• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

We have shown that myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was required for the off-contraction in response to the electrical field stimulation (EFS) of feline esophageal smooth muscle. In this study, we investigated whether protein kinase C (PKC) may require the on-contraction in response to EFS using feline esophageal smooth muscle. The contractions were recorded using an isometric force transducer. On-contraction occurred in the presence of $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), suggesting that nitric oxide acts as an inhibitory mediator in smooth muscle. The excitatory composition of both contractions was cholinergic dependent which was blocked by tetrodotoxin or atropine. The on-contraction was abolished in $Ca^{2+}$-free buffer but reappeared in normal $Ca^{2+}$-containing buffer indicating that the contraction was $Ca^{2+}$ dependent. 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), voltage-dependent $K^+$ channel blocker, significantly enhanced on-contraction. Aluminum fluoride (a G-protein activator) increased on-contraction. Pertussis toxin (a $G_i$ inactivator) and C3 exoenzyme (a rhoA inactivator) significantly decreased on-contraction suggesting that Gi or rhoA protein may be related with $Ca^{2+}$ and $K^+$ channel. ML-9, a MLCK inhibitor, significantly inhibited on-contraction, and chelerythrine (PKC inhibitor) affected on the contraction. These results suggest that endogenous cholinergic contractions activated directly by low-frequency EFS may be mediated by $Ca^{2+}$, and G proteins, such as Gi and rhoA, which resulted in the activation of MLCK, and PKC to produce the contraction in feline distal esophageal smooth muscle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 1988

The hop yield prediction model developed based on meteorological elements in Hoeongseong was Y=6,042.846-17.665 $X_1$-0.919 $X_2$-96.538 $X_3$-138.105 $X_4$＋86.910 $X_{5}$ ＋ $X_{6}$ with MS $E_{p}$ of 25.258, $R_{p}$$^{2}$ of 0.9991, R $a_{p}$$^{2}$ of 0.9962 and $C_{p}$ of 7.00. The minimum air temperature at early growing stage ( $X_1$), the total precipitation at cone ripening stage ( $X_2$), the maximum air temperature at flower bud differentiation stage ( $X_3$) and the maximum air temperature at flowering stage ( $X_4$) influenced on hop yield as decrement weather elements. The average air temperature at early growing stage ( $X_{5}$ ) and the total sunshine hours at cone development stage ( $X_{6}$ ) influenced on hop yield as increment weather elements.lements.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.1014-1021
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• 1997

Studies were carried out on the preparation of several kinds of pulps from Sponge gourd fiber by KP, ASP, SP PAP, AP and addition of AQ pulping process. These unbeaten and beaten pulping fibers were observed their characteristics and fiber structure by SEM, FQA, Image analyzer and Micro projector. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The cooking condition which is the possible defibrilation of Shives are KP base($160^{\circ}C$, 2hr.), ASP base($155^{\circ}C$, 4hr.), PAP base($160^{\circ}C$, 1hr.). From the results, the kappa no. had the range of 12, 25, 10 each other. 2) The pulp yields of sponge gourd fiber obtained the range of KP 50~55%, ASP&60~70% and PAP 45~50%. SP base have the highest and contnets of KP&PAP base are much the same as woods. 3) Increasing amount of NaOH on Pulping was accelerated the defibrilation of Shives and was changed a morphology of pulping fiber quality such as fiber length, curl and kink index. 4) Addition of AQ on pulping process of sponge gourd fiber had a affect to raise the rate of delignification while protecting cellullosic components against degradation, especially defibrilation was very excellent, beated pulp much more easily and increased the fibrilation. 5) ASP system have higher bulk density, fiber bonding and protecting cellullosic components against degradation than KP or PAP. 6) The color reactions of the "C" stain solution showed blue or blue-gray with clean and transparency thin cell wall.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.303-315
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• 2003

Inorganic/organic composite particles were also synthesized by changing an initiator an it's concentration, concentration of an adsorbed surfactant, reaction temperature, and agitation speed in the presence of $CaCO_3$ adsorbed SDBS. The polymerization conditions were optimized according to the conversion of the core-shell composite particles. In the inorganic/organic core-shell composite particle polymerization, $CaCO_3$ absorbed surfactant SDBS of 0.5 wt % was prepared first and then core $CaCO_3$ was encapsulated by sequential emulsion polymerization using MMA, concentration of APS $3.16{\times}10^{-3}mol/L$ to minimize the formation of new PMMA particle during MMA shell polymerization. The structure characterization of the inorganic/organic core-shell particles was verified by measuring the decomposition degree of $CaCO_3$ using HCl solution. It was found that $CaCO_3$ was encapsulated by shell PMMA due to having excellent dispersion in the epoxy resin, smooth surface distinctly from spindle shape, and broad particle distribution after the capsulation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.1032-1043
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• 1989

The heat transfer characteristics of the drag reducing polymer solutions are investigated experimentally in the thermal entrance region of circular tube flows. Fluids used in experiments are the aqueous solutions of high molecular polymer, polyacrylamide Separan AP-273 and the range of polymer concentrations is from 20 to 1000 wppm. Two stainless steel tubes with inside diameter 8.5mm(L/D=712) and 10.3mm(L/D=1160) are used for the heat transfer flow loops. The flow loop is set up to measure friction factors and heat transfer coefficients of test sections in two different modes; the recirculating flow system and once-through flow system. The test tubes are heated directly by electricity to apply the constant heat flux boundary conditions to the wall. Three different types of adaptors are used to observe the effects of the upstream flow conditions of the heat transfer test sections. The viscosity and characteristic relaxation time of the test fluids circulating in the flow system are measured by the capillary tube viscometer and falling ball viscometer at regular time intervals. The installed adaptors exhibit slight effect on the entrance heat transfer of Newtonian fluid. However, no noticeable effects are observed for the entrance heat transfer of the drag reducing fluids. The order of magnitude of the thermal entrance lengths of the drag reducing fluids which follow the minimum friction asymptote is much longer than that of Newtonian fluids in turbulent flows. A new dimensionless parameter, the viscoelastic Graetz number, is defined and all the experimental data are recasted in terms of the viscoelastic Graetz number. The local Nusselt number of the viscoelastic fluids is represented as a function of flow behavior index n and the viscoelastic Graetz number. As degradation continues the viscosity and the characteristic relaxation time of the testing fluids decrease. Weissenberg number defined by the relaxation time and D/V appears to be a proper dimensionless parameter in describing degradation effects on heat transfer of the viscoelastic fluids.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.782-787
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• 2002

This study was done to investigate the effects of Korean mistletoe water extract and lectin on the apoptosis and preneoplastic lesion in chemically induced rat hepatocarcinogenesis. To attain the above objectives, weanling Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed modified AIN-76 diets containing 10% corn oil for 9 weeks. One week after feeding starts, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 50 mg/kg body weight (BW). Rats were provided with 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) in drinking water from one week after DEN treatment until the end of experiment. During the period of PB treatment, rats were injected with mistletoe extract (100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BW) and lectin (10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BW) twice a week. At the end of 9th week, rats were sacrificed and the formation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form positive (GST-P$^{+}$) foci, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis related proteins were determined respectively. The formation of GST-P$^{+}$foci was significantly decreased by mistletoe extract or lectin treatment. Although there was no effect on apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in hepatic tissue by mistletoe extract or lectin treatment, caspase-9 and fas-L were increased. These results suggest that Korean mistletoe extract and lectin have a potential to inhibit hepatocarcinogenesis by increasing apoptosis.sis.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.263-268
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• 2006

Recently, self-etching adhesive system has been introduced to simplify the clinical bonding proce- dures. It is less acidic compared to the phosphoric acid, thus there is doubt whether this system has enough bond strength to enamel. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of additional etching on the adhesion of resin composite to enamel. Ninety extracted bovine permanent anterior teeth were used. The labial surfaces of the crown were ground with 600-grit abrasive paper under wet condition. The teeth were randomly divided into six groups of 15 teeth each. Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR},\;Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian $SPE^{TM}$ were used as self-etching primers. Each self-etching primers were applied in both enamel specimens with and without additional etching. For additional etching groups, enamel surface was pretreated with 32% phosphoric acid (UNI-ETCH, Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL. USA). Hybrid resin composite Clearfil AP-X, (Kuraray Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan) was packed into the mold and light-cured for 40 seconds. Twenty-four hours after storage, the specimens were tested in shear bond strength. The data for each group were subjected to independent t - test at p < 0.01 to make comparisons among the groups. In Clearfil SE $Bond^{\circledR}$, shear bond strength of additional etching group was higher than no additional etching group (p < 0.01). In $Adper^{TM}$ Prompt L-Pop and Tyrian SPE, there were no significant difference between additional etching and non-etching groups (p > 0.01). In conclusion, self-etching adhesive system with weak acid seems to have higher bond strength to enamel with additional etching, while self-etching adhesive system with strong acid seems not.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2022

Rice is one of the most important staple foods in Wnju, Jeonbuk, South Korea. However, rice consumption has dramatically decreased as eating habits have diversified owing to rapid economic growth. Recently, floury endosperm rice varieties have been developed to invigorate the rice processing industry, because dry-milled rice flour is economically and environmentally suitable for massive rice flour distribution. The National Institute of Crop Science has developed 'AromaT', an early-maturing black rice with floury-endosperm, suitable for tea and dry milling. 'AromaT' was derived from a cross between 'Suweon542' as the floury endosperm source and 'Heugjinju' as the black and aromatic source. In this study, 'AromaT' and its parents, 'Suweon542' and 'Heugjinju', were analyzed for agronomic traits, anthocyanin content, and their major physicochemical properties by different planting date. The field experiment was conducted in Wanju, Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea, in 2019. The transplanting dates were May 30 (ordinary season), June 25 (double-cropping season), and July 10 (late season). The yield performance of brown rice 'AromaT' was 330 kg/10 a in the double-cropping cultivation method and was the highest among the transplanting dates. The floury endosperm of 'AromaT' was derived from 'Suweon542' containing 'flo7', located on chromosome 5 and known to control floury endosperm. With the late planting date, the anthocyanin content of 'AromaT' was 570.5 mg/100 g, much higher than that of 'Heugjinju' (376.3 mg/100 mg). The brown rice of 'AromaT' also exhibited the pop-corn-flavoring 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, exclusively detected in aroma rice varieties. The average particle sizes of 'AromaT' and 'Suweon542' were 67.12 ㎛ and 70.9 ㎛, respectively, lower than that of 'Heugjinju' (95.5 ㎛) with a black transparent endosperm. The average damaged starch content of 'AromaT' was 8.1%, lower than that of 'Heugjinju' (10.05%) and Suweon542 (9.5%). As a result, 'AromaT' with high anthocyanin content, fine particle size, and low damaged starch content is expected to provide a new rice material in various processing fields.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.377-393
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• 1996

Lumbago is the common disease in the human, many people have been sicked the Lumbago. As the traditional methods of Lumbago treatment, acupuncture, moxibustion, herb medicines have been applied to a patient, nowadays, new methods have been applied physical remedy, Yakchim (Korean herb acupuncture) remedy, Chuna remedy to. This report was collected 73 Lumbago patients by name, sex, age, motive, symptoms, X-ray, CT, MRI, lRCT, Sasang constitution type, Sasang herb medicine, Yakchim, Chuna, period of remedy, satisfaction of remedy, at the "WooRee Korean Medical Clinic" during 21 months from Sep. 14, 1994 to May 25, 1996. And this report was studied about the distribution of the Sasang constitution type, the Sasang herb medicine, the effect, the period. The results were as follows: 1. Lumbago patients were distributed like that; Taeum-ln (太陰人) 47 (66.3 %), Soyang-In 16 (21.9 %), Soum-In (13.7 %), Taeyang-In (太陽人) 0. This was different from distribution of Donguisuseibowon (東醫壽世保元), Taeum-In (太陰人) 50%, Soyang-In (少陽人) 30 %, Soum-In (少陰人) 20 %, Taeyang-In (太陽人) little, this report shows that the number of Taeum-In (太陰人) is more than that of Donguisuseibowon and the number of Soum-In is less than that of Donguisuseibowon. 2. The average satisfaction of remedy was 60.3 %, Taeum-In's satisfaction was 66.0 %, Soum-In's satisfaction was 56.3 %, Soyang-In's satisfaction was 60.0 %. 3. The effective herb medicines were as follows, Soyang-In used the Hyong Bang Ji Hwang Tang (荊防地黃湯), Yuk Mi Ji Hwang Tang (六味地黃樓), Soum-In used the Sib Yi Mi Goan Jung Tang (十二味寬中湯), Taeum-In used the Chung Sim Yon Ja Tang (淸心蓮子陽), Chung Pae Sa Gan Tang (淸師爾肝湯), Yeol Da Han So Tang (熱多寒少湯). 4. The period of remedy was about 6 weeks. The period of remedy of each types was as follows, Taeum-In was about 5.7 weeks, Soum-In was about 6.8 weeks, Soyang-In was about 4.2 weeks. 5. The method of Lumbago remedy is divided three types, sprain Lumbago, Pyobyong (表病 : outside Syndromes) Libyong (裡病 : inside symdromes). Soum-In's methods are Pyobyong's ascending the Yang (陽), adding the Gi (氣) [升陽益氣], and Libyong's descending the inside Yim (裡陰) [裡陰降氣], Soyang-In's methods are Pyobyongs's decending the outside-Yim [表陰降氣], and Libyong's ascending the cool Yang (濟陽) [淸陽上升]. Taeum-In's methods are Pyobyong's ascending the Lung's Yang (肺陽升氣), and Libyong's colding the dried hot liver (淸肝燥熱). Taeyang's methods are strong the liver and making Yim. (補r肝生陰) 6. There are two methods for using the YakChim (Korean herb-acupuncture) by Sasang constitution medicine, one is to select the Yakchim, the other is to choice the point for appling the Yakchim. The first, to select the Yakchim, the other is follows; Soum-In can select the bee Venom, Soyang-In can select the H.O. (Hong Whoa 紅花), Taeum-In can select the I (Hodo 胡挑), V, O.K. (Ungdarn, 薦膽), Uwhang 牛黃, Sa-Hyang 麝香, etc., Palgang Yakchim (eight principles Korean herb-acupuncture (八剛藥鐵)) could made by abstracted Sasang herb medicine. The second, to choice the points for applying the Yakchim are used in the TaeGiuk Acupuncture method (太梗針法), Sacho (四焦, four warmer) by Sasang constritutional physiology and pathology.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.20-24
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• 2000

A 7-week growth trial was conducted to investigate the effects of yeasts (Kluyveromyces fragilis and Candida utilis) with or without cell wall chemical treatment (protoplasted) in formulated diets on growth and body composition of larval ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). Three replicate groups of ap average weighing 100 mg were fed diets containing each level ($5{\%}$) of K. fragilis, protoplasted K. fragilis, C. utilis, protoplasted C. utilis or brewer's yeast as an additive. Survival rate of fish fed the diet containing protoplasted K. fragilis, C. utilis or protoplasted C. utilis was higher than that of fish tea the control diet (P<0.05). Body weight .gain of fish fed the diet containing protoplasted K. fragilis was higher than that of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). Crude protein and ash contents of Ssh were not significantly affected by the different dietary yeasts (P>0.05), On the other hand, crude lipid content of fish fed the diet containing K. fragilis, protoplasted K. fragilis or brewer's yeast was higher than that of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). Amino acids composition of fish was not significantly affected by the different dietary yeasts (P>0.05), except aspartic acid. The results suggest that protoplasted K. fragilis as an additive in micro-formulated diet can improve weight gain and body quality of larval ayu.