• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.384-388
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• 2003

To establish the method of estrus induction using the injection of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ the 60 dairy cows treated by PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ at 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 day of estrous cycle, recpectively. The plasma progesterone concentrations at day of injection of PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ were $1.5\pm$1.3 (mean$\pm$SD) ng/ml at 6 days of estrous cycle, 3.7$\pm$1.4 ng/ml at 8 days, 6.5$\pm$1.8 ng/ml at 10 days, 7.9$\pm$2.0 ng/ml at 12 days, 6.5$\pm$2.5 ng/ml at 14 days, and 2.5$\pm$1.2 ng/m] at 16 days, respectively. The percentages of induction of estrus after PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ treatment were 52.8% at 3th day after treatment, 21.7% at 4th day, 8.3% within 2th day, and ] 7.2% after 5th day, respectively. The percentages of cows conceived at first service after induction of estrus were 73.3% on 16 days of estrous cycle at treatment, 66.7% on 10 and 14 days, 63.3% on 8 and 12 days, and 53.3% on 6 day, respectively. The percentages of cows conceived on first service were 70.5% at 3th day after induction, 66.7% at 4th day and 65% at 5th day, respectively. These results suggest that the PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ treatment at regressing stage of corpus luteum showed high induction of estrus and pregnancy rate, and there were high induction of estrus and pregnancy rate at 3th and 4th day after PGF$_2$$\alpha$ㆍ treatment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2000

Ginseng was stored at a temperature lower than the freezing point after a treatment of freezing point depressing agents to extend its freshness. Respiration rate at freezing point of ginseng, -1.7${\pm}$0.1$^{\circ}C$, was inhibited 92% and 97% compared with those stored at 5$^{\circ}C$or 20$^{\circ}C$ , respectively. Sorbitol solution chosen as a freezing point depressing agent lowered the freezing point of ginseng to about -3.0$^{\circ}C$. Ginsengs treated with the sorbitol solution and packaged with 0.06mm LDPE was stored at -2$^{\circ}C$ , and the quality change was then compared with ginsengs stored at 0$^{\circ}C$ and 5$^{\circ}C$. Weight loss of ginsengs stored at -2$^{\circ}C$ for 100days was 1.5%, which is about 2.6times less than those stored at 5$^{\circ}C$. However, there were no significant difference between the ginsengs stored at -2$^{\circ}C$ and at 0$^{\circ}C$(1.9%). Spoilage rate of the ginsengs was 100% after 50 days of storage at 5$^{\circ}C$ and 25% after 100days at 0$^{\circ}C$respectively. but that of ginsengs stored at -2$^{\circ}C$ was 13%, which was half than that of ginsengs stored at 0$^{\circ}C$. Firmness and amount of monoscaccharides in ginsengs were decreased during storage at 5 or 0$^{\circ}C$ but ginsengs stored at -2$^{\circ}C$ showed better firmness and an increase in monosaccharides such as fructose and glucose. From above, when ginseng treated with freezing pont depressing agents were stored at -2$^{\circ}C$, the shelf life was extended to 2 or 3 times longer than those that were stored at 5 or 0$^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

Objective : This study was performed to confirm the effects of acupuncture on myofascial pain syndrome(MPS) through the change of visual analogue scale(VAS) and pain pressure threshold(PPT) and the usefulness of pressure algometer on the evaluation of pain. Methods : We perfomed this study with 20 outpatients complaining of upper back pain. Before acupuncture therapy(AT), immediately after AT and 2-3 days after AT, we respectively checked visual analogue scale(VAS) and pain pressure threshold(PPT) through pressure algometer, with patients seated and relaxed. The PPT was checked at major trigger point of upper trapezius, levator scapulae, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, rhomboideus minor. and the patients were needled at the same points and maintained for 15 minutes. Results : VAS of immediately after AT was mild higher than that of before AT, but not significantly different. and VAS of 2-3 days after AT was significantly lower than before AT and immediately after AT. PPT of immediately after AT was lower than before PT, but not significantly different. PPT of 2-3 days after AT was significantly higher than that of before AT and immediately after AT. Also PPT was significantly correlated with VAS. Conclusion : PPT of omen was signicantly lower than that of men. and there was no significant difference by age. PPT was increased according to pain duration. Effectiveness of acupuncture on myofascial pain syndrome through PPT and VAS is showed at 2-3 days after AT rather than immediatly after AT. and pressure algometer is useful for the evaluation of Acupuncture therapy on myofascial pain syndrome.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.125-140
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• 2007

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the effects of acupuncture therapy(AT, AT-9), electro-acupuncture therapy(EAT) and low level laser acupuncture therapy(LAT) at LRJ on the focal ischemia-induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats. Methods : In the present syudy, the focal ischemia was induced by Intraluminal filament insertion into left middle cerebral artery. The subjects were divided into five groups after focal brain ischemia. (n=15, in each group) : Control with no treatment, AT with acupuncture at $LR_3$, AT-9 with acupuncture at $LR_3$ and rotating 9 times in a clockwise direction, EAT with electro-acupuncture at $LR_3$ and LAT with invasive laser acupuncture at $LR_3$. Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of acupuncture were observed by mGluR5 mRNA, Bax mRNA, Bcl-2 mRNA, Cytochrome C protein, Cresyl violet-stain and Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-stain in the hippocampus. Results: 1. In LAT, mGluR5, Cresyl violet-stain and ChAT-stain were increased. 2. In LAT, Cytochrome C protein was decreased. 3. In AT-9, Bax, Cytochrome C protein and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were decreased. 4. In AT-9, Bcl-2, Cresyl violet-stain and ChAT-stain were increased. 5. In EAT, Bcl-2 and Cresyl violet-stain were increased. Conclusions: These results suggests that LAT and AT-9 show anti-apoptotic and neuro-protective effects and that LAT and AT-9 may be useful for managing stroke by focal brain ischemia.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.185-192
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• 1986

The production and decomposition rate of litters from the three different locations, Quercus acutissium forest at 630 m, Q. mongolica forests at 1, 005m and 1, 490 m of Mt. Dokyoo, were estimated by Olson model. The contents of N, P, K, Ca and Na in soils were measured and the relationships among them were elucidated. The amounts of litter production in Q. mangolica were the lowest, 378.96g/$m^2$ at 1, 490 m and the highest, 876.12g/$m^2$ at 1, 005 m. And the amounts of litter production in Q. acutissima at 630 m was 686.16 g/$m^2$. The decay rate of litters in Q. mongolica was the smallest, 0.123 at 1, 490 m, and the largest, 0.222 at 1, 005 m. And that in Q. acutissima was 0.169 at 630 m which was the medium rate. The production and decay rate of litters decreased with the ascending altitude. The values at 630 m were maller than those at 1, 005 m. This might be due to the fact that the tree species at 630 m was Q. acutissima was 0.169 at 630 m which was the medium rate. The production and decay rate of litters decreased with the ascending altitude. The values at 630 m was Q. acutissima which was different from Q. mongolica at 1, 005 m and 1, 490 m. The half-0life of litter decay in Q. monglica was 5, 634 years at 1, 490 m and 3.134 years at 1, 005 m. And that in Q. acutissima was 4.132 years at 630 m. The decay rates of litters were tend to be inversely proportional to the ascending altitude. The annual standing stocks of mineral and their amounts returned to the soil were proportional to the decay rate of organic matters.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-37
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• 1974

Through the examination of hospitalized patient's records, this study purports to determine. the extent to which nursing record behaviors meet general expectations held for nursing records and the differences in nursing record behavior in relation to different nursing categories, period of recording and hospitals with different management patterns. Nursing record behaviors of 802 patient's records in four hospitals in Seoul were examined. by use of a check list, which was prepared by the author as an instrument for the study. Data obtained from this examination were processed into percentage values for percentage. test and chi-square test in order to determine their significance. Results are as follows; 1. Records pertaining to treatment ranked highest among all care categories in their extent of coverage, averaging 65.6 percent. 2. Of the treatment category records, records of medication led others at 94.3 percent. followed by records of test and collection of specimens at 59.9 percent. diet at 58.8 percent and treatment at 41.0 percent. 3. Records in the category of physical assessment and care averaged 44.1 percent, the second highest next to treatment category records, 4. Of the records in the category of physical assessment and care, records in vital signs. placed first at 98.9 percent, followed by sleep at 76.2 percent, body weight at 74.7 percent, symptoms and signs at 69.3 percent, rest at 44.5 percent, hygiene at 39.7 percent, activities and participation at 16.9 percent, positions at 10.3 percent, level of consciousness at 9.8 percent and physiological dysfunction at 1.1 percent in that order. 5. Records in the category of psychological assessment and care averaged 3.2 percent, the lowest of the -three major categories. 6. Of the records in the category of psychological assessment and care, records on emotional responses ranked top at 10.5 percent, followed by self-concern at 2.1 percent, adjustment at 2.0 percent, family, occupational and social relations at 0.7 percent and preferences. and interest at 0.5 percent in that order. 7. Records in relation to the category of specific conditions were found in 9.1 percent of the total records. 8. Of the records in the category of specific conditions, consultation and transfer records, stood first at 25.0 percent, followed by precautionary measurements at 1.4 percent and isolation at 0.9 percent 9. A great difference in nursing record behavior was observed between the first week of hospitalization and the last week, with the first week's recordings much higher than the last week in the categories of treatment and specific conditions (p<0.01). and of physical assessment and care (p <0.05). 10. A big difference was also observed among the hospitals (p<0.01). 11. A big difference was also observed between the government-run hospitals and the private hospitals in the categories of physical assessment and care and specific conditions in the first week of hospitalization (P<0.05l), and in the category of psychological assessment and care in the last week (P<0.05). 12. Between the hospitals established with foreign aid and the other hospitals, the difference in nursing record behavior was significant only in the category of physical assessment and care both in the first week and the last week (P<0.01). 13. The average nursing record behavior in all care categories stood at 45.1 percent in the extent of its coverage in relation to the general expectations.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.395-407
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• 1999

The queens of Korean native bumblebee species, Bombus ignitus were collected from the field in the spring of 1997 and reared under the various temperatures as 15$^{\circ}C$$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ $\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 3$0^{\circ}C$$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 60%$\pm$5% of relative humidity and 14L : 10D, to investigate their ecological characteristics, as comparing with control(29$^{\circ}C$$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$, 60%$\pm$5% of relative humidity and red light). As a result, eggs were laid by foundation queen at 15$^{\circ}C$, but they didn't hatched out while at 2$0^{\circ}C$ eggs were laid by them and they hatched out. When a foundation queen laid eggs at $25^{\circ}C$ and they all were hatched out and normally grown. Finally they were developed to the normal colony. B. ignitus worker survived for 77days at 2$0^{\circ}C$, about 69days at $25^{\circ}C$, about 68days at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and about 63days at 29$^{\circ}C$(control). The first brood workers emerged in 25-27days from the egg which a foundation queen laid. At the various temperatures, the captive queens stand to lay eggs in about 18days at 15$^{\circ}C$, 15days at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 11days at $25^{\circ}C$, 11days at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 4days in control. The first worker and the first drone from the egg cell of the collected queens appeared in about 27days and 72days at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 26days and 88days in $25^{\circ}C$, 24days and 65days at 3$0^{\circ}C$, 25days and 71days in control, respectively. In colony foundation, 33% of the collected queen at 2$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, 100% of the disposed queen at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and in control, and 67% of them at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and in control both produced new queens in 66days and 88days, respectively. The life span of the colony founded covered fro about 3 months at $25^{\circ}C$, 3$0^{\circ}C$ and in control. At lower temperatures, the life span of queen is shorter; 2 months at 15$^{\circ}C$ and 3 months at 2$0^{\circ}C$, respectively. A colony which normally developed, varied in size with rearing temperatures; about 20heads at 2$0^{\circ}C$, 482heads at $25^{\circ}C$, 330heads at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 452heads in control. A foundation queen monthly oviposited 1.5egg cells at 15$^{\circ}C$, 3.0egg cells at 2 $0^{\circ}C$, 21.7egg cells at $25^{\circ}C$, 42.3egg cells at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and 47.0egg cells in control. As a colony developed in June and July, egg cells as well as daily average cells increased in number, as compared to those in May and August. Also, in June and July, interval(days) of egg laying is shorter than in May and August. Number of nectar pots during the colony development varied with rearing temperatures; 31pots at $25^{\circ}C$, 39pots at 3$0^{\circ}C$, 23pots in control. The emergence of new queen showed a distinctively different two patterns; early emerging type and late emerging type. Workers are rapidly increased from early in July to early in August at $25^{\circ}C$, but at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and in control, emergence of workers are remarkably increased from the middle of June and last until July. No new queen emerged at 15$^{\circ}C$, 2$0^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. New queens at 3$0^{\circ}C$ and in control emerged between late in June and early in July. Thus emergence of new queen was temperature dependent.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.125-145
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• 1999

The effects of Wang-ttum, Magnetic Water, Magnetic field and Sibjeondaebotang on hemodynamics in sleep deprivation were studied. The results as follows; 1. In case of Wang-ttum operated group, significant changes were observed at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m. in maximum blood pressure for the first and second overnight stay and at 2 a.m. for the third and, respectively, average blood pressure at 12 p.m., 2 a.m. for the 1st and 2nd overnight stay, minimum blood pressure at 10 p.m.. 12 p.m.. 2 a.m. for the 1st overnight stay and at 10 p.m., 12 p.m. for the 2nd and at 12 p.m. for the 3rd, pulse rate at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m., for 1st and 2nd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m. for the 3rd and 4th, TP-KS at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 1st and 2nd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 3rd, PRP at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 1st and 2nd and at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m. for the 3rd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m. for the 4th, TPR at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. from 1st to 4th overnight stay. 2. In case of taking magnetic water group, significant changes were observed at 2 a.m., 4 a.m. in pulse rate for the 1st overnight stay and, respectively, PRP at 2 a.m. for the 1st, TRP at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 1st and 4th. 3. In case of attaching magnet group, TPR was significantly observed at 10 p.m. for the 1st overnight stay. 4. In case of medicating Sibjeondaebotang group, significant changes were observed at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. in maximum blood pressure for the 1st and 2nd overnight stay and at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 3rd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 4th and, respectively, average blood pressure at 10 p.m., 12 p.m. for the 1st and 2nd and at 10 p.m. for the 3rd and 4th, minimum blood pressure at 10 p.m., 12 p.m. from 1st to 4th, pulse rate at 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. from 1st to 3rd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m. for the 4th, TP-KS at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4a.m., 6 a.m. for the 1st and at 10 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 2nd and at 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 3rd and at 6 a.m. for the 4th, PRP at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 1st and at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 2nd and 3rd and at 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. for the 4th, TPR at 10 p.m., 12 p.m., 2 a.m., 4 a.m., 6 a.m. from 1st to 4th. As mentioned obove, the effects of Wangttum and Sibjeondaebotang on hemodynamics in sleep deprivation were observed both the impulse of SIM-YANG and mutual function of QI-HYOL. The effects of Magnetic water and Magnetic field were observed the side of mutual function of QI-HYOL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to understand the types of risk consumers feel when they shop at home and to compare their feelings with the perceived risk when they shop at stores and the kinds of clothing frequently purchased at home. For this study, the data were collected through the questionnaire distributed to 692 carried and unmarried women. The analysis was done through the t-test, ANOVA and regression. The results are as follows . 1) Compared to those shopping at stores, at-home shoppers perceived a higher risk in eight kinds of clothing. 2) Compared to shopping at stores, product performance risk, psychological risk and time loss risk increased dramatically Among these, the time loss risk showed the most noticeable increase. 3) When the perceived risk was low for a certain item, it was more often shopped at home. Among the perceived risk types, the lower the financial risk and the time loss risk, the item was more frequently shopped at home. 4) Together with store shopping, the perceived risks when shopping at home differed according the use of clothing. 5) The at-home purchase intentions were higher in the order of at-home wear, casual wear and dress/suit. The higher the price and the more important the fit was, shopping at home was more difficult.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.77-91
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to define the species composition of the soil seed banks at major wetlands in Nakdong river basin and central korea and to investigate how soil seed banks relate to aboveground vegetation and soil texture. In 2005, we sampled seed banks at Baksil reservoir, Jillal marsh, Deapyeng marsh, Hwapo marsh, Upo marsh and Junam reservoir in Nakdong river basin and Osan stream and Amsa-dong in Seoul. The soil seeds were estimated with the emergence method from April to October. Total numbers of species at the seed banks were 33 at Baksil, 18 at Daepyeong, 35 at Jillal, 56 at Upo, 32 at Hwapo, 47 at Osan stream, 54 at Amsa waterside, 31 at Amsa meadow. The species diversity in the soil seed banks of Upo marsh was the highest as 0.95. The community overlap index that compares aboveground with underground vegetation is high in the Upo marsh (0.34), Jilla marsh (0.36), and Osan stream (0.27). Soil texture affected distribution of 8 species, Lindernia procumbens, L. attenuata, Arenaria serpyllifolia, Juncus effusus, Persicaria thunbergii, Eragrostis multicaulis, Cyperus nipponicus, Scirpus fluviatilis. Considering the social and cultural values, soils at Amsa meadow, Hwapo marsh and Osan stream have worth to use for wetland restoration.