• 제목/요약/키워드: Abate

검색결과 50건 처리시간 0.027초

AN APPROACH FOR ESTIMATING TOTAL COST OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

  • Gurkan Emre Gurcanli;Nesimi Teoman Korkutan;Ugur Mungen
    • 국제학술발표논문집
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    • The 4th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management Organized by the University of New South Wales
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    • pp.168-175
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    • 2011
  • Construction accidents are major problem in Turkish Construction industry and especially fatally rates are very high. Current legislative system on occupational safety in Turkey enforces employers to implement safety measures as well as safety management systems. However level of consciousness in the industry is unsatisfactory and safety are perceived as extra cost and unnecessary expenditure. Moreover, especially in small residential building constructions which have a big share in the industry and unfortunately safety measures to mitigate or abate construction risks do not exist. The study focuses on small residential building construction sites and in the scope of this study, thirty building projects are examined. For each building project, project cost including labour and material costs, service and consultancy costs for mechanical, electrical systems as well as architectural and structural services, costs for supervision and finally general expenditures for construction site facilities were calculated. On the other hand, occupational safety costs for personal protective equipment, collective protective measures, consultancy and training were determined. Work breakdown structures were established and for each work item firstly occupational risks were evaluated and furthermore according to risk scores safety measures to be implemented were defined and related costs were calculated. The study gave results for total safety cost on average, in terms of percentage of total project cost (3.73% of total project cost), safety cost per man-hour (0.40 USD) and safety cost in terms of unit construction area (11.60 USD per square meter). Since safety management is a part of whole project management process, study gives suggestions and techniques to calculate safety costs and implement safety measures as a part of project management service for professionals. Authors believe that suggested approach may easily developed by the usage of more data to establish a model for estimation not only for building construction sites but also for all construction projects.

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Equine helminths: prevalence and associated risk factors in Gamo Gofa Zone, Ethiopia

  • Yared Abate Getahun;Bekahegn Simeon Tsalke;Abreham Wondimu Buzuneh;Mekoya Mereta Mejo;Wondyfraw Tsegaw Habtewold
    • Journal of Veterinary Science
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    • 제25권3호
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    • pp.41.1-41.12
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    • 2024
  • Importance: Equines are indispensable in reducing the huge burden on children and women and income generation. On the other hand, minimal attention is given to improving their health and welfare. Objective: This study examined the prevalence and associated risk factors of helminth parasites of equine in the Gamo Gofa Zone. Methods: A cross-sectional study was employed from June 2019 to March 2020. The study districts and Kebeles were selected purposively based on agroecology whereas selection of study households and animals were performed based on simple random sampling techniques. Identification of nematode, trematode parasite ova and larvae of D. arnfieldi were done by floatation, sedimentation, and Baermann techniques respectively. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression was applied to estimate the prevalence and association of risk factors with helminth parasites. Results: The overall helminth parasite prevalence in the study area was 90.4%, 425/470 (95% [CI], 87.16-92.9). The prevalence of Strongyle, Fasciola, O. equi, P. equorum, D. arnfieldi, and mixed parasite infections were 65.1%, 21.7%, 17.4%, 34%, 34%, and 58.1%, respectively. Infections from Fasciola species and D. arnfieldi infection were four ([AOR], 4.4; 95% CI, 2-9.4) and two times (AOR, 2; 95% CI, 1.1-3.6) respectively more likely occur in donkeys than in mules. The occurrence of Strongyle species in midland agroecology was two times (AOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.4-4.7) more likely than lowland agroecology. Conclusions and Relevance: The present study identified diverse species of equine helminth parasites that necessitate urgent disease control and prevention measures.

대나무숯 액상코팅제의 제조 및 특성 (Formulation of Liquid Coating Agent using Bamboo Charcoal and its Characteristics)

  • 박상범;이희영;이상민;박종영
    • Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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    • 제36권6호
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    • pp.113-120
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    • 2008
  • 본 연구는 포름알데히드와 같은 유해화학물질을 저감하고, 인체에 무해한 친환경 건축마감재를 개발하기 위하여 대나무숯분말, 편백추출수 및 바인더를 원료로 이용하여 실내 건축마감재용 액상코팅제를 제조하였다. 편백추출수의 함유량에 따른 액상코팅제의 유해화학물질에 대한 탈취율, 원적외선방사율, 음이온방출량, 항균성 및 실제 소요량을 조사하였다. 액상코팅제의 포름알데히드 탈취율은 60.0~98.6%, 암모니아 탈취율은 76.7~86.2%였다. 편백추출수의 혼합량이 증가함에 따라 탈취율도 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 액상코팅제의 원적외선방사율은 91.7%, 음이온 방출량은 77개/cc 였으며, 세균감소율은 99.4%로 항균력이 우수하였으나, 편백추출수의 혼합량 증가에 따른 이들 값에는 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 액상코팅제의 소요량은 스프레이건을 사용할 경우 $0.66kg/m^2$, 붓칠의 경우 $0.94kg/m^2$로 스프레이건을 이용할 경우가 더 효율적이었다.

녹색 인프라 구축을 위한 정책 (Policy for Establishment of Green Infrastructure)

  • 박재철;양홍모;장병관
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제40권5호
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    • pp.43-50
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    • 2012
  • 녹색 인프라 구축이란 정원, 공원, 녹지, 하천, 습지, 농경지, 그린벨트 등을 녹색길로 연결하여 네트워크를 형성하는 것을 의미한다. 녹색 인프라는 인간은 물론 환경에도 유익한 기능과 편익을 제공하고, 건강하고 활기찬 지역사회를 만드는데 기여한다. 수질관리 측면에서도 녹색 인프라는 강우유출수를 저류하고, 비점오염물을 저감시키는 장점이 있다. 녹색 인프라에 대한 이런 장점과 편익이 알려지면서 환경 선진국에서는 도시 및 지역 개발에 녹색 인프라를 적극적으로 활용하고 있다. 국내의 경우 회색 인프라 위주의 국가 건설정책으로 가뭄, 홍수, 산사태 등 자연재해 발생, 수질과 대기 질 악화, 생물다양성의 저하, 지역경제 활성화 저해 등 다양한 환경적 경제적 문제를 야기하고 있다. 이들 문제를 해결하기 위해서는 정부 차원에서 녹색 인프라 구축에 대한 정책의 수립과 수행이 필요하다. 녹색 인프라 구축에 관한 미국의 사례와 국내의 상황의 분석을 통하여, 녹색 인프라를 구성하는 40개의 항목을 추출하였고, 국내에 적용 가능한 녹색 인프라 구축 정책수단으로 공공부문 5개와 민간부문 4개를 제시하였다. 녹색 인프라 구축을 위한 법안과 관련법의 개정안을 제안하였고, 녹색인프라를 확충할 수 있는 방안들을 제시하였다.

연소식 $CO_2$ 발생기 사용시 온실 내 $CO_2$ 및 유해가스 농도 분석 (Analysis of $CO_2$ and Harmful Gases Caused by Using Burn-type $CO_2$ Generators in Greenhouses)

  • 박종석;신종화;안태인;손정익
    • 생물환경조절학회지
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    • 제19권4호
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    • pp.177-183
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    • 2010
  • 연소식 $CO_2$ 발생기 사용시 사용하는 연료에 따라서 발생되는 $CO_2$ 농도 및 유해가스 농도를 비교 분석하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 사용 연료로는 등유, LPG, LNG를 이용하였다. 연소식 $CO_2$ 발생기는 등유사용 국내제품을 설치한 온실(A), 외국제품을 설치한 온실(B), LPG 사용 국내제품과 외국제품을 설치한 온실 2개소(C와 D) 및 LNG 사용 온실(E)을 선정하였다. 측정은 서울대학교 농생명과학공동기기원(NICEM)의 실내공기질 분석 시스템의 일부 측정시스템을 온실로 이동하여 측정하였다. 연소식 $CO_2$ 발생기 작동 유무에 따른 $CO_2$ 가스 증감은 $NO_x$류의 증감에 정의 상관을 보였으며, 사용 연식에 따른 버너의 내구성 저하에 따른 유해가스 발생량이 증가하였다. CO 농도가 매우 높게 나올 경우에는 발생기 내부에 컨버터를 장착하여 농도를 저감시켜 직물의 생리장해를 예방시킬 필요가 있었다. 전체적으로 $CO_2$ 발생에 따른 유해가스 농도는 최근 설치된 장치에서는 큰 문제가 없었으며 가장 낮은 유해가스 발생량은 국산 LPG 제품을 사용한 D 온실이었다.

산화촉매를 이용한 Fast SCR에서의 SCR 촉매 저감 연구 (A Study for SCR Catalyst Reduction in Fast SCR Using Oxidation Catalyst)

  • 이재옥;이대훈;송영훈;오동규;서정욱
    • 공업화학
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.333-336
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    • 2013
  • 산업현장에서 배출되는 저온($150{\sim}250^{\circ}C$)의 배기가스에 포함된 질소산화물($NO_x$)을 제거하기 위한 공정으로써 산화 촉매와 암모니아 SCR 공정을 복합시킨 fast SCR 탈질공정에 대한 실험적인 연구가 수행되었다. Fast SCR 탈질공정을 위해서는 산화촉매를 이용 NO를 $NO_2$로 전환하는 것이 요구된다. 산화촉매 부피(Oxidation Catalyst Volume, OCV)에 따른 NO 전환율을 실험적으로 확인하였다. OCV 563000 h, 375000 h, 281000 h 각 경우에 NO 전환율은 37% : 45% : 51%이었다. 온도에 따른 fast SCR 탈질효율은 $NO_2/NO_x$ 비율 45%일 때 가장 높았다. $NO_2/NO_x$ 비율 45%, 온도 $200{\sim}250^{\circ}C$ 및 공간속도 $10000{\sim}30000h^{-1}$에서 standard SCR과 fast SCR 탈질효율을 비교한 결과, standard SCR은 공간속도 에 따라 온도별로 차이를 보였으나 fast SCR은 차이를 보이지 않았다. Fast SCR 반응을 고려한 탈질운전에서 공간속도 $10000h^{-1}$에서의 촉매부피와 비교하여 공간속도 $30000h^{-1}$으로 운전할 경우, NH3 SCR 촉매부피를 50% 이상 줄일 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

국제법상 동북아해저환경보존에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Marine Environmental Protection of Northeast Asian Seas in International Law)

  • 이윤철
    • 한국항해학회지
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    • 제19권2호
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    • pp.77-97
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    • 1995
  • The protection of the marine environment is one of the main international legal problems in recent years. In parallel with the industrial development, a great quantity of chemical materials were used and in consequence, mass transportation of oil and other dangerous materials was required on the one hand, and discharge of industrial wasters drew also the attention on the other hand. Furthermore, oil tankers accidents, mass use of nuclear materials, sea-bed exploration and exploitation stimulated further deep human concern on the marine environment. The expansion of international concern to new and more dangerous sources of marine pollution regarded more strict and legal control on the Oil Tanker(DWT 95, 000tons, Cb=0.805) model. Calculation results are compared to the international, especially regional level. In particular, this study is concerned with the preservation of the Northeast Asian Seas surrounded by Japan, the Russian Far East, South Korea, North Korea, China and Taiwan. These adjacent countries must intensify cooperation regarding the prevention, reduction and control of the contamination of the sea. And this cooperation between the States concerned should, as much as possible, be aimed at maximizing the effectiveness of measures to prevent or abate transboundary environmental pollution. To achieve this purpose, States concerned should be imposed upon duties such as duty to assess the environmental impact, duty to inform, duty to consult and duty to assist on the basis of general principle of international law, international customary law and other various resolutions of international bodies. Depending on the nature and extent of actual or potential transboundary pollution with the use of a natural resource or the environment in general the establishment of some form of institutionalized cooperation between the States concerned may become useful or indispensable. The functions of this Organization are, inter alia, to keep the implementation of the Convention and the protocals under continuous observation, to make recommendations on regional or sub-regional rules and standards to be elaborated and on measures to be taken by the Contracting Parties, to be notified of any grave and imminent danger from pollution or threat of pollution by the Contracting Parties and to promote in close cooperation with appropriate governmental bodies additional measures to protect the marine environment of the Northeast Asian Seas, and so on. Above mentioned countries, first of all, are located within the Northeast Asian Seas geographically and, therefore, take responsibilities of preserving the clean sea against marine interferences regardless of any difference of the social, political and economic systems. They must be followed under the UNCLOS and other marine conventions. Under the present circumstances, Northeast Asian Seas will become dead seas in case that there is no instant and prompt action against pollution. Hence we have an absolute obligation to promote the development of the mandatory international environmental law, which in turn can faciliate more effective implementation of the regional cooperation by the neighbouring states within this area.

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그린워터 및 블루워터를 이용한 물부족 평가 (Water Scarcity Assessment Using Green and Blue Water Concepts)

  • 김성은;이동근;양병선;김예화
    • 환경영향평가
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.267-278
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    • 2018
  • 기후변화 및 인구 증가 등으로 인하여 물 공급량이 수요량을 충족하지 못하는 물부족 현상 발생이 증가하고 있다. 이와 같은 물부족 현상으로 인한 피해를 최소화하고 이에 대한 대비를 위해 수자원 및 물부족 평가 연구가 꾸준히 이루어져 왔다. 하지만 기존 연구는 대부분 지상수와 지하수만을 공급량으로 보았으며 실제 식물의 생장 및 유지에 이용되는 토양수 등에 대한 고려는 이루어지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지상수 및 지하수를 의미하는 블루워터와 식물생장 및 유지에 이용되는 그린워터 개념을 도입한 물부족 평가 방법을 제안하고 이를 이용하여 보령 지역을 대상으로 물부족 평가를 실시하였다. SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment Tool) 모형을 이용하여 대상유역의 월별 유출량, 지하수량, 토양수량, 증발산량을 도출하였으며 이를 이용하여 월별 그린워터와 블루워터 부족량을 각각 도출하였다. 그린워터와 블루워터의 물부족 평가 결과 이 둘의 양상이 매우 다르게 나타났으며 이에 수자원 관리에서 용수 공급에 특히 주의해야 하는 시기를 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 물부족 평가 방법은 식물 및 작물 생장, 유지에 사용되는 그린워터를 평가에 고려함으로써 기존 평가 방법들에 비해 더욱 상세한 결과를 얻을 수 있으며 이에 수자원 관리에 도움이 될 것으로 판단된다.

이산화탄소-촉매 열분해 활용 우분 유래 합성가스 증대 연구 (Valorizing Cattle Manure to Syngas via Catalytic Pyrolysis with CO2)

  • 이동준;정종민;김중곤;이동현;김현종;박영권;권일한
    • 유기물자원화
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    • 제30권4호
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    • pp.141-150
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    • 2022
  • 가축분뇨의 대량 발생에 따른 환경적 부담을 완화하기 위해 가축분뇨의 열분해를 가축분뇨 처리 방법 중 하나로 제시하였다. 탄소 활용 측면에서, 열분해는 분뇨로부터 유용한 탄소 기반 물질을 생산할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 본 연구는 우분 열분해 과정에서 이산화탄소 적용에 따른 합성가스 발생 특성을 연구하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험결과, 이산화탄소 조건에서 600 ℃이상에서 일산화탄소 가스 발생량이 증가하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 이산화탄소와 우분 유래 휘발성물질의 균질반응에 기인한다. 우분 열분해 시 합성가스 증대를 위해, Co/SiO2를 활용하여 촉매 열분해 실험을 추진하였다. 촉매를 이용한 우분 열분해 시 합성가스인 수소와 일산화탄소가 모든 온도 영역에서 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 이를 통해 이산화탄소가 가축분뇨 열분해를 통한 합성가스 생산에 활용 가능함을 알 수 있었다.

현대회화에서 드러난 해체의 형식론에 관한 연구 -타의적 해체와 자의적 해체의 성격규정을 중심으로- (A study of the destructive styles from Contemporary Paintings - Focused on distinguishing enmity-destruction and self-destruction -)

  • 박기웅
    • 조형예술학연구
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    • 제7권
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    • pp.5-63
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    • 2005
  • Generally, the meanings of destruction are related in the meaning of demolition, breakdown, into fragments ... and so on, and the similar meanings are twist, crush, demolish, split, cut, into pieces , break up ... etc. Further, it has related in the cruelty and destructive heart which are linked with orgy, Sadism, Necrophilia and so on. The meanings are also expressed by the initial , which are deprivation, deface, defame, deform, degrade, delegitimize, denounce , deride, destroy, devalue, as well as debase, debunk, declaim, declassify, decry, delete, denigrate, deprecate, despise or detract ...and so on. Dario Gamboni has discussed the meaning in his book as two categories Iconoclasm and Vandalism. And the similar meanings could be found in the words which has the initial of , like abase, abate, abhor, abjure, abolish, abridge, abuse ...and so on. Even though the distinct meanings of Iconoclasm and Vandalism, it is not easy to distinguish clearly between the differences when the results are accomplished in contemporary paintings because of the similarity of the results. In korean vocabulary there are no similar words to distinguish between the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, and the deconstruction is not recorded in the general dictionaries. However the meaning of is diminishing, separation, contrast and so on. So the unification of the word as do-construction is not construct, minus construction, reverse construction. And Vincent Ditch explained that there are the meaning of destroy the text. From Jacques Derrida, the deconstruction strategy is to criticise the world of traditional metaphysics and logocentrism, and not to reconstruire the philosophical meaning of texts but $d\'{e}construire$ them. And Saussure emphasized that the signifers could have more meaning that there can be more signified in traditional texts in the art. as a result, deconstruction is explained that there are many signified meanings in a signifer. In this thesis , from using the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, to distinguish the expressive skills in contemporary art works are arising. Therefore, special methods which are linked in the destruction styles are selected. As a result, the two different purposes of destruction is arising, one is enmity destruction and the other is self destruction another word, auto destruction or destruction to create The enmity destruction can be distinguished by the two category Iconoclasm and Vandalism. They come from the moment of different historical aspect is arising and want to attack the Icon or masterpiece this concept is from the study of John Philips and especially iconoclasm is linked with religious and artistic heart, but Vandalism is come from the political attack. Sometime, this distinguish is not clearly arising, because the two aspects are co-related in the attack. As a result, firstly, the Iconoclastic controversy had arisen in the methods of Dadaism which has developed by Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp. They want to attack the pre-established master-pieces and painting spaces, and they had 'non-artistic attitude' not to be art. Since 1980, the German artist Anselm Kiefer adapted the methods and made them his special skills so he had tried to paint tough brush strokes and draw with hugh pallette image line and fire and water images , they can be the image attack as the Iconoclasm. secondly, the model of vandalism is to be done by hammer, drill, canon and so on. the method is to attack the content of painting. Further, the object of destruction is bound by cords and iron lings to demolish or to declare the authority of pre-statues; it symbolize the pre-authority is gone already. Self-destruction based paintings are clearly different in the purpose of approaching the art work. First of all, they can be auto-destruction, creative destruction and metamorphosis destruction, which is linked with the skill the material aspect and basic stature, and sign destruction or signifier destruction, which is link with the inner meaning destruction that is considered as the Semiotical destruction in post-modern paintings. Since 1960, the auto destruction is based on the method of firing, melting, grinding and similar skills, which is linked with Neo-Dada and reverse-assemblage. Metamorphosis destruction is strongly linked with the basic inner heart price and quality, so it can be resulted in the changedness of expectation and recognition. Tony Cragg has developed the skills to metamorphose the wood as stone or iron as cloth and stone as sponge and rubber and so on. The researcher has developed the same style in the series of since 2003. The other self-destructive methods are found in the skill of sign destruction. In the methods the meaning of the art is not fixed as one or two, but is developed multi-meaning and differ from original starting situation, so Jacques Derrida called the difference meaning in deconstruction. It is the destruction of textes. These methods are accomplished by David Salle, Francesco Clemente, and recently Tracy Emin, who has developed the attacking heart in the spectators' emotion. Sometime in the method of self-destruction, it is based on horror and shock, the method is explored by Demian Hirst and Jakes and Dinos Chapman. Their destructive styles stimulate ambivalent heart and destroy original sign of girl and animals.

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