• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.6 no.3
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 1996

Synergic effects among endo-xylanase, $\beta$-xylosidase, and acetyl xylan esterase of Bacillus stearothermophilus in the hydrolysis of xylan were studied by using birchwood, oat spelt, and acetylated xylan as substrates. Synergism between endo-xylanase and $\beta$-xylosidase was observed on all three substrates tested, indicating that $\beta$-xylosidase enhanced the production of xylose by relieving the end-product inhibition upon endo-xylanase conferred by xylooligomers. Endo-xylanase and $\beta$-xylosidase also showed synergism with acetyl xylan esterase in the hydrolysis of birchwood and acetylated xylan, while no synergic effect was detected in oat spelt xylan hydrolysis. Thus, the hydrolysis of xylan containing acetic acid side chains required the action of acetyl xylan esterase, which eliminated the steric hindrance of the side chains, leading to the better hydrolysis by endo-xylanase and $\beta$-xylosidase , and the acetyl xylan esterase activity was also enhanced by endo-xylanase and $\beta$-xylosidase for the latter enzymes provided acetyl xylan esterase with shorter xylan oligomers, the better substrate for the enzyme.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.298-304
• /
• 2016

Dianthus superbus (D. superbus) is a traditional crude drug used for the treatment of urethritis, carbuncles and carcinomas. The objective of this study was to confirm the cognitive enhancing effect of D. superbus in memory impairment induced mice and to elucidate the possible potential mechanism. Effect of D. superbus on scopolamine induced memory impairment on mice was evaluated using the Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests. We also investigated acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression in scopolamine-induced mice. HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to identify active compounds in D. superbus. The results revealed that D. superbus attenuated the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine. D. superbus also inhibited AChE levels in the hippocampi of the scopolamine-injected mice. Moreover, D. superbus increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus. Eight compounds were identified using HPLC-DAD analysis. The content of 4-hydroxyphenyl acetic acid was higher than contents of other compounds. These results indicated that D. superbus improved memory functioning accompanied by inhibition of AChE and upregulation of BDNF, suggesting that D. superbus may be a useful therapeutic agent for the prevention or treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.191-196
• /
• 2007

The ethanol extract of leaves of the mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum Blanco (Myrsinaceae) was screened for its antinociceptive, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities. The extract produced significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice at the oral dose of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight (P < 0.001), which was comparable to the standard drug diclofenac sodium at the dose of 25 mg/kg of body weight. When tested for its antidiarrhoeal effects on castor oil induced diarrhoea in mice, it increased mean latent period and decreased the frequency of defecation significantly at the oral dose of 500 mg/kg body weight (P<0.05; P<0.01) comparable to the standard drug loperamide at the dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight. Moreover, when tested for toxicity using brine shrimp, the extract showed potent activity against the brine shrimp Artemia salina ($LC_{50}$ 10 mg/ml). The overall results tend to suggest the antinociceptive, antidiarrhoeal and cytotoxic activities of the extract.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.20-23
• /
• 2004

The fresh fruit juice powder of Coccinia indica W.&A., (Cucurbitaceae, CJP) was studied for the possible activities of antiinflammatory and antinociceptive to rationalize the folkloric use of the plant juice as rasayana. CJP at the doses of 50-200 mg/kg caused a significant (P<0.05 to P<0.001) inhibition of paw edema induced by ${\lambda}$ carrageenin (1%) and histamine $(10^{-3}\;g/ml,\;0.1\;ml)$ in rats. The effect was comparable to the standard cycloxygenase inhibitor brufen at 100 mg/kg and protective percentages were 63.41% and 65.78% respectively. Administration of CJP (50-200 mg/kg) exhibited a moderate increase of the pain threshold on analgesy-meter induced mechanical pain. However CJP significantly prevented the writhing induced by acetic acid in mice and the percentages of inhibitions were 16.98%-35.47%, which is equivalent to 36.67% produced by brufen. These data indicate that the fruit juice of Coccinia indica rationalizes the traditional system of medicine.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.1188-1193
• /
• 2003

Sogunjung-tang(SGJT) has been used for the treatment of general weakness, digestive organ disease and so on. This study was carried out for the purpose of knowing the inhibitory effect on the Type I hypersensitivity and Inflammatory reactions of SGJT. The reasults were obtained as follows: SGJT(0.1, 0.5, 1, 2mg/g) concentration of dependently inhibited compound48/80 induced anaphylaxis reaction in mice. SGJT(2mg/g) also inhibited permeability of evans blue into peritoneal cavity in mice. SGJT reduced IgE, CRP, WBC and Platelets on egg albumin induced hypersensitivity. but serum NO was grown. According to above results, SGJT may be beneficial in the type I hypersensitivity and Inflammatory reactions by inhibition of histamine release from mast cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.414-419
• /
• 2006

Prostaglandins biosynthesis and nitric oxide production have been implicated in the process of inflammation and osteoarthritis. And nitric oxide (NO) activated the MMPs responsible for PG degradation in articular chondrocytes. Therefore, we have studied the effects on anti-inflammation and analgesic by ethyl acetate fraction from 70% ethanol extract of Perilla Frutescens (EPF). EPF inhibited LPS plus inflammation-cytokines-induced proteoglycan (PG) degradation, matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP-2,9) expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Also, EPF have inhibitory effects on LPS or LPS plus inflammation cytokines-induced nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 production in mouse macrophage andrabbit articular chondrocytes. These results suggest that EPF decreases PGE2, iNOS, MMPs activity and PG degradation in mouse macrophage and/or rabbit articular chondrocytes. In vivo, EPF was shown to have inhibitory effects on acetic acid-induced pain. The herbal extract with this profile, may have utility in the treatment of osteoarthritis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.36 no.4 s.143
• /
• pp.338-343
• /
• 2005

Inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha}),\;interferon-{\gamma}\;(IFN-{\gamma})$ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are thought to play major roles in joint diseases such as a rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and there is considerable evidence playing a role for these cytokines in osteoarthritis (OA). Therefore, we have studied the effects on anti-inflammation and analgesic by ethyl acetate fraction from 70% ethanol extract of Artemisia capillaries (EAC). As a positive control, apigenin, which is known as an anti-inflammatory agent as an iNOS inhibitor, was used and showed the dose-dependent inhibitory effect. EAC showed strong inhibitory efficacy against cytokine-induced proteoglycan degradation, $PGE_2$ production, nitric oxide (NO) production, and matrix-matalloproteinases (MMPs) expression in rabbit articular chondrocyte. In the writhing test induced by acetic acid, EAC $(200{\sim}400\;mg/kg)$ exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition of writhing. The results indicate that EAC have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, and could be a good herbal medicine candidate for curing of RA and/or OA.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.178-192
• /
• 1983

Polygalae Radix was used as diuretics, analgesics and expertorants in oriental medicine. The root of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. (Polygalaceae) is comprised saponin (Onjisaponin A,B,C,D,E,F and G) polygalitol, onsitin and sugars. The pharmacological action of crude Polygala-saponin (PS) obtained from the roots are studied. The following results were obtained; 1) The median lethal dose $(LD_{50})$ of PS in mice is presented 71.1mg/kg s.c. and 694. 5mg/kg p.o.. 2) PS demonstrated diuretic action of relatively long acting duration in mice. 3) The diuretic mechanism of PS was found due to inhibitory effect of renal tubular reabsorption of electrolytes and glomerular vascular dilatation. 4) The group, administered simultaneously PS and cefadroxil monobydrate was significantly increased with PS alone group on diuretic action. Synergistic effect cefadroxil monohydrate on the diuretic action of PS seems due to competitive inhibition of plasma protein binding with PS. 5) PS demonstrated analgesic action by the acetic acid stimulating method and Randall-Selitto test in mice. 6) PS presented antipyretic action against febrile treated with the typhoid vaccine. 7) PS was significantly prolonged against the hypnotic duration of pentobarbital in mice. 8) Onset time convulsion and death induced by picrotoxin and strychnine in mice were not delayed. According to the above results, the PS was identified as a pharmacological active component obtained from roots of Polygala tenuifolia Willd.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.35 no.5
• /
• pp.360-367
• /
• 1991

Effect of Mylabris sidae(MS) and Epicauta gorhami(EG) polysaccharide fractions on the inflammation and immune responses were studied in vivo. MS and EG contained cantharidin about 0.61 and 0.65%, respectively. It was shown that MS and EG polysaccharide fractions at a oral dose of 100 mg/kg have the significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity; They inhibited significantly the carrageenin-induced inflammation and acetic acid-induced writhing syndrome. They accelerated significantly the carbon clearance and the phagocytosis of colloidal carbons by Kupffer cells in liver, but they at a oral dose of 100 mg/kg suppressed significantly the Arthus reaction in the sheep red blood cell(S-RBC)-sensitized mice in accordance with the inhibition of haemaglutinin titer, haemolysin titer and plaque-forming cells. On the other hand, they at a oral dose of 200 mg/kg accelerated slightly the oxazolone-induced dermatitis in rats and delayed hypersensitivity in the S-RBC-challenzed mice in consistent with the increase of rosette forming cells. As the above results, it exhibited that MS and EG polysaccharide fractions inhibited the humoral immune responses, but they accelerated the function of macrophages and cellular immune responses. EG polysaccharide fraction had more active than MS polysaccharide fraction.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.26 no.5
• /
• pp.433-438
• /
• 2011

These studies were conducted to investigate the alcohol degradation effects of the extract of herbal composition (DTS20) containing Viscum album L., Lycium chinense L., Inonotus obliquus and Acanthopanax senticosus H., on the alcohol administered mice. To investigate anti-hangover effect, alcohol and alcohol dehydrogensae (ADH) concentration of blood were measured after oral administration of ethanol. The administration of DTS20 (200-500 mg/kg) had beneficial actions toward alcohol degradation in acute alcohol treated mice model. The oral administration of DTS20 showed decreased gastric mucous membrane damage produced in ethanol treated mice. In addition, intraperitoneal administration of DTS20 showed anti-inflammatory effects in inhibition tests of vascular permeability produced by acetic acid. DTS20 also reduced the concentration of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ in macrophages that were activated by LPS. These results demonstrate that DTS20 possesses potential to stimulate the alcohol degradation and inhibit the inflammatory effects in mice.