• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.375-382
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• 2015

We discovered three soil ciliates of the class Colpodea-Colpoda henneguyi Fabre-Domergue, 1889; C. lucida Greeff, 1888; and Bursaria truncatella $M{\ddot{u}}ller$, 1773 from Obong-ri, Ayajin-ri and Elwang-ri (Korea), respectively. Colpoda henneguyi had the following features: often wider preorally than postorally, size in vivo $60-80{\mu}m{\times}50-70{\mu}m$; extrusomes indistinct in vivo, cylindroid approximately $1{\mu}m$ long; notches caused by deep diagonal groove; yellowish globules on the cortex of the cell; 10-12 postoral kineties; silverline system aspera-type. Colpoda lucida exhibited the following features: broadly reniform, size in vivo $70-90{\mu}m{\times}50-70{\mu}m$; conspicuous extrusomes, $3.5-5{\mu}m$ long in vivo, cylindroid to fusiform; 13-16 postoral kineties; silverline system cucullus-type. Bursaria truncatella had the following features: bursiform, size in vivo $300-470{\mu}m{\times}120-260{\mu}m$; macronucleus coiled with highly variable shapes, $600-1100{\mu}m{\times}30-40{\mu}m$ long in vivo; micronuclei 16-25 in number, approximately $4{\mu}m$ in diameter; extrusomes cylindroid, $3-4{\mu}m$ long in vivo. This is the first report of colpodean ciliates from Korea, and we describe these species based on observations of live and impregnated (protargol and silver nitrate impregnation) specimens.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 1992

In order to reduce long preparating time for alkali pretreated B-type gelatin, enzyme pretreatment was tried on flounder(Limanda aspera) skin for I-type gelatin. The optimal extraction conditions of the B-type gelatin were 9 folds of added water with material(w/w), 3 hrs of extraction time, $60^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature and pH 5. The maximum amount of I-type gelatin was extracted at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 hrs using water controlled to pH 6.0(material : water= 1:9, w/w). The yields of the B- and E-type gelatin were $64.2\%\;and\;59.2\%,$ respectively. The B-type was superior to the B-type in physical properties such as jelly strength, viscosity and electric conductivity. Molecular weight of B-type was so far larger than that of the E-type due to different pretreatment method. Hydrolysis ratio of the E-type was higher than that of the B-type because of its molecular weight. Results suggest that B-type product would be better than I-type as fish skin gelatin but E-type was desirable in hydrolyzate preparation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.296-308
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• 2002

The vascular plants in Mt. Cheongwan, Jangheung-gun, Jeollanam-do, were consisted of 599 taxa; 117 families, 366 genus, 519 species, 76 varieties and 4 forma. From the floristic point of view, Mt. Cheongwan is distributed to both the evergreen trees as Pteris mulfida, Dryopteris bissetiana, Torreya nucifera, Cephlotaxus koreana, Neolitsea sericea, Quercus acuta, Hedera rhombea, Fatsia japonica, Camellia japonica, Eurya japonica, Thea sinensis, Acorus gramineus, Pseudosasa japonica and Sasa borealis, and the deciduous subtropical trees such as Carpinus coreana, Aphanth aspera, Orixa japonica, and Lygodium japonicum And it is worth special mention to be discovered Selaginella rossii, Corylopsis coreana, Stewartia koreana, Asarum sieboldii, Viola orientals, and Drosera royundifolia. The Specific plants which is categorized to the Degree by the Ministry of Environment recorded as 45 taxa; 1 species each for the Degree II, IV and V, 5 species for the Degree III, and 37 species for the Degree I.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.552-564
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate vegetation characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the area of Duryunsan Provincial Park, where the deciduous broad-leaved trees and evergreen broad-leaved trees are mixed and thus had a high botanical value. To investigate the vegetation characteristics, we installed 40 quadrats with an area of $100m^2$ each for survey and analysis. Haenam-gun, where the Duryunsan Provincial Park is located, is a warm-temperate forest region. The meteorological data for the past 40 years showed a coldness index of $-8^{\circ}C$, a monthly warmth index of $109.2^{\circ}C$, and annual mean precipitation of 1,310.5mm, indicating it is an ideal habitat for the distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forest. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed three categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus acuta community-I, Q. acuta community-II, and Neolitsea sericea-Aphananthe aspera community. In the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Duryunsan Provincial Park, Q. acuta dominant in the canopy were expanding their presence in the understory. In addition to the Q. acuta, N. sericea and Cinnamomum yabunikkei, which are evergreen broad-leaved trees of the canopy, were found in all layers. The deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Q. variabilis, Q. serrata, and Carpinus tschonoskii were culled, and the transition to Q. acuta evergreen broad-leaved trees was ongoing. N. sericea community appeared locally. The species diversity index of N. sericea-A. aspera community was lower at 1.0798 than that of Q. acuta Community-I at 1.3208 and Q. acuta Community-II at 1.4916.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.12-27
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is carried out to present the raw data for restoring and maintaining an urban stream by objective surveying and analysing about flora in Changwon stream and Nam stream, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summarized as 248 taxa; 71 families, 184 genera, 220 species, 26 varieties and 2 forma. The numbers of vascular plants by streams were 202 taxa in Changwon stream and 206 taxa in Nam stream. The endemic plant was Salix pseudolasiogyne. The rare plants designated by Korea Foret Service were 2 taxa; Aristolochia contorta and Koelreuteria paniculata. The specific plants by floristic region were 12 taxa; Aphananthe aspera, Artemisia selengensis, Indigofera pseudotinctoria and so forth. The naturalized plants were 37 taxa; Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus patulus, Amorpha fruticosa and so forth. The invasive alien plants designated by Ministry of Environment were 4 taxa; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Aster pilosus, Rumex acetocella and Solanum carolinense. The UI (Urbanized Index) and NI (Naturalized Index) were 13.6% and 18.3% in Changwon stream and 13.6% and 17.9% in Nam stream.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.246-257
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• 2005

The flora was summarized as 176 taxa; 66families, 135genera, 147species,25varieties and 4forms in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 1531axa; 63families, 123genera, 138species, 13varieties and 2forms in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forest. The Specific Plant Species which is categorized by the Minisoy of Environment, Korea, was summarized as 24 taxa for the Degree I and 3 taxa for the Degree III in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest: Eusraphis japonica(Staphyleaceae), Aphananthe aspera(Ulmaceae), Ficus erecta(Moraceae), Puccinellia coreensis (Gramineae), Rhus succedanea(Anacariaceae), Koelreuteria paniculata(Sapindaceae) and 28 taxa for the Degree 1 and 7 taxa for the Degree III in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests: Castanopsis cuspidata val. sieboldii(Fagaceae), Rubus h irsutus(Rosaceae), Elaeagnus macrophylla(Elaeagnaceae), Cinnamom urn japonic urn (Lauraceae), flex integra (Aquifuliaceae) and Lazoste lancEyolia(Lauraceae). From the enlisted vascular plants surveyed, the naturalized plants were 17 taxa in Mulgun-ni Windbreak Forest and 9 taxa in Mijo-ri Windbreak Forests with the Naturalization Index was 9.7 percent and 5.9 percent respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.25-40
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• 2011

The vascular plants in Jeokjabong, Bogil Island were listed 350 taxa composed of 89 families, 233 genera, 309 species, 1 subspecies, 36 varieties and 4 forms. Divided into woody plants were 142 taxa (40.6%) and herbaceous plants were 208 taxa (59.4%). Based on the list of rare and endangered species by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 3 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Rubus sorbifolius, and endemic plants, 10 taxa were recorded; Asarum maculatum, Cephalotaxus koreana, Carpinus coreana, Celtis choseniana, Lespedeza maritima, Indigofera koreana, Dendropanax morbifera, Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, and plant species subject to permission for taking abroad, 4 taxa were recorded; Celtis choseniana, Asarum maculatum, Vaccinium oldhami, Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 64 taxa (18.3% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants); Ligustrum quihoui var. latifolium in class IV, 19 taxa (Stauntonia hexaphylla, Cinnamomum japonicum, Zanthoxylum ailanthoides, Daphniphyllum macropodum, Centella asiatica, Verbena officinalis, Mitchella undulata, etc.) in class III, 5 taxa (Potentilla dickinsii, Ostericum melanotilingia, Sanicula rubriflora, Caryopteris incana, Teucrium veronicoides) in class II and 39 taxa (Gleichenia dichotoma, Cyrtomium fortunei, Aphananthe aspera, Rubus hirsutus, Meliosma myriantha, Hedera rhombea, Ainsliaea apiculata, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 5 families, 17 genera, 20 taxa (Phytolacca americana, Lepidium virginicum, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Verbesina alternifolia, Lolium perenne, etc.) and naturalization rate was 5.7% of all 350 taxa of vascular plants. Hereafter natural ecosystem into disturbance on naturalized plants and legal protection species and rare and endangered species distribute in the Bogil Island, precision investigation after management counterplan of the monitoring a point of view be required.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-70
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to present raw data to systematically and rationally manage the protected trees located in Changwon-si, Korea. This study investigated about the present condition and the information of location, individual, management, health and soil. The results are as follows. The protected trees were located in 26 spots, and species of trees were 9 taxa; Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, Aphananthe aspera, Ginkgo biloba, Carpinus tschonoskii, Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis, Quercus variabilis, Pinus densiflora and Salix glandulosa. In protected tree types, shade trees were the most, and the majority of theirs were 200 years or more in age. The range of altitude was 14~173m, and the number of trees located in flat fields was the most. For location types, village and field and mountain were presented in the order and, in land use, land for building was the most. The range of height was 8.0~30.0m, 0.6~5.1m in crown height, 240~700cm in diameter of breast and 210~800cm in diameter of root. In case of crown area, Zelkova serrata of No.5 was most large. The status boards were mostly installed except No.23 and No.26. The sites with fence were 9 spots, and the site with stonework were 14 spots. The sites with the support beam were 5 spots, and most sites were not covered up with soil. The materials of bottom were soil, gravel and vegetation in the order. The range of withering branch rate was 0~40%, and peeled bark rate was 0~60%. The sites made holes were 23 spots, and the hole size of Aphananthe aspera of No.12 was the largest. The sites disturbed by human trampling were 7 spots, the sites by disease and insects of 2 spots, the sites by injury of 23 spots and the sites by exposed roots of 13 spots. In the results of soil analysis, there showed that acidity was pH 4.5~8.0, organic matter content of 3.5~69.8g/kg, electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.11~2.87dS/m, available $P_2O_5$ of 3.0~490.6mg/kg, exchangeable K of 0.10~1.05cmol+/kg, exchangeable Ca of 1.41~16.45cmol+/kg, exchangeable Mg of 0.37~1.96cmol+/kg, exchangeable Na of 0.25~2.41cmol+/kg and cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of 8.35~26.55cmol+/kg.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.633-644
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• 2009

The vascular plants in the Gyeryongsan National Park were listed 227 taxa; 71 families, 148 genera, 196 species, 1 subspecies, 26 varieties and 4 forms, Among them, trees and herbs were 103 taxa (45.4%), 124 taxa (54.6%), respectively. The rare plants were identified 6 taxa such as Paeonia obovata (Legal protection species), Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Lilium distichum, Lilium callosum and Goodyera schlechtendaliana by the Korea Forest Service. Based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 8 taxa were recorded; Cephalotaxus koreana, Pseudostellaria multiflora, Thalictrum uchiyamai, Indigofera koreana, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Weigela subsessilis and Carex okamotoi. Based on the list of approved for delivering overseas of plants, 6 taxa were recorded; Viola albida, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Asperula lasiantha, Carex okamotoi, Lilium distichum and Lilium callosum. Specific plant species by floral region were total 21 taxa (9.3%); Paeonia obovata in class V, 5 taxa (Betula davurica, Acer palmatum, Asperula lasiantha, Lonicera subhispida, Phaenosperma globosa) in class III, 4 taxa (Viola orientalis, Acanthopanax chiisanensis, Ostericum melanotilingia, Lilium distichum) in class II and 11 taxa (Cephalotaxus koreana, Betula schmidtii, Quercus variabilis, Aphananthe aspera, Ilex macropoda, Meliosma oldhamii, Tilia amurensis, Lilium callosum, Erythronium japonicum, Polygonatum inflatum, Hosta capitata) in class I. It is important that relationship between national and local government will be needed for preservation of natural environment of Gyeryongsan National Park. As well, a long time of monitering and systematical management counterplan will be required.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.94-104
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• 2013

In solar system, Mars which has the most similar environment with the Earth has been steadily studied for the purpose of habitable environment for the future manned exploration and settlement. During the daytime, Martian ionosphere can be used for the ground-ground communications between lander and rover through the reflection of the radio wave from ionosphere. In addition, researches about Martian ionosphere provide the link of revolution of water and atmosphere. Martian ionospheric observations were performed by the occultation experiments onboard Mariner, Mars, Viking series during early Martian explorations as well as recent Mars Global Surveyor. Low frequency radar and plasma analyzer are on board Mars Express and Viking-1, 2 lander obtained the only vertical plasma density profile during their entry phase. In this paper, we studied the characteristics of scientific payloads observing Martian ionosphere and then analyzed the usability of ionospheric research according to the communication and climate on Mars.