• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2006

Plastichouse cultivation for crops and vegetables in the winter has been widely popularized in Korea. In the vinylhouse Ultraviolet B penetration is lower than in the field, and so some problems, as plant overgrowth and outbreak of disease, occurred frequently. The effect of artificial supplement ultraviolet B $(UV-B:280{\sim}320nm)$ radiation on the physiological responses and yield of perilla (perilla frutescens) was investigated UV-B ray was radiated on perilla with the 10th leaf stage at the distance of 90, 120 and 150 cm from the plant canopy for 30 days after planting in the vinylhouse. The production of fresh perilla leaves was high in the order of plastic house, ambient+50% of supplemental UV-B, ambient ambient+100% of supplemental UV-B. Enhanced UV-B radiation affected the intensity of thirty-three proteins in 2-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of proteins and ten proteins out of them seemed to be responsive to UV-B : a protein was, ATP synthase CF1 alpha chain, down regulated and nine proteins (Chlorophyll a/b bindng protein type I, Chlorophyll a/b binding protein type II precursor, Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2, DNA recombination and repair protein recF, Galactinol synthase, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, Heat shock protein 21, Calcium-dependent protein kinase(CDPK)-like, Catalase) were up-regulated.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1990.06a
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• pp.168-174
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• 1990

This study was focused on the characterization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for molecular genetically approach of energy Production related mechanism in Panax Ein.fend. The simple and efficient method of mtDNA isolation from ginseng has been developed by modification of recently advanced methods. This procedure can successfully apply to mtDNA isolation of several plants. MtDNA of etiolated shoot and one-year root were digested with restriction endonucleases, but that of 6-year root not Any difference was not observed in the restriction endonuclease digestion patterns among the ginseng variants. Molecular size of ginseng mtDNA was estimated at least 159 kb by the restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. The 4.5 kb extra band at the lane of EcoRll treatment could be observed in restriction patterns digested with the methylation sensitive endonucleases, BstN 1 and EcoRll. For construction of mitochondrial genomic library of ginseng, mtDNA was partially digested with EcoRl, and packaged with EMBL4 phage vector Genomic library was screened and purified for further research including restricttion mapping of ginseng mtDNA, and cloning of the genes. The gene of ATP synthase A subunit was cloned koto the purified EMBL4 library clone No. 16. Now, clone No. 16 is subcloned for structure gene sequence analysis.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.687-692
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• 2016

We recently reported the anti-inflammatory effects of 3-(naphthalen-2-yl(propoxy)methyl)azetidine hydrochloride (KHG26792) on the ATP-induced activation of the NFAT and MAPK pathways through the P2X7 receptor in microglia. To further investigate the underlying mechanism of KHG26792, we studied its protective effects on hypoxia-induced toxicity in microglia. The administration of KHG26792 significantly reduced the hypoxia-induced expression and activity of caspase-3 in BV-2 microglial cells. KHG26792 also reduced hypoxia-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase protein expression, which correlated with reduced nitric oxide accumulation. In addition, KHG26792 attenuated hypoxia-induced protein nitration, reactive oxygen species production, and NADPH oxidase activity. These effects were accompanied by the suppression of hypoxia-induced protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha and NADPH oxidase-2. Although the clinical relevance of our findings remains to be determined, these data results suggest that KHG26792 prevents hypoxia-induced toxicity by suppressing microglial activation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.310-316
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• 1990

This study was focused on the characterization of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) for molecular 9enetical approach of energy Production related mechanism in Panax ginseng. The simple and efficient method of mtDNA isolation from ginseng has been developed by modification of recently advanced methods. This procedure can successfully apply to mtDNA isolation of several plants. mtDNA of etiolated shoot and one-year root were digested with restriction endonucleases, but that of 6-year root not. Any difference was not observed in the restriction endonuclease digestion patterns among the ginseng variants. Molecular size of ginseng mtDNA was estimated at least 159 kb by the restriction endonuclease fragment analysis. The 4.5 kb extra band at the lane of EcoRII treatment could be observed in restriction patterns digested with the methylation sensitive endonucleases, BstN I and EcoRII. For construction of mitochondrial genomic library of ginseng, mtDNA was partially digested with EcoRl, and packaged with EMBL4 phage vector. Genomic library was screened and purified for further research including restriction mapping of ginseng mtDNA, and cloning of the genes. The gene of ATP synthase A subunit was cloned from the purified EMBL4 library clone No. 16. Now, clone No. 16 is subcloned for structure gene sequence analysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.2127-2137
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• 2016

A mangrove microbial community was analyzed at the gene and protein levels using metagenomic and proteomic methods with the green macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera as the substrate. Total DNA was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 PE-100 platform. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in combination with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was used for proteomic analysis. The metagenomic data revealed that the orders Pseudomonadales, Rhizobiales, and Sphingomonadales were the most prevalent in the mangrove microbial community. By monitoring changes at the functional level, proteomic analyses detected ATP synthase and transporter proteins, which were expressed mainly by members of the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Members of the phylum Proteobacteria expressed a high number of sugar transporters and demonstrated specialized and efficient digestion of various glycans. A few glycoside hydrolases were detected in members of the phylum Firmicutes, which appeared to be the main cellulose-degrading bacteria. This is the first report of multiple "omics" analysis of E. prolifera degradation. These results support the fact that key enzymes of glycoside hydrolase family were expressed in large quantities, indicating the high metabolic activity of the community.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.6
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• pp.463-469
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• 2000

It has been well known that 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) has an excitatory effect on vascular smooth muscle due to causing membrane depolarization by blocking $K^+-channel$. However, we observed that 4-AP had an inhibitory effect on the mesenteric artery of rat. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of 4-AP-induced vasorelaxation. The mesenteric arcuate artery and its branches were isolated and cut into ring. The ring segment was immersed in HEPES-buffered solution and its isometric tension was measured. 4-AP $(0.1{\sim}10\;mM)$ induced a concentration-dependent relaxation, which was unaffected by NO synthase inhibitor, $N^G-nitro-L-arginine$ methylester $(100\;{\mu}M)$ or soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, methylene blue $(100\;{\mu}M).$ Glibenclamide $(100\;{\mu}M)$, ATP-sensitive $K^+$ channel blocker, did not exert any effect on the 4-AP-induced vasorelaxation. 4-AP relaxed the sustained contraction induced by 100 mM $K^+$ or $Ca^{2+}$ ionophore, A23187 $(100\;{\mu}M)$ in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, 4-AP significantly decreased the phasic contractile response to norepinephrine in the absence of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$. However, 4-AP did not block the $^{45}Ca$ influx of rat aorta. From the above results, we suggest that 4-AP may not block the $Ca^{2+}$ influx through $Ca^{2+}-channel,$ but act as a nonspecific vasorelaxant in arterial smooth muscle.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

Alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG) is a key molecule in the Krebs cycle determining the overall rate of the citric acid cycle of the organism. It is a nitrogen scavenger and a source of glutamate and glutamine that stimulates protein synthesis and inhibits protein degradation in muscles. AKG as a precursor of glutamate and glutamine is a central metabolic fuel for cells of the gastrointestinal tract as well. AKG can decrease protein catabolism and increase protein synthesis to enhance bone tissue formation in the skeletal muscles and can be used in clinical applications. In addition to these health benefits, a recent study has shown that AKG can extend the lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. AKG not only extends lifespan, but also delays age-related disease. In this review, we will summarize the advances in AKG research field, in the content of its physiological functions and applications.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2017

Recent studies indicate that mitochondria are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the spinal dorsal horn. In our previous study, application of malate, a mitochondrial electron transport complex I substrate, induced a membrane depolarization, which was inhibited by pretreatment with ROS scavengers. In the present study, we used patch clamp recording in the substantia geletinosa (SG) neurons of spinal slices, to investigate the cellular mechanism of mitochondrial ROS on neuronal excitability. DNQX (an AMPA receptor antagonist) and AP5 (an NMDA receptor antagonist) decreased the malate-induced depolarization. In an external calcium free solution and addition of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for blockade of synaptic transmission, the malate-induced depolarization remained unchanged. In the presence of DNQX, AP5 and AP3 (a group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist), glutamate depolarized the membrane potential, which was suppressed by PBN. However, oligomycin (a mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitor) or PPADS (a P2 receptor inhibitor) did not affect the substrates-induced depolarization. These results suggest that mitochondrial substrate-induced ROS in SG neuron directly acts on the postsynaptic neuron, therefore increasing the ion influx via glutamate receptors.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.170-180
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• 2020

Abnormal regulation, hyperphosphorylation, and aggregation of the tau protein are the hallmark of several types of dementia, including Alzheimer's Disease. Increased activity of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in the Central Nervous System (CNS), increased the tau hyperphosphorylation and caused the neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formation in the brain cells. Over the last two decades, numerous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) competitive inhibitors have been discovered that show inhibitory activity against GSK-3β. But these compounds exhibited off-target effects which motivated researchers to find new GSK-3β inhibitors. In the present study, we have collected the dataset of 31 C-Glycosylflavones derivatives that showed inhibitory activity against GSK-3β. Among the dataset, the most active compound was docked with the GSK-3β and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was performed for 50 ns. Based on the 50 ns MD pose of the most active compound, the other dataset compounds were sketched, minimized, and aligned. The 3D-QSAR based Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) model was developed, which showed a reasonable value of q2=0.664 and r2=0.920. The contour maps generated based on the CoMFA model elaborated on the favorable substitutions at the R2 position. This study could assist in the future development of new GSK-3β inhibitors.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.99-107
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• 2017

A species of Cordyceps, an ingredient in Chinese traditional medicine well-known for its major component, cordycepin (3'-deoxyadenosine), has been known to have antiplatelet effects; however, its effects on regulation of phosphoprotein have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated how cordycepin regulates the phosphoprotein, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and p38, to inhibit platelet aggregation, which are concerned with fibrinogen binding to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$) and granule secretion in platelets. Our finding suggests that cordycepin inhibits collagen-induced platelet aggregation with $261.1{\mu}M$ of $IC_{50}$ and also inhibits fibrinogen binding to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$ by a suppression of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation in a dose dependent manner. In addition, cordycepin further showed to inhibit collagen-induced p38 phosphorylation, reducing granule secretion (i.e. ATP- and serotonin-release) and thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) production without regulating cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and thromboxane A synthase (TXAS) activities, as well as phospholipase $C-{\gamma}_2$ ($PLC-{\gamma}_2$) phosphorylation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that cordycepin-mediated antiplatelet effects were due to the inhibition of fibrinogen binding to ${\alpha}IIb/{\beta}_3$ via the suppression of PI3K/Akt phosphorylation and inhibition of granule secretion & $TXA_2$ production by suppressing p38 phosphorylation. These results strongly indicate that cordycepin might have therapeutic or preventive potential for platelet aggregation-mediated disorders, regulating the phosphoprotein, including PI3K/Akt and p38.