• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to identify the perceived problems of and suggest improvement measures for asbestos abatement companies in support of asbestos-related systems and policies. Methods: For this study a questionnaire was prepared consisting of current work (two questions), the contribution and necessity of a risk assessment system for asbestos abatement (two questions), and problems with and improvement measures for systems and policies (nine questions). The questionnaires were sent to 2,170 asbestos abatement companies and were returned by 83 companies (return rate = 3.8%). We conducted frequency analysis, ANOVA, and a Chi-squared test at the 5% significance level. Results: Asbestos abatement companies expressed difficulties with complying with wet work (43% of unenrolled managers), negative pressure enclosure (36% of all respondents), and installation and use of decontamination units (26% of all respondents) as stipulated in the relevant regulations. In addition, 43% of the respondents expressed concerns that the expertise of the company was not considered during bidding for asbestos abatement and hoped that an advantage (e.g., bid point) would be given to the upper grades for asbestos risk assessment (38%). Asbestos abatement companies generally rented and used negative pressure devices (including negative pressure recording devices) and suggested that periodic calibration (32%) is needed to ensure the performance of the rented equipment. Finally, the respondents asked for clear definitions for three situations specified in the Occupational Safety and Health Acts: (1) temporarily leaving the asbestos abatement workplace; (2) tasks with less airborne asbestos; and (3) physically breaking or cutting using a machine. Conclusions: The problems and improvement measures identified in this study of asbestos abatement companies can be utilized as fundamental information for the improvement of the systems and policies for safe asbestos abatement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.899-903
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to establish the noise abatement procedures in Kimhae International Airport and also make noise limit and methods to monitor and detect an aircraft flying over Kimhae airport. First of all, noise monitoring system(NMS) should be set up, have a test and noise limit will be adjusted afterwards. Before applying Noise Abatement Procederes and noise limit, the amendment of Aviation Law 'article 108' required to proceed. The accumulative data and long term process of NMS will proceed and it is necessary to issue a notification of noise limit in phases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2009

This study was examined to find out asbestos exposure level the factors which affected the level at asbestos abatement sites. We visited a total of thirteen building demolition sites(3 apartments, 3 schools, 4 stores, and 3 houses) were visited to collect samples and related data from August to November, 2006. The results of this study were as follows 1. The results of an analysis of bulk samples to identify types of asbestos at the asbestos abatement sites showed that the kinds of the asbestos detected were chrysotile by 50.0%, were tremolite by 2.6%, and were the contents of chrysotile by 3 to 20%. 2. The geometric mean concentration of asbestos was 0.007 f/cc(range 0.001-0.34 f/cc) and its geometric standard deviation was 5.83. Of the samples, however, 12 exceeded the Korean Occupational Exposure Limit(0.1f/cc). 3. Of the materials, textile material had the highest concentration with geometric mean of 0.016 f/cc. When asbestos-containing materials were removed using T type tools, the geometric mean concentration of asbestos was 0.061 f/cc. The level by this method was much higher than by other removal methods. In analysis by the type of building, the geometric mean concentration of asbestos in stores was 0.042 f/cc and was higher than in other buildings. 4. The Poisson regression analysis was applied to find out the factors that affect the airborne asbestos concentration. As a result of the analysis, removal using a T type tool was the most important factor affecting the asbestos concentration(p<0.01). In conclusion, the airborne asbestos concentration(geometric mean) in asbestos abatement sites was 0.007 f/cc(0.001~0.34 f/cc), and 12(14.6%) of all samples were over the 0.1 f/cc. These results showed that asbestos abatement workers have been exposed to the high level of airborne asbestos because they have not been keeping asbestos removal rule. In accordance with increases of the number of building demolition sites, the better government regulation on asbestos abatement methods should be made and be performed well at building demolition sites.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.205-212
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the needs and improvement measures of the risk assessment system through a survey of asbestos abatement companies. Methods: This study prepared a questionnaire that includes improvement measures for the risk assessment system(six questions) and the necessity of a risk assessment system for asbestos abatement(one question). The questionnaire was sent to 2,170 asbestos abatement companies and returned by 83 companies(return rate = 3.8%). We conducted frequency analysis, ANOVA, and Chi-squared testing at the 5% significance level. Results: This study analyzed the survey results and identified six main opinions on the risk assessment system and improvement measures. First, giving an advantage to companies with a high grade(S and A grades) in public bidding and/or qualification screening showed a similar preference(agree: 50.6%, disagree: 49.4%). Second, 57.6% of the respondents wanted to allow air showers along with water showers for low risk asbestos work. However, 23.2% of the respondents asserted that only a water shower should be allowed since there is no scientific evidence supporting the removal of asbestos by air shower. Third, in order to prevent missing the enrollment of workers, simply submitting a change report should be allowed when any worker is changed (40.0%). Fourth, 43% of the respondents answered that they did not know how to calculate the proper number of negative pressure units. The reasons given were a lack of guidelines or standards(38.9%), inconvenience (36.1%), and absence of education(25%). Fifth, the respondents who were favorable toward the necessity of a risk assessment system gave higher scores compared to unfavorable respondents on the necessity of the management of workers' work history(favorable respondent = 3.96 out of 5, unfavorable respondent = 2.68) and the necessity of professional training for workers(favorable respondent = 3.71, unfavorable respondent = 2.56). Finally, the respondents favorable toward a risk assessment system showed higher scores on the awareness of calculating the proper number of negative pressure units(4.79) compared to unfavorable respondents(3.3). Conclusions: The opinions of asbestos abatement companies identified through the survey in this study can be usefully utilized as fundamental information to improve the risk assessment system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.170-183
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate a technology to reduce hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) in sewage odor using microbial deodorant. Methods: After injecting five commercially available microbial deodorants into fresh sewage, the concentration of hydrogen sulfide over time was measured using the headspace method. H₂S concentration in odor samples was measured using gas chromatograph/FPD. Calculated odor concentration and calculated odor intensity by H₂S concentration remaining after treatment with microbial deodorant were evaluated theoretically. Results: The rate of H₂S abatement by microbial deodorant differed depending on the experimental conditions and the type of deodorant, but it was found to range from 63 to 82%. Especially, two deodorants showed high H₂S reduction rates of over 80% on average. However, based on the best deodorant, the theoretically calculated odor concentration by H₂S after microbial deodorant treatment was 4,400 OU_k, and the theoretical odor intensity was also rated at 4 degrees or higher. Conclusions: In conclusion, microbial deodorant is considered to have a relatively high effect on reducing H₂S in sewage odor. However, even after treatment with microbial deodorant, calculated odor concentration and calculated odor intensity were relatively high. This is thought to be caused by other odorous substances besides H₂S.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.129-141
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• 2004

Objective: The purpose of this clinical observation was to estimate the efficacy of Quetong & Voice on the abatement of subjective symptoms related nose & pharynx. Methods: We observed 46 patients who visited Kang-Nam oriental hospital with subjective symptoms related nose & pharynx that were prescribed Quetong or Voice. We made an inquiry into the inconvenience, side effect, abatement of subjective symptoms, etc. We used the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results and Conclusions: 1. The distribution of age & sex was as fallows: 21-30 years(34.8%) were the most, 31-40 years(26.1 %) were the second, 1-10 years(24.0%) were the third. Total patient numbers for men and women were 15 men(32.6%), 31 women(67.4%). 2. The distribution of prescribed aerosols for 46 patients: 5 cases(10.9%) prescribed Quetong, 22 cases(47.9%) prescribed Voice, and 19 cases(41.3%) prescribed Quetong & Voice. 3. The duration of use: 12 cases(26.1 %) used 1 week, 19 cases(41.3%) used 1-2 weeks, 9 cases(19.6%) used 2-4 weeks, 4 cases(8.7%) used 4-8 weeks, and 2 cases(4.3%) used above 8 weeks. 4. The frequency of use: The most patients used 1-5 times(69.6%) or 5-10 times(21.7%) for a day. 5. Quetong & Voice were effective on abatement of subjective symptoms(rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, pharyngalgia, sneeze or cough, post nasal drip, pharyngeal pruritus, pharyngeal dryness, nasal dryness, and globus hystericus). 6. We must prescribe Quetong to the child or the sensitive patients with discretion becouse of the sting. 7. The side effect was not occurred in all of 46 patients.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.122-137
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• 2019

Methane, one of the important greenhouse gas, has a higher global warming potential than that of carbon dioxide. Agriculture, especially livestock, is considered as the biggest sector in producing anthropogenic methane. Among livestock, ruminants are the highest emitters of enteric methane. Methanogenesis, a continuous process in the rumen, carried out by archaea either with a hydrogenotrophic pathway that converts hydrogen and carbon dioxide to methane or with methylotrophic pathway, which the substrate for methanogenesis is methyl groups. For accurate estimation of methane from ruminants, three methods have been successfully used in various experiments under different environmental conditions such as respiration chamber, sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique, and the automated head-chamber or GreenFeed system. Methane production and emission from ruminants are increasing day by day with an increase of ruminants which help to meet up the nutrient demands of the increasing human population throughout the world. Several mitigation strategies have been taken separately for methane abatement from ruminant productions such as animal intervention, diet selection, dietary feed additives, probiotics, defaunation, supplementation of fats, oils, organic acids, plant secondary metabolites, etc. However, sustainable mitigation strategies are not established yet. A cumulative approach of accurate enteric methane measurement and existing mitigation strategies with more focusing on the biological reduction of methane emission by direct-fed microbials could be the sustainable methane mitigation approaches.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.91-106
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• 1993

The objective of this study is to prepare a proposal for desired changes in the laws and regulations system of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) about cultural assets preservation. The related Korean regulatory system and literature for EIA have been surveyed and case studies have been analyzed and actual cases where cultural assets protection were of issue have been studied to deduce the problems of those areas. Based on the result of this study, proposed changes are as follows; 1. "Status of cultural Assets" is to be included as common assessment factor for all categories of object projects in "Table 2: Essential Assessment Factors for Individual Project Category" of "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 2. "Status of Underground Cultural Assets and Potential Underground Cultural Assets" is to be inserted as a survey factor in "Table 3:Format of and Instruction for Impact Statement". 3. The clause of "-- the survey should be performed on-site and the investigation report should be submitted." is to be inserted in methods of survey in "Table 3". 4. Ground survey of cultural assets should be performed prior to completion of project planning, that is, from the stage of pre-study for site selection. 5. The application of impact abatement from "Methods and Plants for Impacts Abatement" of "Report for Development of EIA Statement Technologies" should be included, with proper modification of timing, in "Ordinance for Preparation of EIA Statement, etc." 6. The expense liability clause in "Cultural Assets Preservation Act" is to be revised as "a certain ratio of expenses for excavation should be borne by the government." 7. Regulatory device for collecting appropriate opinions should be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion. be established. It may include Cultural Assets Preservation Committee's hearing to the project owner's opinion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.201-208
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• 2011

Objectives: According to the compliance of the asbestos-related regulation, every building has to be inspected for asbestos presence before its abatement work. This study was performed for identifying the types and contents of asbestos in building bulk samples. Materials and Methods: Bulk samples were collected during the asbestos inspection in 2010. We grouped the bulk samples into the regulated asbestos containing materials(RACM), presumed asbestos containing materials(PACM), and construction products. Additionally, the types of asbestos in all bulk samples were identified by polarization microscopy(PLM). Results: The RACMs were from building, house, pipe and facility. The RACMs were found mainly building (72.1%) and house (93.7%). The contents of chrysotile in building, house and facility were 66.9% (1-90%), 89.7% (2-90%) and 11.0% (2-90%), respectively. PACMs were surfacing material, thermal system insulation (TSI), and miscellaneous material. The miscellaneous materials that showed a high detection rate (79.2%) were ceiling, roofing and wall materials. Among them, the roofing materials had high chrysotile content(9.7%, 2-21%), followed by wall (8.7%, 2-21%) and ceiling (3.4%, 1-17%). In the construction products, asbestos was found mainly in slate (92.6%, 2-21%), including chrysotile. The slate had high asbestos content (9.7%, 2-21%), followed by cement flat board (8.7%, 2-19%) and textile (3.4%, 1-17%) Conclusions: Utilizing these results, it would be contributed to construct a useful ACM database and prevent from asbestos exposure to workers in the asbestos abatement and maintenance works.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze effects of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction in district energy business mainly based on Combined Heat and Power (CHP) plants. Firstly this paper compares the actual carbon intensity of power production between conventional power plants and district energy plants. To allocate the GHG from CHP plants, two of different methods which were Alternative Generation Method and Power Bonus Method, have been investigated. The carbon intensity of power production in district energy plants ($0.43tonCO_2e/MWh$) was relatively lower than conventional gas-fired power plants ($0.52tonCO_2e/MWh$). Secondly we assessed the cost effectiveness of reduction by district energy sector compared to the other means using TIMES model method. We find that GHG marginal abatement cost of 'expand CHP' scenario (-$134/ton$CO_2$) is even below than renewable energy scenario such as photovoltaic power generation ($87/ton$CO_2$). Finally the GHG emission reduction potential was reviewed on the projected GHG emission emitted when the same amount of energy produced in combination of conventional power plants and individual boilers as substitution of district energy. It showed there were 10.1~41.8% of GHG emission reduction potential in district energy compared to the combination of conventional power plants and individual boilers.