBluescript II $SK^+$ vector, named BglC gene. The BglC was very similar to Pectobacterium carotovorum Gun_CLOAB(P15704) with score of 57% identity and 71% homology over 508 aa. The BglC was measured molecular weight 56 kDa by CMC-SDS-PAGE. Optimum cellulase activity Bacillus subtilis LYH201 was temperature $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1999

The objectives of this study are to investigate soil contamination in the vicinity of abandoned Au-Ag mine and to apply a remediation technique of liming to tailings. In the study area of the Imcheon Au-Ag mine, soils were sampled in and around the mine the analyzed by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry extracted by both 0.1N HCl and aqua regia. Elevated levels of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations extracted by 0.1N HCl were found in soils taken from tailings site. These high contents directly influenced metal concentrations in soils taken in the vicinity of the site. This is mainly due to clastic movement by wind and effluent of mine waste water. In addition, relatively enriched concentrations of the metals were found in soils extrated by aqua regia due to strong decomposition of the samples compared with 0.1N HCl extration. According to the statistical approach, metal concentrations in soils by 0.1N HCl had a positive correlation with those by aqua regia extraction. Mine waste waters and stream waters were also sampled around the mine in spring and summer and analyzed by AAS for Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and by Ion Chromatography for anions. Like soils developed over tailings, significant levels of metals and sulphates were found in the mine waste waters ranging of 0.2~0.3, 0.5~2.0, 0.2~2.8, 30~50 and 1,240~4,700 mg/l of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and $SO_4^{2-}$, respectively. These elevated levels influenced in the stream waters in the vicinity of the tailings site. In seasonal variation of metal and anion contents, relatively high levels were found in waters sampled on summer due to leaching the metals and anions from tailings by rain. This study also examined the possibility of lime treatment for remediation of acid mine tailings and assumed to be 46 tones of pulverized lime for neutralization of the tailings.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 2006

Investigation of Cd and Zn availability in four different soils as affected by the interactions of these two heavy metals was conducted using the metal desorption quantity-intensity (Q/I) isotherms. The soils were artificially contaminated with proper concentrations of Cd and Zn as $CdSO_4\;and\;ZnSO_4$ solutions. DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) - extractable and water-extiactable Cd or Zn from the soils were used as $Q_{Cd}\;or\;Q_{Zn}\;and\;I_{Cd}\;or\;I_{Zn}$ factors, respectively. The coefficient of determination for Cd and Zn desorption Q/I linear regression in the soils ranged from 0.947 to 0.999, which indicated that Q and I factors were closely correlated. The buffering capacity of Cd, $BC_{Cd}$, in the soils decreased with increasing Zn treatments, and the $BC_{Cd}$ values were ranged between 205.8 and 2255.6. The decreases of $BC_{Cd}$ values were mainly dependent upon the increases of $I_{Cd}$ factors. However, Zn buffering capacity. $BC_{Zn}$ decreased with increasing Cd treatments in acidic soils, and increased in neutral and calcareous alkaline soils. The $BC_{Cd}$ values were ranged from 143.2 to 6158.0. The values of $BC_{Zn}$ as influenced by the treatments of Cd were also controlled by the solubility of water-extractable Zn, $I_{Zn}$ factor. The solubility of water-extractable Cd and Zn was significantly dependent upon the changes of soil pH that were impacted by the treatment of Zn and Cd, respectively. Also, the availability of Cd was higher than Zn availability in the acidic and neutral soils, but Zn was higher than Cd in the calcareous alkaline soil.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1995

To examine the effects of gibberelin treatment on seed germination of six wild herbaceous species -Dicentra spectabilis, Aster pekinensis, Agastache rugosa, Elsoholtzia ciliata, Boehmeria tricuspis and Pulsatillia cerrma var. chaerophyiloides - in Kangwon-do, pretreated seeds of five species were sowed on plastic pots with mixed soil(sand：peat moss：perlite： vermiculite, 1：1：1：1, v/v) in 23,April 1995. Seeds were soaked in 25,50 ppm gibberelin solution and ground water during 24 hours. Pretreated seeds of Pulsatiilia cerrma var. chaerophylloides were sowed on nursery soil in 1, June 1995. Seed pretreatments in 31, May 1995 were same method. Seed germination rate was measured and compared among species and treatments. Seed germination rate of Dicentra spectabilis, Agastache rugosa and Elsoholtzia ciliata was differed higly significant among pretreatments ,but those of that of Aster pekinensis, Boehmeria tricuspis and Pulsatillia cerrma var chaerophylloides did not significant at 5% level. Gibberelin pretreatment raised seed germination rate of Dicentra spectabilis and Agastaohe rugosa and proper concentration of GA$_3$ was 25ppm and seed germination rate of Elsoholtzia ciliata was highest at GA$_3$ 50ppm plot. The utilization of wild herbaceous species were discussed.