• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.61-65
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• 2018

본 연구는 해양 갑각류의 껍질의 주요 구성성분인 키틴/키토산의 단량체인 glucosamine을 고체 산 촉매를 이용하여 화학중간체인 levulinic acid와 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (5-HMF)을 생산하기 위한 전환 반응을 수행하였다. 반응 결과, glucosamine 50 g/L, 반응온도 $180^{\circ}C$, 촉매량 5%, 그리고 반응시간 60분의 조건에서 약 36.86%의 levulinic acid를 얻을 수 있었다. 반면에 5-HMF는 약 0.91%의 낮은 수율로 전환되었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제61권4호
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• pp.561-569
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• 2023

푸르푸랄(furfural)은 리그노셀룰로오스 바이오매스(lignocellulose biomass)의 헤미셀룰로오스(hemicellulose) 성분 중 하나인 자일로스(xylose)로부터 생산되는 플랫폼 화학물질이다. 푸르푸랄은 페놀류 화합물이나 바이오 연료 등의 중요한 원료로 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 푸르푸랄 생산공정에서 일반적으로 사용되는 산 촉매인 황산(sulfuric acid)과 친환경적 촉매인 포름산(formic acid) 두 가지 촉매를 이용하여 회분식 반응 시스템(batch system)에서 자일로스로부터 푸르푸랄을 생산하기 위한 조건을 비교 및 최적화하였다. 자일로스의 초기 농도(10 g/L~100 g/L), 반응 온도(140~200 ℃), 황산 촉매(1~3 wt%), 포름산 촉매(5~10 wt%), 반응 시간에 따라 자일로스로부터 푸르푸랄 수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 촉매 종류에 따른 최적 조건은 다음과 같았다. 황산 촉매의 경우, 3 wt%의 촉매농도, 50 g/L의 초기 자일로스 농도, 180 ℃의 온도 10분의 반응시간에서 최대 58.97%의 푸르푸랄 수율을 얻었다. 포름산 촉매의 겨우, 5 wt%의 촉매농도, 50 g/L의 초기 자일로스 농도, 180 ℃의 온도, 150분 반응 시간에서 65.32%의 푸르푸랄 수율을 확보하였다.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.541-543
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• 2006

The feasibility of biodiesel production from soapstock by acid catalyst was tested. The water content of soapstock was more than 40%. Before the esterification of soapstock, the pre-treatment of soapstock was conducted adding potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The pre-treated soapstock contained 99.6wt% of free fatty acid. When the free fatty acid was esterified with methanol, the fatty acid methyl ester content became 91.7wt% under the solid acid catalyst, Amberlyst-15. When this biodiesel was distilled the methyl ester content was 98.1wt% which satisfied the biodiesel Standard. Amberlyst-15 could be recovered easily because it was the soliid catalyst. When sulfuric acid was used as the acid catalyst, the fatty acid methyl ester content was 91.0wt%. From the results, it was possible to produce biodiesel efficiently from soapstock after pre-treatment. Because soapstock is very cheap, it will become good feedstock for biodiesel product ion.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.403-406
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• 1990

Two types of new silica catalysts modified with benzenesulfonic acid derivatives were prepared by esterification or phenylation followed by sulfonation. Both catalysts thus prepared were tested as acid catalysts for 2-propanol dehydration and cumene dealkylation reactions. B catalyst () were more active than A catalyst (). Highter catalytic activity for B catalyst may be accounted for by higher resistance to water, higher acid strength, more acidity, and better thermal stability as compared with A catalyst.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.468-475
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• 2015

Various methods to degrade explosives efficiently in natural soil and water that include trinitrotoluene (TNT) have been studied. In this study, TNT in water was degraded by reduction with palladium (Pd) catalyst impregnated onto alumina (henceforth Pd-Al catalyst) and formic acid. The degradation of TNT was faster when the temperature of water was high, and the initial TNT concentration, pH, and ion concentration in water were low. The amounts of Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid were also important for TNT degradation in water. According to the experimental results, the degradation constant of TNT with unit mass of Pd-Al catalyst was $8.37min^{-1}g^{-1}$. The degradation constant of TNT was higher than the results of previous studies which used zero valent iron. 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene and 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene were detected as by-products of TNT degradation showing that TNT was reduced. The by-products of TNT were also completely degraded after reaction when both Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid existed. Even though there are several challenges of Pd-Al catalyst (e.g., deactivation, poisoning, leaching, etc.), the results of this study show that TNT degradation by Pd-Al catalyst and formic acid is a promising technique to remediate explosive contaminated water and soil.

• 공업화학
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.431-437
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• 1994

에탄을 전화반응 및 MTBE (methyl t-butyl ether)분해반응을 통하여 헤테로폴리산 촉매가 지니는 표면 및 내부 산점의 역할과 형성에 대하여 살펴 보았다. 12-텅스토인산에서 에탄올 탈수반응을 수행할 경우 디에틸에테르는 표면산점에서 생성되며 에틸렌은 촉매 내부산점에서 생성된다. 물은 산점을 강화하는 역할을 하지만 유기염기의 경우 내부 산점을 약화시킨다. 금속염의 산점 형성은 결정수의 가수분해 혹은 금속의 부분적 치환에 따른 양성자에 기인하며 수소로 처리할 경우 산점이 재생되었다. 또한 산 특성 제어를 통하여 선택적 산화반응 촉매로서의 헤테로폴리산 설계가 가능하다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.876-885
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• 2018

폐 RHDM(Residue Hydrodemetallation) 촉매상에 침적된 비활성화 성분인 탄소, 황 을 고온배소 처리하여 제거한 후, 과량 침적되어 있는 바나듐은 초음파 교반기에서 5~15wt% 옥살산 수용액을 이용하여 $50^{\circ}C$, 5분 조건하에 바나듐 추출량을 조절함으로써 NOx 저감을 위한SCR(Selective Catalytic Reduction) 촉매로의 적용 가능성을 확인하고자 하였다. 폐촉매와 단계별 처리된 RHDM 촉매를 대상으로 상압반응기상에서 NOx 저감 효율을 측정하였고, 촉매의 성분분석은 ICP, C & S analyzer 및 XRF를 이용하여 분석하였다. 10wt% 옥살산 수용액으로 바나듐을 침출한 촉매가 가장 안정적이었으며 높은 NOx 저감 효율을 보였다. 이를 메탈폼 형태의 지지체에 워시코팅한 촉매는 상용 SCR 촉매와 동등 수준의 NOx 저감 효율을 나타내었다. 따라서 폐 RHDM 촉매의 처리 조건 조정에 관한 후속 연구를 통하여 각 적용처에 적합한 SCR 촉매로의 이용 가능성은 충분할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.211-224
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• 2008

Characteristics of the esterification reaction between free fatty acid in rice bran oil and methanol was investigated in the presence of catalysts, such as PTS(p-toluene sulfonic acid), Amberlyst 15 dry and SCX(silica gel based strong cation exchange resin). While reaction temperature was kept constant at $65^{\circ}C$, initial feed content of free fatty acid was varied from 100% to 1% by addition of pure free fatty acid which was previously made from rice bran oil. Also, the effect of mole ratio of methanol to fatty acid on the final conversion was examined. When esterification of pure free fatty acid was catalyzed by several acids, final conversions were increased in order of Amberlyst 15 dry, SCX and PTS. Using PTS catalyst, initially the reaction proceeded in homogeneous 2nd oder reaction mechanism. However, phase of reaction mixture changed from homogeneous to heterogeneous along the reaction time and then reaction rate was retarded by mass transfer resistance of methanol. Final conversion of free fatty acid in reaction mixture was depended on initial feed content of free fatty acid, and had maximum value at 30% of initial feed free fatty acid content for all kinds of catalysts used. And the final conversion was increased with mole ratio of methanol by the improvement of reaction rate. When initial feed free fatty acid content below 10% and the reaction was catalyzed by PTS, concentration of free fatty acid in reaction mixture was increased in the middle of reaction time by hydrolysis of triglyceride in reaction mixture. Also, if silica gel was added into the reaction mixture which had initial feed free fatty acid content below 50%, final conversion was increased by the adsorption of moisture produced. The SCX catalyst made the esterification reaction of free fatty acid to progress like in case of PTS catalyst. However, when initial feed free fatty acid content below 10%, concentration of free fatty acid in. reaction mixture was decreased monotonically and not increased in the middle of reaction time on the contrary to the case of PTS. Thus, SCX catalyst accomplished more high value of final conversion than PTS catalyst for the initial feed fatty acid content range from 50% to 5% In case of initial feed free fatty acid content of 1% and mole ratio of methanol was 2, concentration of free fatty acid in reaction mixture increased over the initial feed free fatty acid content for all kind of catalysts used. Although SCX catalyst was added into reaction mixture which had 1% of initial feed fatty acid content, final conversion was hardly raised by mole ratio of methanol.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.283-289
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• 2016

In this study, electrochemical characterizations of PdCu/C catalysts that are synthesized by modified polyol method are investigated. Most of all, amount of ethylene glycol (EG) that is used as main component for catalyst synthesis is mainly modulated to optimize synthetic condition of the PdCu/C catalyst, For evaluations about catalytic activity and performance of direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC), half cell and full cell tests are implemented. As a result, when amount of EG is 4M, catalytic activities of the PdCu/C catalyst such as peak current of formic acid oxidation and active surface area are best, while maximum power density of DFAFC using the optimized PdCu/C catalyst is better than that using commercial Pd/C (30 wt%) by 6%. Based on that, PdCu/C catalyst synthesized by modified polyol method plays a critical role in improving (i) catalytic activity for formic acid oxidation and (ii) DFAFC performance by employing as anodic catalyst.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2000

For a characterization of the pretreated waste automotive catalyst the following analysis techniques were applied : EA(Elemental Analysis) BET(Brunaure-Emmett-Teller) and ICP-AES(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry). The combustion activity of waste automotive catalyst was investigated for methanol acetaldehyde and toluene as model VOCs in a fixed bed reactor. carbon deposit amount was decreased with increasing catalyst showed a good catalytic activity for VOCs combustion at 40$0^{\circ}C$. Catalytic activity for methanol acetaldehyde and toluence combustion was very excellent and decreased with mileage. The catalytic activity of a waste automotive catalyst for methanol combustion increased after acid treatment. The acid effect of catalytic activity was summarized as follows: HNO3>HCI>H2SO4>CH3COOH. The waste automotive catalyst regenerated by the pretreatment method might have a excellent catalytic activity for VOCs combustion.