• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.499-508
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• 1997

The distributions and morphological characteristics of neurons displaying immunoreactivity to the catecholamine synthetic enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase(TH), dopamine-${\beta}$-hydroxylase(DBH), and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) were examined in the adjacent sections of the olfactory bulb of the Striped Field Mouse(Apodemus agrarius coreae). None of these cell groups displayed either DBH or PNMT immunoreactivity. Many TH-immunoreactive neurons were present in the olfactory bulb. The vast majority of such cells occurred in the glomerular layer as periglomerular cells surrounding the glomeruli. Numerous addtional cells were present in the external plexiform layer, and scattered in the mitral cell layer and internal plexiform layer. Also TH-immunoreactive neurons were found in the glomerular layer and granular layer of the accessory olfactory bulb.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.167-180
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• 2015

Arsenic is a toxic metalloid that exists ubiquitously in the environment, and affects global health problems due to its carcinogenicity. In most populations, the main source of arsenic exposure is the drinking water. In drinking water, chronic exposure to arsenic is associated with increased risks of various cancers including those of skin, lung, bladder, and liver, as well as numerous other non-cancer diseases including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and neurologic and cognitive problems. Recent emerging evidences suggest that arsenic exposure affects the reproductive and developmental toxicity. Prenatal exposure to inorganic arsenic causes adverse pregnancy outcomes and children's health problems. Some epidemiological studies have reported that arsenic exposure induces premature delivery, spontaneous abortion, and stillbirth. In animal studies, inorganic arsenic also causes fetal malformation, growth retardation, and fetal death. These toxic effects depend on dose, route and gestation periods of arsenic exposure. In males, inorganic arsenic causes reproductive dysfunctions including reductions of the testis weights, accessory sex organs weights, and epididymal sperm counts. In addition, inorganic arsenic exposure also induces alterations of spermatogenesis, reductions of testosterone and gonadotrophins, and disruptions of steroidogenesis. However, the reproductive and developmental problems following arsenic exposure are poorly understood, and the molecular mechanism of arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity remains unclear. Thus, we further investigated several possible mechanisms underlying arsenic-induced reproductive toxicity.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.67-72
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• 2008

Adult male albino rats were treated with 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg morphine/100 g body weight intraperitoneally for 30 days. All the animals were autopsied on $31^{st}$ day. Epididymis and vas deferens were dissected out, weighed and processed for histological and biochemical studies. Morphine has caused a reduction in the weight of epididymis and vas deferens in both the doses of drug treated groups. The total cholesterol content is increased while protein, DNA and RNA contents and epididymal sperm counts are decreased. The acid phosphatase content is decreased 10.12 $\pm$ 0.11 in caput, 9.26 $\pm$ 0.30 in cauda of epididymis and in vas deferens 8.14 $\pm$ 0.15 in 0.5 mg treated groups and in 0.75 mg treated rats shows 9.52 $\pm$ 0.27 in caput, 9.14 $\pm$ 0.18 in cauda of epididymis and in vas deferens 7.84 $\pm$ 0.11is decreased, whereas alkaline phosphatase is increased. The surface epithelial cell height of these ducts is reduced and secretory activity is inhibited with the disruption of epithelial cell projections. The gravimetric and histometric changes of epididymis and vas deferens may be due to non-availability of androgens in morphine treated rats.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2004

The present investigation was under taken to study whether the tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) of Daltons lymphoma (DL), a spontaneous transplantable murine T cell lymphoma can be activated to tumoricidal state by crude thymus extract. Intraperitoneal administration of thymus extract to DL-bearing mice resulted in activation of TAM with an enhanced IL-1, TNF and antigen presenting ability. It was found that treatment with thymus extract could also enhance the phagocytic and cytotoxic activity of TAM. However, only a marginal increase in arginase activity was observed. Till date to the best of our knowledge the effect of crude thymus extract on the activation of tumor associated macrophages has not been investigated, this study provides a new piece of information in the area of thymus therapy.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.305-308
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• 2018

Anatomical variations of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) have been observed to occupy multiple origins and insertion points and have supernumerary heads, sometimes varying in thickness. During routine dissection, a SCM was observed to have six distinct insertions that interface with the course of the superior nuchal line, ending at the midline, bilaterally. This variation was also seen to receive innervation from the accessory nerve as well as the great auricular nerve. To our knowledge, this variant of supernumerary insertions and nerve innervations has not yet been reported. These variants may pose as problematic during surgical approaches to the upper neck and occiput, and should thus be appreciated by the clinician. Herein we discuss the case report, possible embryological origins, and the clinical significance of the observed variant SCM.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2023

Agenesis or congenital hypoplasia of skeletal muscles occurs infrequently but may occur with specific conditions such as Poland syndrome. The trapezius muscle can vary in the extent of its bony attachments or may have additional slips, however congenital absence or hypoplasia is extremely rare. There are only a few reports of partial or complete absence of the trapezius muscle. Two cases of bilateral absence of the trapezius were both in males and were accompanied by the absence of additional muscle in the pectoral girdle. Herein, we describe a case of a 56-year-old male cadaver with bilateral hypoplasia of the trapezius. The muscle was largely represented by atrophied muscle fibers with an abundance of fibrotic or fatty connective tissue. This subject had very minor hypoplasia of the left pectoralis major muscle, but the remaining muscles of the pectoral girdle were normal. The spinal accessory nerve terminated in the sternocleidomastoid muscle on both sides, failing to reach the trapezius. We interpret these findings to be consistent with a minor variant of Poland syndrome.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.398-400
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• 2023

The current case report describes an uncommon insertion of the levator scapulae (LS), which broadly attaches to multiple structures, including the serratus posterior superior, ligamentum nuchae, and the 6th and 7th spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae. The most superior portion of this aponeurosis merged with the ligamentum nuchae at the C7 level. The middle and inferior portions of the head were inserted (or fused) into the tendon of the rhomboid minor as well as the fibers of the serratus posterior superior muscle. Consequently, recognizing this anatomical variation, characterized by an additional slip of the LS attaching to the 7th vertebra and other muscular structures, is crucial not only for anatomists but also for surgeons performing procedures on the posterior neck related to cervical or shoulder pain and cervical dystonia.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2000

Monospecific red tide by a toxic dinoflagellate belonging to the genus Alexandrium occurred at Chindong Bay in the southern coast of Korea and continued from April 6th to 15th in 1997. The ratio of its cell number to total phytoplankton cell number was much higher than $95\%$. This organism was identified as Alexandrium tamarense, although slight morphological differences were found comparing to the original and successive descriptions of the species. We found neither anterior nor posterior attachment pores in these cells of the bloom population. The occurrence of red tide caused by A. tamarense was first reported in Korea. Its plate formula is Po, Pc, 4', 6"c, 8s, 5"' and 2"". Thecal plates are thin with pore-like ornamentation. In those plates, the anterior part of the first apical plate (1') is narrower and its posterior end has sometimes a block-like accessory, but this variation was considered within the range of the morphological variability of this taxon. The cell density during the red tide exhibited a wide range of variation by the depth of water column, ranging from $2\times10^6$ cells$l^{-1}$ to $5\times10^6$ cells·$l^{-1}$. Water temperature varied from 11.8 to $12.3^{\circ}C$. Toxicity of A. tamarense during red tide was measured as $8.8\times10^5$. $MU\;\cdot\;cell^{-1}$ by mouse bioassay.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 2012

The ultrastructural characteristics of germ cell differentiations during spermatogenesis and mature sperm morphology in male $Atrina$ ($Servatrina$) $pectinata$ were evaluated via transmission electron microscopic observation. The accessory cells, which contained a large quantity of glycogen particles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm, are assumed to be involved in nutrient supply for germ cell development. Morphologically, the sperm nucleus and acrosome of this species are ovoid and conical in shape, respectively. The acrosomal vesicle, which is formed by two kinds of electron-dense or lucent materials, appears from the base to the tip: a thick and slender elliptical line, which is composed of electron-dense opaque material, appears along the outer part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle from the base to the tip, whereas the inner part (region) of the acrosomal vesicle is composed of electron-lucent material in the acrosomal vesicle. Two special characteristics, which are found in the acrosomal vesicle of A. ($S$) $pectinata$ in Pinnidae (subclass Pteriomorphia), can be employed for phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses as a taxonomic key or a significant tool. The spermatozoa were approximately $45-50{\mu}m$ in length, including a sperm nucleus (about $1.43{\mu}m$ in length), an acrosome (about $0.51{\mu}m$ in length), and a tail flagellum (about $46-47{\mu}m$). The axoneme of the sperm tail evidences a 9+2 structure.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권10호
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• pp.1070-1077
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• 2014

에스트로겐 수용체 알파에 높은 친화성을 갖고 있는 수용체 촉진제인 propyl pyrazole triol (PPT)을 성체 수컷 생쥐에 이틀 간격으로 8일, 16일, 24일 동안 피하주사방법으로 투여하였다. 현미경으로 부속 생식샘인 전립샘과 정낭, 그리고 간의 조직학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 대조군에 비해, PPT 투여군의 체중과 생식샘의 무게는 감소하였지만 간의 무게는 오히려 증가하였다. PPT 투여군에서 전립샘과 정낭의 내강 면적이 축소되었다. PPT 투여군 전립샘의 상피세포 높이는 대조군에 비해 증가하였다. 정낭의 경우, 상피세포의 핵 위쪽 세포질에 있는 분비 소포가 대조군에서는 나타났지만, PPT 군에서는 잘 관찰되지 않았다. 대조군에 비해 PPT 투여군 간의 굴모양혈관 직경이 투여횟수에 누적적으로 147.0%, 198.7%, 223.3% 의 비율로 증가되었다. 이런 결과는 PPT 투여로 인해 생식기관과 간의 조직 구조가 영향을 받으며, 그 조직학적 변화는 투여회수에 따라 더 심하게 나타났다. 결론적으로 이틀에 한번씩 투여한 PPT에 의해서 생식력 변화와 관련 있는 생식기관의 상피세포 높이 변화가 일어났고, 내강의 크기가 위축되었다. 간의 굴모양혈관 직경이 급격하게 확대되었으며, 이 결과는 간의 무게 증가로 이어졌다.