• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.355-362
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• 1999

This experiment was conducted to evaluated the effect of maturity at harvest and wrap colors on the quality of round baled rye(Secal cereale L.) silage at the forage experimental field, Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with three repications. The main plots were three different harvesting stages : boot, heading, and flowering stages, the subplots were wrap colors : white, black, and light green color. Acid detergent fiber(ADF) and neutral detergent fiber(NDF) of rye silage were increased with delayed harvesting date, but there were no significant differdence among wrap colors. However, average in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage with white color wrap tended to have higher than those of other colors. The silage pH of heading stage was highest (5.12), and that of flowering stage was lowest (4.57) in different harvest stages. Among tested wrap colors, white color wrap resulted on lowest pH than others (p<0.05), but there were no significant difference between black and light green color. Dry matter (DM) content of rye silage were increased as harvest stage progressed (p<0.05). However, DM content of white color was highest among warp colors, but there was signifiant difference (p<0.05). Ammonia-N content of silage harvested at boot stage was the highest in harvest stage, but there was no difference between heading and flowering stages. Among wrap colors tested, ammonia-N content of black color was highest, but there was no significant difference. The number of lactic acid bacteria of white colors was highest in different colors, and that of flowering stage was highest among harvest stage. Acetic and butyric acid contents were decreased as harvest stage progressed, and lactic acid was increased from 6.33 to 7.98%. However, wrap colors did not influence lactic acid concentration. Among different wrap colors, outside temperature of rye silage was affected by air temperature, but effect of inside temperature was minimal. Black color wrap increased inside temperature by $3{\sim}5^{\circ}C$. The results of this study indicate that rye should be harvested for round bale silage after heading stage. The quality of rye silage wrapped white and light green color will increase slightly.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of maturity at harvest and inoculants on the quality of round baled rye(Secale cereale L.) silage at the experimental field of Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1998. The experiment was consist of split-plot design with 3 replications. The main plots were 3 harvesting stages such as boot(20 April), heading(29 April), and flowering stages(14 May). The subplots wered inoculant treatments : control (untreated), inoculant A, and inoculant B. Acid detergent fiber(ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of rye silage were significantly increased with delayed harvesting date, but there was not significant difference between inoculants. Mean silage pH at flowering stage was the lowest(4.35), but the highest at early harvest(4.91). Inoculants significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. Dry matter(DM) content of the control was higher than that of inoculants. Ammonia-N as proportion of total N was below 10% which was maximum level of high quality silage. The addition of inoculants reduced ammonia-N. There were significant difference in organic acid contents between harvesting stages and inoculants. Lactic acid was increased with inoculants, but acetic and butyric acids were decreased. Various treatments increased colony forming unit(CFU) of lactic acid bacteria by 2 or 3 times compared with the control and the highest at flowering stage with inoculant B treatment. Results of this study indicate that use of microbial inoculant and harvesting after heading stage will improve the silage fermentation and quality of round baled rye silage.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

This study has been focused on determining the chemical composition of $^{14}C$ - in terms of both organic and inorganic $^{14}C$ contents - in reactor coolant from 3 different PWR's reactor type. The purpose was to evaluate the characteristic of $^{14}C$ that can serve as a basis for reliable estimation of the environmental release at domestic PWR sites. $^{14}C$ is the most important nuclide in the inventory, since it contributes one of the main dose contributors in future release scenarios. The reason for this is its high mobility in the environment, biological availability and long half-life(5730yr). More recent studies - where a more detailed investigation of organic $^{14}C$ species believed to be formed in the coolant under reducing conditions have been made - show that the organic compounds not only are limited to hydrocarbons and CO. Possible organic compounds formed including formaldehyde, formic acid and acetic acid, etc. Under oxidizing conditions shows the oxidized carbon forms, possibly mainly carbon dioxide and bicarbonate forms. Measurements of organic and inorganic $^{14}C$ in various water systems were also performed. The $^{14}C$ inventory in the reactor water was found to be 3.1 GBq/kg in PWR of which less than 10% was in inorganic form. Generally, the $^{14}C$ activity in the water was divided equally between the gas- and water- phase. Even though organic $^{14}C$ compound shows that dominant species during the reactor operation, But during the releasing of $^{14}C$ from the plant stack, chemical forms of $^{14}C$ shows the different composition due to the operation conditions such as temperature, pH, volume control tank venting and shut down chemistry.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the fermentation broth of fruits and vegetables and various kinds of lactobacillus containing in the broth on anti-microbial activity, anti-acidity, its organic acid concentrations and deorderization. In addition, the quality of eggs laid from the hens supplemented with the fermentation broth was determined. The fermentation broth contained over 8 kinds of lactobacillus and other microbes. Lactobacillus (L.) hilgardii, L. reuteri, L. nagelii, L. plantarum, and Zygosaccharomyces bisporus were survived especially in pH 2.0 among them. The concentrations of acetic acid and lactic acid in the broth were higher than minimum inhibitory concentration values (MIC) to Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella sp. Overall the broth contained sufficient organic acid to inhibit the growth of E. coli and Salmonella sp. In addition, L. nagelii and L. plantarum had the greatest anti-microbial activity against E. coli, Salmonella (S.) typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and S. gallinarium among lactobacillus in the broth. The broth had greater anti-microbial activity than individual lactobacillus. The fermentation broth had deodorization capacity of ammonia and hydrogen sulfate and the 50% of their concentrations were removed after 30 min treatment. Egg production rates, egg weight, and feed efficiency were increased in eggs laid from hens that supplemented with 0.1 % fermented broth compared to the control. The supplementation also increased the thickness and strength of egg shell to reduce broken eggs and decreased cholesterol levels in egg yolk. In conclusion, the fermentation broth of fruits and vegetables can be a natural alternative supplementation of feed in laying hens.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.521-532
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• 2006

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, and bio-hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids by mixed rumen bacteria when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. Four levels(0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%, w/v) of the mixed carbohydrates(glucose, cellobiose, soluble starch, 1:1:1, in weight basis) and oil sources(soybean or flaxseed oil, 60mg in 150ml culture solution) were added to the mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva(1:4, v/v), and incubated anaerobically for 12 hours at 39℃. pH and ammonia-N concentration were lower by increasing the substrate levels at all incubation periods(P<0.05～P<0.001). The propionate proportion increased(P<0.001), but acetic acid and butyric acid decreased(P<0.001) with the substrate level at 6 and 12 h incubations. Oil sources did not influence the proportions of individual VFA. At the end of incubation, the proportions of C18:0(P<0.01), C18:1(P<0.001) and trans-11C-18:1(P<0.01) were reduced but those of C18:2(P<0.001) and C18:3(P<0.01) were enhanced by the addition of flaxseed oil compared to addition of soybean oil. The proportions of C18:0 and total CLA were reduced(P<0.01) but those of trans-11-C18: (P<0.05) and C18:2(P<0.01) were increased with the substrate level when incubated with soybean oil or flaxseed oil. There were interactions(P<0.05) in the proportions of C18:1, C18:2 and C18:3(P<0.01) between oil source and substrate level. The proportions of cis-9, trans-11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA tended to reduce with substrate level, although there was no significant difference between treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.427-438
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• 2015

The effects of different feeding times, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine, on production, blood profile, and the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), was investigated using 240 Cherry Valley (Anas platyrhynchos) meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups, each of which was replicated three times with twenty ducks per replicate. The experimental period was 42 days for each group. Four groups were assigned into C (heat wave control group without betaine), T1 (ad libitum group fed a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), T2 (diet-restricted group fed twice daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, using a diet containing 800 ppm betaine), and T3 (night-restricted group, fed from 17:00-10:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine). At 42 days, body weight increased in order of T2, T1, T3 compared to the heat wave control group although. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1 and T3. The heat wave control group, provided an ad libitum diet without betaine (C), showed an elevated feed conversion ratio compared to the groups fed a diet containing betaine. However, these differences were not found between the groups of T1, T2 and T3. RBC and platelet profiles except for PLT and MPV showed statistically significant differences between study groups fed a diet containing betaine. T2 presented significantly higher blood electrolytes $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ than the other groups. T2 also showed a blood gas level that was generally higher than the other groups. Total SCFA, acetic acid and propionic acid concentration has been the increasing trend in T2, but butyric acid, isobutyric acid and valeric acid concentration has been the decreasing trend in T2 compared to the other groups. It is concluded that the feeding-restricted group, fed two times daily between 05:00-10:00 and 17:00-20:00, with a diet containing 800 ppm betaine may improve growth performance in meat ducks exposed to a scorching heat wave.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2011

We added Nuruk at various proportions to brown rice Takju, and investigated the quality characteristics of vinegar produced in agitated culture and static culture. The more Nuruk was added, the higher the alcohol concentration. However, when over 30% (w/w) Nuruk was present, the increment in alcohol content was low (maximum 13.5%, v/v). A comparison of the quality of brown rice vinegar produced in agitated culture with that of vinegar produced in static culture showed that titratable acidity in agitated culture vinegar was highest after fermentation with 30% (w/v) Nuruk, at 5.97%. In static culture, the greater the amount of Nuruk added after 16 days of fermentation, the higher the titratable acidity of vinegar produced; this was true upon addition of either 30% (w/v) or 40% (w/v) Nuruk. Free amino acid levels increased in both agitated and static cultures as the level of added Nuruk rose. Moreover, brown rice vinegar produced in static culture had a higher level (7-30%) of total free amino acids than did vinegar produced in agitated culture. In particular, the level of gamma-amino butyric acid, a functional fortifier, was 3-5-fold higher in vinegar produced in agitated culture. The results thus indicate that both the amount of added Nuruk and the type of fermentation affected the level of free amino acid production. A static culture is expected to undergo changes in aroma and sensory characteristics during fermentation, indicating that further research on vinegars is required.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.97-130
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• 1979

Many industrial processes those employ bacteria are subjected to phage infestations. In L-glutamic acid fermentions using acetic acid, the phage infestations of the organisms have been recently recognized. In efforts to elucidate the sources of phage contamination involved in the abnormal fermentation, a series of study was conducted to isolate the phages both from the contents of abnormally fermented tanks and the soil or sewage samples from the surroundings of a fermentation factory, to define major charateristics of the phage isolates, and finally to determine the correlation between the phage isolates and temperate phages originating from the miscellaneous bacterial species isolated from the soil or sewage samples. The results are summarized as follows; 1) All phages were isolated from the irregular fermentation tanks and soil or sewage samples, and they were designated as phage PR-1, PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6, and PR-7, in the order of isolation. These PR-series phages were proved to be highly specific for the variant strains of Br. lactofermentum only, namely, phage PR-1 and PR-2 for Br. lactofermentum No. 468-5 and phage PR-3~PR-7 for Br. lactofemrentum No. 2256. By cross-neutralization test, the 7 phagescould be subdivided into 3 groups, i. e., phage PR-I and PR-2 the first, phage PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, PR-6 the second, and the phage PR-7 the third. 2) The 7 phages were virulent under the experimental conditions. They produced plaques with clear and relatively sharp margins without distinct halo. The mean sizes of plaques were 1.5mm in diameter for phage PR-1 and PR-2, and 1. Omm for phages PR-3~PR-7. Double layer technique modified by Hongo and described by Adams, was applied to assay of the PR-series phages. The factors influencing the plaques were as follows;young age cells of host bacteria cultured for 3-6 hours represented the largest number and size, optimum was pH 7.0, incubation temperature was $30^{\circ}C$, and agar concentration and amount of overlayer medium were 0.6% and 0.2ml, respectively. 3) PR-series phages were stable in 0.05M tris buffer and 0.1M ammonium acetate buffer solution. The addition of $5{\times}10^{-3}M$ magnesium ion effectively increased the stability. Thermostability experiments indicated that PR-series phages were stable at the teinperture between $50^{\circ}{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ in nutrient medium, $45^{\circ}{\sim}50^{\circ}C$ in buffer solution. However, the phages mere completely inactivated at 603C and 65$^{\circ}$C within 10 minutes. The phages were stable at the range of pH6~9 in nutrient medium and of pH 8-9 in buffer solution, respectively. Exposure of the phages to UV for 25, 60 and 100 seconds resulted in the complete loss of infectivily, respectively. 4) Electron microscopy showed that PR-series phage particles exhibited rather similar morphology, differing in the size All of PR-series phages had a multilateral head and had a simple long tiil about three to five times long as compared with head. By the size, phage PR-1 and PR-2, PR-3, PR-4, PR-5, and PR-6 and PR-7 were classified into same groups, respectively. The head and tail size of phage PR-1, PR-5, PR-5(T) and PR-7 were 85nm, 74nm and 235nm and 350mm, and 72nm and 210nm, respectively. 5) Nucleic acids of PR-series phages were double stranded DNA. The G+C contents of phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were 56.1, 52.9 and 53.7, respectively. The values of G+C contents derived from the $T_m$ were in agreement with the chemically determined values. 6) PR-series phages effectively adsorbed on their host bacteria at the rate of more than 90% during 5 min. K value for phage PR-1, PR-5 and PR-7 were calculated to be $6{\times}10^9 ml$ per minute, respectiveky. The pH of the medium did effect adsorption rate, but both temperature and age of host cells did not. Generally, optimum adsorption condition of phages seemed to be almost same as optimum growth conditions of host bacteria. 7) In one-step growth experiments, the latent periods at $30^{\circ}C$ for PR-1, and PR-7 were about 70, 50 and 55 min, respectively. The corresponding average burst size was 200, 70 and 90, respectively. Lpsis period according to the multiplicity of infection and a phage series. In case of m. o. i. 100, strain No. 2256 (PR-5) and No. 468-5(PR-1) failed to grow and turbidity decreased after 50 and 70min, respectively. 8) In the lysate of a plaque purified phage PR-5 infected bacteria, there observed 2 types ofphage particles, i. e., phage PR-5 and PR-5 (T) of similar morphology but differing at the length of phage tail, and phage tail like particles. The phage taillike particles could be divided into 4 types by the length. Induction experiments of Br. lactofermentum with UV irradiation, mitomycin C or bacitracin treatment produced neither phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles. 9) No lysis occured when the growth of 7 strains of miscellaneous bacteria, isolated from soil and sewage samples, were inoculated with either phage PR-5 (T) or phage tail-like particles the inoculation of phage PR-5 pellet resulted in the growth inhibition of the orgainsms in the spot test. The lysates obtained from 3 miscellaneous soil derived bacteria following mitomycin C treatment the growth of Br. lactofermentum, but did not lyze the bacterium.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-35
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• 2003

1. 목적 생체재료의 생체친화성을 증진시키고 치유를 촉진하기 위한 목적으로 생체재료의 생화학적 표면개질에 관한 연구가 널리 진행되고 있다. 이와 같은 목적으로 이용되어 온 부착분자에는 아미노산, 펩타이드, 단백질, 효소 및 성장인자들을 들 수 있으며, 이들 분자들을 금속, 골대체물질 및 폴리머와 같은 생체재료의 표면개질에 이용하여 왔다. 이 연구의 목적은 생체적합성이 우수하고 생분해성을 지닌 키토산으로 얇은 막을 제작한 후, 세포외 기질의 구성성분 중 세포부착에 관여하는 RGD 펩타이드를 부착시킨, 표면개질 키토산막의 생물학적 영향을 MG-63 조골양세포를 이용하여 관찰하는 것이다. 2. 방법 2% acetic acid에 키토산 가루를 녹여 만든 2% 키토산 용액으로 24-well 배양접시의 표면을 도포 후 24시간 동안 건조시켜 키토산막을 제작하였다. GRGDS 펩타이드를 cross-linker(EDC, NHS) (Sigma, MO, USA) 용액과 반응시켜서 펩타이드의 카르복실기를 활성화시켰다. 이들을 PBS 완충용액으로 수화시킨 키토산막과 결합시켜 펩타이드의 활성화된 카르복실기와 키토산의 아민기 간에 안정적인 아미드 결합(amide bond)이 형성되도록 하였다. 하루 동안 반응을 일으킨 후 PBS 완충용액과 증류수로 씻어내고 냉동 건조시킴으로써 GRGDS가 결합된 키토산막을 제작하였다. 재료 표면의 화학 성분을 알아보는데 사용되는 방법의 일종인 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) 분석을 통하여 부착분자가 키토산막에 결합된 여부를 확인하였다. GRGDS 펩타이드에 요오드를 결합시킨 후, 이것을 키토산막에 공유 결합시키고 XPS를 통해 요오드가 재료 표면에서 검출되는지를 검사하였다. 요오드가 검출된다면 이것은 키토산막 표면에 실제로 GRGDS 펩타이드가 존재하는 것을 의미하게 된다. 표면개질된 키토산막에 사람조골양세포인 MG-63을 접종하여 이를 실험군으로 하였고, 표면이 개질 되지 않은 키토산막을 대조군으로 하였다. 세포부착의 최적화 농도를 확인하기 위하여 GRGDS를 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0mg/ml의 농도로 준비하였다. 배양 후 1일, 7일째에 각 well에서 trypsin EDTA를 이용하여 세포를 분리한 후, 이를 원심 분리하여 세포수측정기를 이용하여 부착 세포의 수를 측정하여 세포의 부착 정도를 비교하였다. 배양 2시간, 24시간 후 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 키토산막에 부착된 세포의 양상을 관찰하였다. 3. 결과 XPS를 통한 표면의 화학 성분 분석 결과 GRGDS 펩타이드를 결합시킨 키토산막에서 요오드가 검출되었으며 펩타이드를 부착하지 않은 대조군에서는 검출되지 않았다. 따라서 cross-linker를 이용한 펩타이드와 키토산막의 공유결합을 확인할 수 있었다. 세포 배양 후 1일째 부착된 세포 수를 측정한 결과 0.1mg/ml 이상의 GRGDS 펩타이드 농도로 공유 결합시킨 키토산막에서 부착 세포 수가 다른 농도에 비해 유의성 있게 많이 관찰되었다. 이 농도 이하에서는 대조군과 실험군간에 세포부착의 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서 주사전자현미경을 이용한 부착 세포의 양상에 관한 관찰은 0.1mg/ml 농도의 펩타이드를 이용하였다. 세포 배양 7일째, 부착된 세포 수 측정 결과 GRGDS의 농도에 따른 유의성 있는 차이가 없었으며, 실험군과 대조군간에도 유의성 있는 차이가 없었다. 주사전자현미경 관찰결과 2시간 및 24시간 배양된 실험군 모두에서 별모양의 세포들이 키토산막 표면에 편평하게 잘 부착되어 있으며 많은 위족이 발달된 소견을 보인 반면, 대조군에서는 원형 또는 다각형 모양의 세포들이 실험군에 비해 부착이 덜 되어있는 양상을 보였다. 이 연구를 통하여 기능성 펩타이드를 생체재료의 표면에 공유결합 시키는 방법을 확립할 수 있었으며, RGD 펩타이드의 공유결합으로 표면개질된 키토산막이 조골세포의 부착능을 증진시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 표면개질된 생체재료를 소, 중동물에 적용시켜 생체 내에서의 생물학적 영향을 평가할 필요가 있으며, 이 실험의 결과는 향후 다양한 기능성 부착분자를 선발, 고안하여 임플란트용 생체재료의 표면개질에 이용하는 이른바 모방생체재료분야에 널리 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1993

In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting were tested for 2-0 seedlings of half-sib families of 4 plus oaks trees. Nodal segments having axillary buds from 37 families(16 of Quercus acutissima, 10 of Q. variabilis, 7 of Q. serrata, and 4 of Q. mongolica) were cultured on WPM(Woody Plant Medium) supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA (6-benzyladenine) and 0.01 mg/l NAA(${\alpha}$-naphthalene acetic acid) and subcultured at 2-3 weeks of intervals fur 6 months. In vitro rooting was carried out on GD(Gresshoff and Doy) medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l IBA(indole butyric acid). The capacity for shoot proliferation and rooting was highly varied with families. Generally, white oaks(Q. serrata and Q. mongolica) showed poor response than black oaks(Q. acutissima and Q, variabilis) in shoot proliferation and rooting. Among the total of 37 families, 7 of Q. acutissima, each 2 of Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, and Q. mongolica revealed abilities for continuous shoot proliferation, and the others failed to proliferate. Rooting of the selected oak trees also greatly varied among the families. In Q. acutissima, rooting ratio ranged from 10.0%(CB 25. KG 4) to 89.8%(CB 18). Although 26.7% of KG 16 in Q. variabilis, 3.3% of JN 15 in Q. serrata were rooted, Q. mongolica was not rooted at all in this experimental conditions. No relationship between shoot growth and the rooting ability was observed. Present results suggest the possibility of large-scale micropropagation, but further studies on family differences, shoot-tip necrosis, and callusing of rooting junction are still required to develop reliable micropropagation systems.