• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.983-989
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• 2016

All cells composing of our body undergo their destiny such as proliferation, differentiation, necrosis, apoptosis and senescence depending on their circumstance with time. The errors occurring in these processes develop several aberrations in phenotypes including cancer, inflammation, aging and diseases. New strategy and approach are required to screen anti-aging compounds derived from natural products. Therefore, here we explain the target proteins to play a key role in aging mechanism. In the first place, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in metastasis, chronic inflammation and skin aging as an aging marker. In particular, histone deacetylases (HDACs) give a great attention to aging researchers who try to extend the life span of animal model. In addition, we describe the signaling pathway related to senescence which p53, IGF-1 and SIRT1 play an important role in. Furthermore, autophagy is involved in the signaling pathway associated with aging. Several new compounds modulating the signaling pathway of senescence are introduced in this review. Here, we try to provide a new insight in the molecular basis for the aging mechanism and development of aging marker. In addition, the compounds introduced here could be available for pharmaceutical applications for the prevention and the treatment of diseases related to aging.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2017

Objective : The study was to find out the effect of sleep disorder bt melatonin when we applied the evironmental change to rats wirh sleep disorder. Methods : We performed the study in lab which is located in Gyungbuk. We divided 26 rats into two groups. The experimental group had the environmental change for 3 days. The control group didn't have the change. We checked the level of melatonin of each group. Results : There was a significant difference of the level of melatonin in experimental group after applying the environmental change for 3 days (p=.000). The level of melatonin was increased a little for 3 each day in control group, but there was no significance(p=.212). There was a significant difference of the level of melatonin in both groups before and after applying the environmental change. However, the level of melatonin was increased significantly in experimental group, and the level was decreased significantly in control group. Conclusion : The patients with sleep disorder are increasing in modern society. We made a animal model with sleep disorder to find out the effect of the environmental change. We applied the environment like human's and could know the improvement effect of sleep disorder.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.856-859
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• 2007

We have investigated the antimetastatic and antitumor effects of Ginsenoside Rh2 and ${\beta}-glucan$ unsing an experimental metastatic mouse model intravenously injected with B 16 melanoma F 10 cells. Animal groups are divided into six groups according to the dosage of drug administration and the kind of drugs. The groups are control, ${\beta}-glucan$ with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, Geinsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg, and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg. Oral administration of various concentration of ${\beta}-glucan$( 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) were reduced the lung- metastatics induced by metastatic B16 melanoma F 10 cells injection with a dose dependent manner in the syngenic mice. At same dosage group, Ginsenoside Rh2 (50 mg/kg) has more antimetastatic effect than the ${\beta}-glucan$(50 mg/kg). The highest antimetastatic effects was observed in the ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group and has a similar tendency in the anti-tumor effects, including decrease of the average tumor weight and increase of the average survival rate. There are no differences of the average tumor weights were apparent in the ${\beta}-glucan$ groups, however there were little decrease of the average tumor weight in Ginsenoside 50 mg/kg group and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group than that of the control group. The rate of average survival rate in the ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg + Ginsenoside Rh2 50 mg/kg group, ${\beta}-glucan$ 200 mg/kg, ${\beta}-glucan$ 100 mg/kg and ${\beta}-glucan$ 50 mg/kg, and Ginsenoside 50 mg/kg groups were highly in order. These data suggest that antimetastatic and antitumor effect of combination of Ginsenodide Rh2 and ${\beta}-glucan$ be the highest in this study.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-79
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture on pain control and nerve regeneration after crush injury in rat sciatic nerve. Methods : Animal model was produced through right sciatic nerve crush injury and they were randomly divided into four groups; Group I: no treatment control group; Group II: experimental group treated with Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang); Group III: experimental group treated with Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture; Group IV: experimental group treated with Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture. For the pain assessment, this study was observed the paw withdrawal latency(PWL) and immunoreactivity on the substance-P. For the nerve regeneration assessment, the sciatic functional index(SFI) and immunoreactivity on the GAP-43 were measured. Results : 1. In the pain assessment, the PWL of experimental groups were significantly higher than control group and group IV was significantly higher than other groups. 2. In immunohistochemical response of substance-P, as time passes, all groups had decreased immunoreactivity gradually. Specially, group IV was observed the lowest immunoreactivity. 3. In the assessment of SFI, the SFI of experimental groups were significantly higher than control group. 4. In immunohistochemical response of GAP-43, all groups had higher GAP-43 immunoreactivity at the 14 days from post-injury and at the all days, control group was observed most lower immunoreactivity and group IV was observed most higher immunoreactivity. Conclusions : These results of this study suggest that Dokwal-tang(Duhuo-tang) and Jungsongouhyul Pharmacopuncture was related with pain inhibition and motor nerve recovery, and decreased substance-P expression and increased GAP-43 expression after sciatic nerve crush injury.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.517-534
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• 1997

It has been held that excessive mechanical forces to the osseous and soft tissues of the TMJ result in joint dysfunction. Understanding the stress pattern on TMJ is very important in TMJ research. But, it is very difficult to measure directly the biomechanical stress distribution in the TMJ when the mandible is loaded. Therefore, stress distribution in the TMJ during functional movement was studied through animal experiment or mathematical model. It was observed and compared the stress distribution occuring in the working and balancing condyle when lower right canine, lower right first molar and lower right second molar were clenched by the three dimensional finite element analysis. Also, stress distribution in the working and balancing condyles were observed and compared when $20^{\circ}$ forward and buccal bite forces were applied to the first molar. The results were as follows : 1. Stress distribution in the condyles during unilateral clenching of the first molar, second molar, canine showed no difference. In the working condyle, tensile force was concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and condylar neck. And compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral aspect of condyle. In the balancing condyle, tensile and compressive forces were concentrated on the lateral aspect of the condylar articular surface and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 2. When lateral forces were applied to the first molar, tensile forces were concentrated on the medial aspect of the condylar neck and condylar posterior surface in working and balancing condyle. Compressive force was concentrated on the anteromedial and lateral surface of the condyle and stress transmission to the temporal bone was not observed. 3. During unilateral clenching, stress in the working condyle decreased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly while the stress in the balancing condyle increased. when lateral force was applied to first molar, the incremental amount of stress was greater than vertical load. 4. During unilateral clenching, the average balancing/working condyle stress ratio was 2.52. There was a greater concentration of stress in the balancing condyle. The ratio increased as the occlusal load moved posteriorly and decreased considerably when lateral forces were applied to the first molar.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.101-118
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• 2000

Introduction : In spite of the use of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture in the clinics, the scientific evaluation on effects is not enough. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is used according to the stimulation of acupuncture point and the chemical effects of Bee Venom. The aims of this study is to investigate the analgegic effects of the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture, through the change of writhing reflex Materials and Methods : Pain animal model was used acetic acid method. The changes of writhing reflex of the mice which were derived pain by injecting acetic acid into the abdomen, after stimulating Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan($CV_{12}$) and non acupuncture point on the backside were measured. Results : 1. It showed that the writhing reflex were appeared on the groups which injected aceticacid only, and saline-acetic acid group(sample I), but not on the group bee venom-saline group(sample II). 2. The change of writhing reflex by Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture showed significant decrease in the order of Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group III($2.5{\times}10^{-3}$g/kg), II($2.5{\times}10^{-4}$g/kg), and I($2.5{\times}10^{-5}$g/kg), compared with control group. There were significant decrease of number of writhing reflex in $5{\sim}10,\;10{\sim}15\;and\;15{\sim}20$ minutes intervals of Chung wan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group I, and in $0{\sim}5,\;5{\sim}10,\;10{\sim}15\;and\;15{\sim}20$ minutes intervals of II and III, compared with control group. 3. The change of writhing reflex by non acupuncture point Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture showed significant decrease in the $0{\sim}5\;and\;5{\sim}10$ minutes intervals and the total number of writhing reflex in $2.5{\times}10^{-4}$g/kg group, compared with control group 4. The effects of writhing reflex of Chungwan($CV_{12}$) Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group showed significant decrease, compared with non acupuncture point Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture group. Conclusion : This study shows that the Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture on Chungwan($CV_{12}$) decreases the numbers of writhing reflex. As the analgegic effects of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture is recognized. Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture treatment is expected for pain modulation. In order to use it in many ways, more researches are needed for the dose and stability of Bee Venom aqua-acupuncture.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.223-228
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• 1990

The contribution of endogenous transport systems to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport of basic and acidic drugs was studied by using a carotid injection technique in rats and an isolated bovine cerebrovascular disease state were compared between the normotensive rats (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) which have been well established as an animal model with pathogenic similarities to humans. Basic drugs such as eperisone, thiamine and scopolamine inhibited, in a concentration dependent manner the in vivo uptake of $[{^3}H]choline$ through BBB, whereas amino acids and acidic drugs such as salicylic acid and valproic acid did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP increased with time and showed a remarkable temperature dependency. The uptake of $[^3H]choline$ by B-CAP showed the very similar inhibitory effects as observed in the in vivo brain uptake, and was competitively inhibited by a basic drug, eperisone. The in vivo BBB uptakes of $[^3H]acetic$ acid and $[^{14}C]salicylic$ acid were dependent on pH of the injectate and the concentration of drugs. Several acidic drugs such such as salicylic acid, benzoic acid and valproic acid inhibited the in vivo uptake of $[^3H]acetic$ acid, whereas amino acid, choline and a basic drug such as eperisone did not inhibit the uptake. The uptake of acetic acid by B-CAP was competitively inhibited by salicylic acid. The permeability surface area product (PS) through BBB for $[^3H]choline$ in SHRSP was significantly lower than that in WKY. The concentration of choline in the brain dialysate in SHRSP was about half of that in WKY, while no significant difference was observed in the plasma concentration of choline between SHRSP and WKY. No significant difference was observed in the transport of monocarboxylic acids, glucose and neutral amino acid through BBB between SHRSP and WKY. From these results, it was concluded that BBB transport system of choline contributes to the transport of basic drugs through BBB, that acidic drugs can be transported via a moncarboxylic acid BBB transport system and that the specific dysfuntion of the BBB choline transport in SHRSP was ascribed to the reduction of the maximum velocity of choline concentration in the brain interstitial fluids.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.253-260
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• 2009

GM-CSF is a multipotent growth factor, which also plays an important role during the process of wound healing. rrhGM-CSF was specifically produced from rice cell culture in our laboratory (Hanson Biotech Co., Ltd, Daejeon). The rrhGMCSF contains more oligosaccharide side chains than any other types of GM-CSF. This work was taken to evaluate the influence on wound healing of rrhGM-CSF in male golden hamsters. Full thickness skin defects of 9 mm in diameter were made in the back of hamsters, and 100 ${\mu}L$ ointment containing rrhGM-CSF 50 ${\mu}g/mL$ was applied. Control groups were given ointment without rrhGM-CSF. The wound sizes were relatively reduced and skin was well regenerated in the experimental group compared with the control group. Structurally, reepithelialization and architecture of the skin following injury were well accomplished in the experimental group. And also, positive reaction of PCNA of the skin following injury was more prominent in rrhGM-CSF containing ointment treatment group. Since this type of GM-CSF has highly glycosylated side chains, the effectiveness might be retain longer and stable, regarding acceleration of wound healing in the animal model. The present study has important implications for further development of the therapeutic manipulation of wound healing using rrhGM-CSF.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.231-239
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• 2020

Many benefits of silk protein fibroin (SPF) have been suggested in biomedical applications; and notably, significant SPF effects have been observed for metabolic syndromes that are directly linked to insulin resistance, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Based on our previous findings, we believe that SPF from spiders exhibits outstanding glucose-lowering effects in diabetic BKS.Cg-m+/+Lepr^db mice. In order to evaluate the dietary effects of SPF in diabetic animals, we generated several lines of transgenic rice (TR) that expresses SPF, and the feeding of TR-SPF to diabetic animals decreased blood glucose levels, but did not change insulin levels. Western blot analyses of hepatic proteins showed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression and phosphorylation both decreased in TR-SPF-fed groups, compared with controls. This finding suggests that the glucose-lowering effects in this diabetic animal model might be AMPK-independent. In contrast, six-transmembrane protein of prostate 2 (STAMP2) was upregulated after TR-SPF exposure. Together with STAMP2, the Akt protein phosphorylation increased after TR-SPF exposure, which indicates that STAMP2 leads to Akt phosphorylation and thus increases insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes. Importantly, the hepatic steatosis that was seen in the liver of diabetic mice was remarkably alleviated in TR-SPF-fed mice. Hepatocytes that were immunopositive for STAMP2 were overwhelmingly observed in hepatic tissues from TR-SPF-fed mice compared to the control. Taken together, these results suggest that feeding diabetic mice with TR-SPF upregulates STAMP2 expression and increases Akt phosphorylation in hepatic tissues and thus potentially alleviates insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.165-172
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• 2016

Kefir, originating from Caucasus, is an acidic, alcoholic fermented milk product with little acidic taste and a creamy consistency. It is recognized in having beneficial effects infor the prevention and treatment of cancer. For example, Kefir has possesses a chemopreventative effect on carcinogenesis. There has recently been a strong focus on fermented milk foods containing a mixture of several functional organic substances and various probiotic microorganisms. Hence, the purpose of this review paper was to evaluate the scientific evidence for the effects of kefir on cancer prevention and treatment. Some of we analyzed and summarized data-relating to the effects of kefir on cancer. The cacers that kefir has an effect on are as follows: colon cancer, breast cancer, leukemia, sarcoma, skin cancer, gastric cancer. This review suggests that (1) kefir could be associated with cancer prevention, (2) kefir has beneficial effects in cancer treatment, and (3) kefir has various bioactive components including peptides, polysaccharides and sphingolipids, which contribute tofor itsthese anti-cancer properties. Furthermore, furthermore, studies were performed in order to obtain as to get the scientific evidence of kefir's anticancer activity: (1) improved protective effectiveness in vivo (human subjects or animal model), (2) isolation and identification of various bioactive components, and (3) mechanisms associated with beneficial effects.