• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.293-296
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• 2013

The aneurysm arising from fenestrated proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is considered to be unique. The authors report a case of a 59-year-old woman who presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to a ruptured aneurysm originating from the fenestrated A1 segment of right ACA. The patient had another unruptured aneurysm which was located at the right middle cerebral artery bifurcation. She was successfully treated with surgical clipping for both aneurysms. From the previously existing literatures, we found 18 more cases (1983-2011) of aneurysms associated with fenestrated A1 segment. All cases represented saccular type of aneurysms, and 79% of the patients had SAH. There were three subtypes of the fenestrated A1 aneurysms depending on the anatomical location, relative to the fenestrated segment. The most common type was the aneurysms located on the proximal end of fenestrated artery (82%). Azygos ACA and hypoplastic A1 were frequently accompanied by the aneurysm (33% and 31%, respectively), and multiple aneurysms were shown in three cases (16%). Considering that fenestrated A1 segment is likely to develop an aneurysm, which has high risk of rupture, early management may benefit patients with aneurysms accompanied by fenestrated proximal ACA.

• KSCI Review
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2004

This paper proposes ACA (Adaptive Component Analysis) as a method for feature extraction and analysis of the content-based image retrieval system. For satisfactory retrieval, the features extracted from images should be appropriately applied according to the image domains and for this. retrieval measurement is Proposed in this study. Retrieval measurement is a standard indicating how important the value of a relevant feature is to image retrieval ACA is a middle stage for content-based image retrieval and it purposes to improve the retrieval speed and performance.

• Proceedings of the International Microelectronics And Packaging Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.247-251
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• 2002

In this paper the maximum current carrying capability of ACAs flip chip joint is investigated based on two failure mechanisms: (1) degradation of the interface between gold stud bumps and aluminum pads; and (2) ACA swelling between chips and substrates under high current stress. For the determination of the maximum allowable current, bias stressing was applied to ACAs flip chip joint. The current level at which current carrying capability is saturated is defined as the maximum allowable current. The degradation mechanism under high current stress was studied by in-situ monitoring of gold stud bump-aluminum pad ACA contact resistance and also ACA junction temperature at various current level. The cumulative failure distributions were used to predict the lifetime of ACAs flip chip joint under high current stressing. These experimental results can be used to better understand and to improve the current carrying capability of ACA flip chip joint.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.510-519
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• 2018

Synbiotics are a combination of probiotics and prebiotics, which lead to synergistic benefits in host welfare. Probiotics have been used as an alternative to antibiotics. Among the probiotics, Pediococcus acidilactici (PA) has shown excellent antimicrobial activity against Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) as a major poultry pathogen and has improved the production performances of animals. Inulin is widely used as a prebiotic for the improvement of animal health and growth. The main aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of inulin nanoparticle (IN)-internalized PA encapsulated into alginate/chitosan/alginate (ACA) microcapsules (MCs) for future in vivo application. The prepared phthalyl INs (PINs) were characterized by DLS and FE-SEM. The contents of phthal groups in the PINs were estimated by $^1H-NMR$ measurement as 25.1 mol.-%. The sizes of the PINs measured by DLS were approximately 203 nm. Internalization into PA was confirmed by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry. The antimicrobial activity of PIN-internalized probiotics encapsulated into ACA MCs was measured by coculture antimicrobial assays on SG. PIN-internalized probiotics had a higher antimicrobial ability than that of ACA MCs loaded with PA/inulin or PA. Interestingly, when PINs were treated with PA and encapsulated into ACA MCs, as a natural antimicrobial peptide, pediocin was produced much more in the culture medium compared with other groups with inulin-loaded ACA MCs and PA encapsulated into ACA MCs.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2006

Objective : We examined the incidence of fenestration in the proximal segment of the anterior cerebral artery[ACA] and reviewed its clinical significance. Methods : Cerebral angiography was performed in 843 patients and magnetic resonance angiography[MRA] in 1,787; all patients had, or were suspected to have, cerebrovascular disease. We subsequently reviewed the angiography and MRA data. Results : Fourteen patients [six men and eight women, $35{\sim}81$ years of age, median age = 67 years] had proximal ACA fenestrations. Three of the 843 patients [0.36%] undergoing cerebral angiography had fenestrations of proximal ACA as did eleven of the 1,787 MRA patients [0.62%]. Seven fenestrations were located on the right side and seven fenestrations were located on the left side. The fenestrated ACA in one patient was associated with a saccular aneurysm at its proximal end. None of the 120 patients who underwent both conventional cerebral angiography and cranial MRA showed fenestration of proximal ACA. Conclusion : Although fenestration of ACA has little clinical significance, knowledge and recognition of this condition is important in the interpretation of cerebral images, especially during neurosurgical procedures.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.64.1-64.1
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• 2020

Galaxy groups are the place where many galaxies feel the impact of the surroundings (e.g., merging, tidal interaction, ram pressure stripping) before joining bigger structures like (sub)clusters. A significant fraction of galaxies is quenched in the group environment. Such "pre-processing" of galaxies in groups is likely to affect galaxy evolution tremendously. To better understand how environmental processes in galaxy groups affect molecular gas, star formation activity, and galaxy evolution, we carried out CO imaging observations of group galaxies, using the Atacama Compact Array (ALMA/ACA). We selected all the targets that have been detected in the GEMS-HI survey for two groups, making the sample of 40 galaxies (18 galaxies in IC 1459 group and 22 galaxies in NGC 4636 group). Our ALMA/ACA observation is the first CO imaging survey for two groups. In this work, we present CO images of group galaxies, together with their star formation maps and HI images. Our ACA CO data show the asymmetric distribution of molecular gas in some of our samples. We discuss the impact of the group environment on molecular gas and star formation activity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1821-1826
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• 2014

The adsorption characteristics of the methylene blue (MB) were studied using three activated carbons such as ACA and ACB with similar specific surface area (1,185 and $1,105m^2/g$), and ACC with relatively high specific surface area ($1,760m^2/g$). The surface chemical properties of these activated carbons were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that ACA had more functional groups (with phenol, carbonyl, and carboxyl etc.) than ACB (with carbonyl and carboxyl) and ACC (with carboxyl). The isotherm data were fitted well by Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of ACA, ACB, and ACC for MB were 454.7 mg/g, 337.7 mg/g, and 414.0 mg/g, respectively. As phenol and carboxyl content of the surface on activated carbon increased, MB adsorption capacity was increased. Although ACA had a smaller specific surface area than ACC, the content of phenol and carboxyl group was abundant, so MB adsorption capacity was found to be higher than ACC.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.132-143
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• 1993

Aminomethyl polystyrene resins were prepared either from chloromethyl-resin(Merrifield resin) or from direct amidoalkylation of polystyrene resin. Two kinds of aminomethlyl resin were lengthened with spacer arms via sequential coupling of five ${\varepsilon}$-aminocaproic acids(ACA) respectively. In case of the resin prepared from the Merrifield resin, the amounts of free amino group of the resin were reduced by 25~30% after each coupling of ACA. But the one from direct amidoalkylation showed 3~5% loss after each coupling of ACA. 4-Nitroso-5-aminopyrazole resin was made by reacting ACA spacer arm resin, which was made from direct amidoalkylated resin, with 5-phenyl-7-methylpyrazole [4,3-c][1,2,4]oxadiazin-3-one. Several polymeric active esters of N-blocked amino acids were prepared from the 4-nitroso-5-aminopyrazole bound resins. In anchoring step of the amino acid derivatives on the resin, no substantial effect of bulkiness was found. 4-Nitroso-5-aminopyrazole bound active ester resins were found to be very reactive in N-acylation, The resulting peptides were obtained with 90~95% yield and characterized by NMR and other physical methods.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.34.1-34.12
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• 2023

Background: There has not been a thoroughly reported study of the comparison between spectral domain-optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with both ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and gonioscopy on the evaluation of the iridocorneal angle (ICA) in dogs. Objectives: To investigate the diagnostic value of SD-OCT for the early detection of narrowing ICA by comparing and assessing inter-device agreement in anterior chamber angle (ACA) measurements obtained by SD-OCT and UBM, and ICA evaluations by gonioscopy. Methods: A total of 28 eyes from 28 client-owned dogs with normal intraocular pressure were included for examination. The ACA and angle opening distance (AOD) were measured from the SD-OCT and UBM images, and gonioscopy images were analyzed using the ICA grade and ZibWest angle index. Results: The mean ACA and AOD for SD-OCT were 28.31° ± 5.37° and 658.42 ± 219.90 ㎛, and for UBM, 28.34° ± 5.82° and 859.29 ± 221.80 ㎛, respectively. The mean difference in ACA between the average values of SD-OCT and UBM measurements was 0.03° with a 95% limit of agreement (LoA) span of 16.2°, indicating positive agreement; that in AOD was 200.85 ㎛ with a 95% LoA span of 1,110.95 ㎛, indicating poor agreement. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the ACA of SD-OCT and ZibWest indices of gonioscopy was 0.624, indicating strong agreement; that of UBM and gonioscopy was 0.43, indicating moderate agreement. Conclusions: SD-OCT is well tolerated by canine patients due to its non-contact method and might be an alternative option for early screening of ICA narrowing in clinical settings.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.1135-1142
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• 2017

The applicability of the algebraic collapsing acceleration (ACA) technique to the method of characteristics (MOC) in cases with scattering anisotropy and/or linear sources was investigated. Previously, the ACA was proven successful in cases with isotropic scattering and uniform (step) sources. A presentation is first made of the MOC implementation, available in the DRAGON5 code. Two categories of schemes are available for integrating the propagation equations: (1) the first category is based on exact integration and leads to the classical step characteristics (SC) and linear discontinuous characteristics (LDC) schemes and (2) the second category leads to diamond differencing schemes of various orders in space. The acceleration of these MOC schemes using a combination of the generalized minimal residual [GMRES(m)] method preconditioned with the ACA technique was focused on. Numerical results are provided for a two-dimensional (2D) eight-symmetry pressurized water reactor (PWR) assembly mockup in the context of the DRAGON5 code.