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Physiologic changes on the rescuer and efficiency of CPR in the increased chest compression (흉부압박의 횟수증가가 구조자에게 미치는 생리학적 변화와 심폐소생술 정확도에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi, Uk-Jin
    • The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.43-53
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    • 2008
  • Purpose : This study was designed to examine physiological changes in the body of rescuers conduct CPR according to the 2005 new guideline from American Heart Association. The ratio of artificial respiration has changed from 15 : 2 into 30 : 2 in 2005. The researcher tried to know the correlation between the physiological changes and the accuracy of CPR. Method : The examinees of this study were 26 students (Dept. of Emergency Medical Service). After the training, participants conducted 10 minute CPR and soon after the CPR, their vital signs were checked, and lactic acid and concentration of ammonia were analysed from their blood samples. Questionnaires to ask their subjective fatigue level were filled out after blood samples and 10 minute - CPR was performed. Results : 1) After the CPR, concentrations of ammonia were $149.71{\mu}{\ell}/d{\ell}$ and $162.17{\mu}{\ell}/d{\ell}$ in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2, respectively. The number was higher in 30 : 2 but it wan not statistically meaningful (p = .493). Log value of lactic acid was a little higher in 30 : 2 with 42 log($mmol/{\ell}$) and 54 log($mmol/{\ell}$) in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2, respectively but it was not statistically meaningful (p = .113). 2) Blood pressure in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 were 118.50 mmHg and 125.08 mmHg while pulse in two different cases were 96.14 and 97.25, showing no statistically significant differences (blood pressure : p = .155, pulse : p = .841). 3) Subjective fatigue was a bit high in 30 : 2 with 5.93 and 6.92 points in 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 respectively but it was not statistically meaningful (p = .142). 4) In the 10 minute CPR, respiration accuracy was 96.21% in 15 : 2 and 94.79% in 30 : 2. There was no statistical significances between the two(p = .225). In the meanwhile, chest compression accuracy was 92.57% in 15 : 2 and 91.83% in 30 : 2. From the beginning to the end of chest compression, there showed no difference(p = .425). the type of CPR did not influence upon the accuracy of chest compression(p = .756). Conclusion : In the CPR conducted by skilled rescuers for 10 minutes, there were no statistically meaningful differences between 15 : 2 and 30 : 2 in the concentration of fatigue element in a blood, subjective fatigue, vital signs and accuracy of CPR. Therefore, 30 : 2 CPR recommended by American Heart Association need to be recommended and performed in scene size up.

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The type of women in Gongsageunmunrok and A Gongsageunmunrok's meaning of women's history in Joseon (『공사견문록』의 여성유형과 여성생활사 측면에서 본 의의)

  • Kim, Girim
    • (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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    • no.48
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    • pp.117-145
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    • 2012
  • Gongsageunmunrok is a book that was edited by Jung Jae-ryun. He edited and chose some stories good enough to be an role model to descendants. There were all about 310 stories in that book. A forth of them is story about women. There were 4 types of women in the book. cautious women and women to see through a covered fact.Women who have a lot of authority, women who ask a man something, The women cautious women are generally a royal family. They tried to stabilize their royal family and nation. The way to stabilize was a good behavior. Women who have authority harms equitably and authenticity of official business. Requesting women, also, harm fairness of official business. Gongsageunmunrok has many different meanings like the following. First of all, There are women life of royal family's women in the book. Second, It is the book which can be based on later stories about women. Lee Geng-ik(李肯翊) rewrote on Yeunreusilgisul(燃藜室記述). Especially, Kim Reu rewrote the story titled 'Hansukwonjeon(韓淑媛傳)'. Sung Hae-eung,also, rewote Han Bo-hyang's story. Third, There are many stories with the life of court maid. It is useful to study all the life of court maid, political events and current events. Forth, It describes with women's aspects. Therefore many women's clique can be understood. Fifth, It can show women's literary work and a phase of women's literary activity.

Measurement and evaluation of speech privacy in university office rooms (대학 내 사무실의 스피치 프라이버시 측정 및 평가)

  • Lim, Jae-Seop;Choi, Young-Ji
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.38 no.4
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    • pp.396-405
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    • 2019
  • The speech privacy of closed office rooms located in a university campus was measured and assessed in terms of SPC (Speech Privacy Class) values. The measurements of two quantities, the LD (Level Difference) between a source and a receiving room, and the background noise level ($L_b$) at the receiving room were carried out in 5 rooms located in 3 different buildings in the university campus. Each of the 5 rooms was adjacent to both offices and corridors through walls. The TL (Transmission Loss) between the source and the receiver room was also measured to compare the difference of two standard methods, ASTM E2836-10 and KS F 2809. The present results show that the speech privacy of the 5 office rooms is not met the requirement for a minimum SPC values of 70. A minimum LD value of 41 dB between the source and the receiver room should be achieved for having a SPC value of 70 when the mean measured value of $L_b$ at the receiving room is 29.2 dB. That is, the TL(avg) value averaged over the octave bands from 160 Hz to 5000 Hz between the source and the receiver room should be or greater than 40 dB. The most important architectural factor influencing the LD value is the presence of openings, such as doors, and windows, on the adjacent walls between the source and receiving room. Therefore, if the opening of the adjacent wall is replaced by an opening with high sound insulation, the appropriate SPC value of the research and office rooms can be achieved.

Analysis of the Environmental Impact of the Multi-Functional Administrative City and the Establishment of the Evaluation Index after Residence (행정중심복합도시 환경영향 분석 및 거주 후 평가 지표수립에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Kyu-Hyup;Jeon, Byeong-Cheol;Chung, Su-Wan;Kwon, Soon-wook
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.500-512
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    • 2022
  • Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), which is one of the construction environment evaluation methods, is a series of processes that ask about the functional requirements and satisfaction of an object from a life cycle perspective such as design/construction/residence. However, there are no POE research activities targeting large-scale units. On the other hand, large-scale third-phase new towns are being developed. Therefore, this study conducted a post-residence evaluation (POE) research activity in a large-scale unit (Multifunctional Administrative City). The procedure of this study is to conduct a literature survey on the current status and implications of the multi-functional administrative city area, and based on the research data, derive the Happy City evaluation index for the major issues and special issues of the Happy City. Afterwards, 450 questionnaires were conducted for the residents of Happy City, and POE analysis was performed on the derived data for each module. And based on the analysis results, implications such as problems and improvement points for the current status of the Happy City were derived. This can be used as a basis for the expansion of a large-scale new city into a self-sufficient city, and it can be used as a basic data for the development and improvement of a happy city that meets social needs in the future.

Suggestions for the Independent Body in the era of Artificial Intelligence Choreography (인공지능 안무 시대의 주체적 몸을 위한 제언)

  • Yim, Sujin
    • Trans-
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    • v.12
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    • pp.1-19
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    • 2022
  • This study predicts and raises the changes that AI will bring to dance art when machine-based choreography began, and finds questions we can ask as human artists. Research suggests that one of the crises of dance in the era of machine creative arts is that artificial intelligence does not stay in the tool of human choreography but becomes the subject of choreography. It is based on the political discourse of choreography that artificial intelligence has the power to control and restrict human dancers. This comes from a sense of crisis that the AI takes over the area of choreography and the human choreographer remains an incompetent coordinator, and as a result, the dancer's dancing body can be reduced to a mechanical body controlled by AI. In order for these concerns not to become a reality, this study proposes three measures. First, choreographer and dancer should develop digital literacy to live in the age of AI art. Secondly, choreographer should acquire the ability to accurately distinguish the roles of human choreographer, dancer, and AI in creative work. Thirdly, various levels of discourse on AI dance should be formed by actively conducting mutual media research of dance and technology. Through these efforts, the human dancer will exist as a subject of art, not a passive agent in the new dance ecosystem brought by the innovation of artificial intelligence technology and will be able to face an era coexistence with artificial intelligence creativily and productively.

Design and output control technique of sonar transmitter considering impedance variation of underwater acoustic transducer (수중 음향 트랜스듀서의 임피던스 변화를 고려한 소나 송신기의 설계 및 출력 제어 기법)

  • Shin, Chang-Hyun;Lee, Yoon-Ho;Ahn, Byoung-Sun;Yoon, Hong-Woo;Kwon, Byung-Jin;Kim, Kyung-Seop;Lee, Jeong-Min
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.41 no.5
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    • pp.481-491
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    • 2022
  • The active sonar transmission system consists of a transmitter that outputs an electrical signal and an underwater acoustic transducer that converts the amplified electrical signal into an acoustic signal. In general, the transmitter output characteristics are dependent on load impedance, and an underwater acoustic transducer, which is a transmitter load, has a characteristic that the electrical impedance varies largely according to frequency when driven. In such a variable impedance condition, the output of the active sonar transmission system may become unstable. Hence, this paper proposes a design and control technique of a sonar transmitter for transmitting a stable transmission signal even under variable impedance conditions of an underwater acoustic transducer in an active sonar transmission system. The electrical impedance characteristics of the underwater acoustic transducer are experimentally analyzed, and the sonar transmitter is composed of a single-phase full-bridge inverter, an LC filter, and a matching circuit. In this paper, the design and output control method of the sonar transmitter is proposed to protect the transmitter and transducer. It can secure stable output voltage characteristics even if it transmits the Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) signal. The validity is verified through the simulation and the experiment.

Dependencies of phase velocities of ultrasonic guided waves on cortical thickness in soft tissue-bone mimicking phantoms (연조직-골 모사 팬텀에서 피질골 두께에 대한 유도초음파 위상속도의 의존성)

  • Lee, Kang Il
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.40 no.6
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    • pp.587-592
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    • 2021
  • Change in the cortical thickness of long bones occurring with aging and osteoporosis is known to be a risk factor for fracture. The present study aims to investigate the dependencies of phase velocities of ultrasonic guided waves on the cortical thickness in 7 soft tissue-bone mimicking phantoms consisting of acrylic plates covered by a 2 mm-thick silicone rubber layer by using the axial transmission technique with a pair of transducers with a center frequency of 200 kHz and a diameter of 12.7 mm. Two distinct propagating waves with different velocities, the First Arriving Signal (FAS) and the Slow Guided Waved (SGW), were consistently observed for all the soft tissue-bone mimicking phantoms. The FAS velocity decreased slightly with increasing thickness, whereas the SGW velocity increased strongly with increasing thickness. The FAS and the SGW velocities were found to be closely consistent with the S0 and the A0 Lamb mode velocities for a free acrylic plate, respectively, suggesting that the presence of the soft tissue mimicking material (2 mm-thick silicone rubber layer) covering the acrylic plates does not influence significantly the velocity measurements.

Shear-wave elasticity imaging with axial sub-Nyquist sampling (축방향 서브 나이퀴스트 샘플링 기반의 횡탄성 영상 기법)

  • Woojin Oh;Heechul Yoon
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.42 no.5
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    • pp.403-411
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    • 2023
  • Functional ultrasound imaging, such as elasticity imaging and micro-blood flow Doppler imaging, enhances diagnostic capability by providing useful mechanical and functional information about tissues. However, the implementation of functional ultrasound imaging poses limitations such as the storage of vast amounts of data in Radio Frequency (RF) data acquisition and processing. In this paper, we propose a sub-Nyquist approach that reduces the amount of acquired axial samples for efficient shear-wave elasticity imaging. The proposed method acquires data at a sampling rate one-third lower than the conventional Nyquist sampling rate and tracks shear-wave signals through RF signals reconstructed using band-pass filtering-based interpolation. In this approach, the RF signal is assumed to have a fractional bandwidth of 67 %. To validate the approach, we reconstruct the shear-wave velocity images using shear-wave tracking data obtained by conventional and proposed approaches, and compare the group velocity, contrast-to-noise ratio, and structural similarity index measurement. We qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrate the potential of sub-Nyquist sampling-based shear-wave elasticity imaging, indicating that our approach could be practically useful in three-dimensional shear-wave elasticity imaging, where a massive amount of ultrasound data is required.

Investigation of acoustic performances of the creative convergence classrooms in elementary schools (초등학교 창의융합교실의 음향성능 조사)

  • A-Hyeon Jo;Chan-Hoon Haan
    • The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.285-297
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    • 2023
  • The present study aims to investigate the acoustic performance of the creative convergence classrooms in Korea used by elementary school students under the age of 9 introduced through the school space innovation project. In order to do this, acoustic performances of three creative convergence classrooms were measured. The measured acoustic parameters were background noise levels, Reverberation Time (RT), D50, Speech Transmission Index (STI), and Inter-Aural Cross Correlation (IACC). Also, acoustic parameters including Transmission Loss (TL) and standardized level difference (DnT) have been measured for the analysis of sound insulation performance of walls. In addition, the noise level was measured according to the opening conditions of doors and windows in the classroom. As a result, background noise level was measured at an average of 28.0 dB(A) to 32.8 dB(A) when the air conditioner was not operated, and the RT did not exceed 0.6 s. There were differences in IACC according to various desk layouts, and IACC values were high in the center line and the seats near the sound source. In particular, higher IACC was measured at the seats on the center line facing the source squarely. Regarding noise level in the classroom according to the opening conditions of doors and windows, the standards were exceeded when all windows, or windows and doors front onto the corridor were opened.

An Examination of the Effectiveness of Crisis Response Strategies for Repairing Competence and Integrity Violations

  • Sung, Yen-yi;Lee, Han-joon;Park, Jong-chul
    • Asia Marketing Journal
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.129-154
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    • 2013
  • Product-harm crises, which are connected to defective or dangerous products, are perceived as the most common threats to a company. Product harm crises can distort long standing favorable equality perceptions, tarnish a company's reputation, cause major revenue and market-share losses, lead to costly product recalls, and devastate a carefully nurtured brand equity. However, in spite of the devastating impact of product-harm crises, little systematic research exists to asses its marketing consequences. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate how Koreans react to the crisis response in the aftermath of different crises(competence violation vs. integrity violation) and inspire additional research in crisis communication. This study has three main findings which run counter to the assumptions of Kim et al.(2007). Namely, the current study expands on the research of Kim et al. (2004, 2007) by examining how companies repair customers' trust and corporate attitude after crises. Different from previous studies, this study assumes that apology for an integrity-based crisis is the most appropriate way to repair consumer trust and corporate attitude. As for competence-based crisis, similarly, apology for competence-based crisis can be more successful repairing consumer trust and corporate attitude. Concerning silence strategy, remaining silent dose not admit or deny guilt right away, but instead of asking the perceiver to withhold judgment, suggesting that, silence could be expected to be superior to apology but inferior to denial. Finally, apology for competence violation will be expected to bemore effective than apology for integrity violation. Research conceptual model was as follows: According to the results, apology is found to be the most effective strategy to repair corporate attitude no matter the crisis is perceived as a violation of competence or integrity. Second, company may consider keeping silent as a desirable response because they does not admit nor deny responsibility but ask the public to withhold judgment. However, the result of this study shows that, in the overall crisis situations, silence strategy did not differ significantly from the denial strategy, which suggested that the public wants explanation instead of uncertainty. Third, there was the interaction effect between crisis type and crisis response strategies. In this study, apology is more effective for the competence violated situation in terms of regaining consumer trust and repairing their attitude toward company, while the apology's effectiveness is lower for the integrity-violated situation. More specifically, when the crisis is perceived due to company's lack of ability(competence violation), consumer's trust belief and attitude toward the company is more easily to repair when the company issued a sincere apology. Damaged product is perceived less intentional so participants are more likely to give the company second chance when they apology to the public. By contrast, exaggerated advertisement(integrity violation) is perceived intentionally and thus makes participants angrier toward the accused company. Although apology is perceived as the most effective strategy, when issuing apology, it also means the company admitted their intention. Therefore, in this kind of crisis situation, trust repair needs not only a sincere apology but additional efforts.

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