• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.136-141
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate whether medetomidine (MED) and tiletamine/zolazepam (ZT) combination in dogs provide the sufficient analgesia during the period of the stage of surgical anesthesia determined by the response to the noxious stimuli, which were evaluated by the change of electroencephalogram (EEG) and hemodynamic values. Seven clinically healthy, adult beagle dogs were used. They were used repeatedly at interval of a week, according to a randomized design. This study had 2 experimental groups. In Group 1, dogs received $30\;{\mu}g/kg$ of medetomidine and 10 mg/kg of tiletamine/zolazepam. Both drugs were administered intramuscularly. In Group 2, dogs were medicated with the same method as in Group 1, except the pedal withdrawal reflex test was done. In Group 2, interdigital regions were grasped with a mosquito forceps for 30 seconds, every 5 min from 10 min to 45 min after ZT injection. During all recording stages, the power for each band, mean arterial pressure and heart rates were calculated. On EEG, no significant changes were observed between groups. Although mean arterial pressure and heart rate were increased 10 min after ZT injection, no significant differences were observed between groups. In conclusion, the MED and ZT anesthesia in dogs are seemed to provide a satisfactory analgesic effect during the period of surgical anesthesia based on EEG with pedal withdrawal reflex test.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.216-223
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• 2009

Background: There have been limited reports on the effectiveness of 5% lidocaine patches (L5Ps) for treating a few types of chronic pain. We utilized L5Ps for chronic pain patients with various diagnoses and who had incompletely responded to their current treatment regimen. This study aimed at describing the results of a retrospective review of an open-label L5P trial to assess L5Ps' effectiveness and safety for treating various chronic pain patients. Methods: The chronic pain patients with pain lasting longer than 6-month duration were offered a 2-week L5P treatment trial. The patients were maintained on their other analgesic regimens. The treatment effect was measured according to the change from the baseline visual analog scale (VAS) to the week 2 VAS. After a 2-week trial, the patients were asked if they perceived pain improvement with L5Ps by using a four-item Pain Relief Scale (1 = a lot of relief, 2 = slight relief, 3 = no change, 4 = worse pain). Results: In the combined patient population (n = 177), 2-week treatment with the L5Ps significantly improved the week 2 VAS (P = 0.000). Significant improvement in the VAS was reported by the chronic pain patients with postherpetic neuralgia, intercostal neuralgia, degenerative osteoarthritis at knee joint, and other maladies. A higher proportion of the chronic pain patients reported improving their pain by the L5Ps. Seven patients experienced mild or moderate patch-related adverse events. Conclusions: The L5P provided clinically meaningful pain relief in some refractory chronic pain patients without any severe adverse events.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.15 no.1_2
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

Acetanilide may be released into the environment through air and wastewater from its production and use sites and exposed to human. Acetanilide is known to produce an analgesic effect and may pose adverse effects on human health by overly exposure. According to the EUSES system, acetanilide showed a high MOS (Margin of safety) value exceeding 6$\times$10$^4$ on a regional exposure, which is safe enough for public health. Whereas the lowest MOS value in dermal exposure was estimated as 3$\times$10$^{-4}$ on a local basis (workplace), the risk could be partly counteracted by taking preventive measures such as using mask and globes and good ventilation in the work places. Acetanilide may pose a potential risk for workers by dust inhalation. For the sake of health protection in the work places, additional data should be accumulated with respect to repeated dose toxicity, reproduction toxicity and developmental toxicity, etc. It is, therefore, recommended that acetanilide should be a candidate for further work to supplement the lacking data until it is proved to be safe in the occupational health aspects.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1 s.65
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• pp.184-195
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• 2006

Objectives : Betula Platyphylla(BP) is a traditional analgesic, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory herb used in Chinese 1medicine. However, no information is available to explain its action. In this study. we investigated the anti-inflammatory 1effects of BP to elutidate the molecular pharmacological activity in the ethanol extract of BP(BPE). Methods : We performed WTS assay in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages with BPE. Nitrite was measured by Griess assay, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in LPS induced RAW264.7 macrophages with BPE. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2) were determined by Western blot. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) was measured by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). Results : BPE significantly suppressed production of nitric oxide (NO) and PGE2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. The maximal inhibition rate of NO and PGE2 production by BPE was ca. 88.8% and 93% at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$ (non-cytotoxic concentration), respectively. BPE also decreased iNOS protein and COX-2 protein in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. EMSA demonstrated that BPE inhibited the DNA binding activity of the NF-kB. Conclusions : These results suggest that BPE inhibits NF-${\kappa}B$-mediated gene expression and downregulates inflammatory mediator production in RAW264.7 macrophages.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.132-140
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• 2020

Objectives: This research study aimed to determine the effect of Korean medicine treatments on a patient with lumbar disc herniation accompanying polycystic kidney disease. Methods: Acupuncture, herbal medicine, pharmacopuncture, spine decompression therapy, Motion Style Acupuncture Treatment (MSAT), and Chuna were preceded for treatment. We checked the patient's Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), numeric rating scale (NRS), and straight leg raise test (SLRT) on admission and discharge; we also used the NRS and SLRT to evaluate the patient's symptoms on every third day during the hospital stay. Because it is important to manage blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine, and blood pressure during the early stage of polycystic kidney disease, BUN and serum creatinine levels were checked weekly while blood pressure was checked every morning. Results: Twelve days after admission, the NRS for lower back pain and right leg pain decreased from 7 to 3 and from 7 to 2, respectively. The ODI value also decreased from 56 to 20 while the SLRT value increased from 30/70 to 60/70. The BUN and serum creatinine levels and the blood pressure readings were all within normal range every time they were checked. Conclusions: The use of Korean medicine treatments resulted in improvements in NRS, ODI, and SLRT on a patient with a herniated lumbar disc herniated who had a past history of polycystic kidney disease; thus, the patient was able to maintaining kidney functioning. Herbal medicine, an alternative method of analgesic anti-inflammatory drugs that has been evaluated as relatively safe on liver and kidney function, could be suggested on a patient with a past history of polycystic kidney disease to maintain kidney function when renal function and blood pressure are monitored.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4077-4082
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• 2013

The purpose of this descriptive and comparative study was to examine gender differences relevant to pain intensity, opioid prescription patterns and opioid consumption in Taiwanese oncology outpatients. The 92 participants had been prescribed opioid analgesics for cancer-related pain at least once in the past week and were asked to complete the Brief Pain Inventory - Chinese questionnaire and to recall the dosage of each opioid analgesic that they had ingested within the previous 24 hours. For opioid prescriptions and consumption, all analgesics were converted to morphine equivalents. The results revealed a significant difference between males and female minimum pain thresholds (t = 2.38, p = 0.02) and current pain thresholds (t = 2.12, p = 0.04), with males reporting a higher intensity of pain than females. In addition, this study found that males tended to use prescribed opioid analgesics more frequently than females on the bases of both around the clock (ATC) (t = 1.90, p = 0.06) and ATC plus as needed (ATC + PRN) (t = 2.33, p = 0.02). However, there was no difference between males and females in opioid prescriptions on an ATC basis (t = 0.52, p = 0.60) or at an ATC + PRN basis (t = 0.40, p = 0.69). The results suggest that there may be a gender bias in the treatment of cancer pain, supporting the proposal of routine examination of the effect of gender on cancer pain management. These findings suggest that clinicians should be particularly aware of potential gender differences during pain monitoring and the consumption of prescribed opioid analgesics.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.187-191
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• 2006

Background: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA), using a local anesthetic-opioid mixture, has been effectively applied after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery, which is associated with intense postoperative pain that requires postoperative analgesia for both rehabilitation and the pain itself. However, adverse opioid-related effects, such as nausea, vomiting and pruritus, are commonly encountered. It was our hypothesis that the adverse opioid-related effects could be reduced by the addition of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, to a mixture of fentanyl-ropivacaine PCEA. Methods: In 120 patients undergoing elective TKR surgery, epidural or combined spinal-epidural (CSE) anesthesia was performed and PCEA applied. In the control group (n = 65), 0.16% ropivacaine and $3{\mu}g/ml$ fentanyl ($2.4{\mu}g/ml$ for those older than 65 yrs) were administered. In the naloxone group (n = 55), naloxone ($2{\mu}g/ml$) was coadministered with the above regimen. The incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and the frequency of pruritus, the visual analog score (VAS) and the PCEA volume used were assessed 6 and 24 hrs after surgery. Results: The incidence of nausea and vomiting during the early postoperative period, and those of pruritus during the late postoperative period were significantly lower in the naloxone group. The VAS pain scores, the PCEA volume used and amount of rescue IV meperidine were similar in the two groups. Conclusions: A small dose of naloxone mixed with an opioid significantly reduces the incidence and severity of adverse opioid-related effects in PCEA, without reducing the analgesic effect.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.336-342
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the antagonistic effects of flumazenil on anesthesia induced with tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. The anesthetic effects (sedation, analgesic, muscle relaxation, posture and auditory response score), vital signs (heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature) and blood biochemistry (glucose (GLU), total protein (TP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)) were examined as indicators of the antagonistic effects. A total of 6 clinically healthy mongrel dogs were used in this study. The dogs in TZ group received administration of tiletamine/zolazepam 10 mg/kg IV. The dogs in TZF group received administration dose of TZ 10 mg/ kg IV followed by the administration of flumazenil 0.1 mg/kg 20 minutes after administering a TZ 10 mg/kg dose. There were significant differences in the recovery of anesthesia between the groups. The GLU level in the TZF group after the administration of flumazenil was significantly higher than that of the TZ group. There was a larger change in the HR in the TZF group than in the TZ group until 30 minutes after flumazenil administration. The sternal recumbency, standing and walking times of the TZF group were faster than those of the TZ group. In conclusion, flumazenil showed antagonistic effect against tiletamine/zolazepam in dogs. When recovering from anesthesia, flumazenil reduced sternal recumbency, standing and walking times.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.477-486
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• 1996

Endogenous analgesic systems are known to be activated by peripheral noxious stimulation as well as arterial carbon dioxide elevation. In the present study, neuronal Activities in the rostral ventrolateral med- ulla were identified and classified in according to their rhythmic activities, and their responses to noxious peripheral nerve stimulations before and after elevating the arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure were investigated Using extracellular recording technic, a total of 53 spontaneously active neurons were recorded from the rostral ventrolateral medulla in u-chloralose anesthetized cats. These were classified as cardiovascular (28), respiratory (16), both cardiovascular and respiratory (2) and noncardiovascular - nonrespiratory (7). - Among the 28 cardiovascular neurons eleven showed increased activities during arterial hypercapnia, thirteen showed decreased responses, and four showed no change. Nine respiratory neurons showed increased responses to arterial hypercapnia, six showed decreased responses and one showed no change. neither of the cardiovascular and respiratory neurons showed significant change in its activity during ar- terial hypercapnia, however, four of the noncardiovascular - nonrespiratory neurons exhibited decreased their activities in response to arterial hypercapnia while two exhibited increased activities. Arterial hypercapnia increased the responses of cardiovascular neurons to peripheral nerve stimulation with C-inteniity, while not changing the responses to Ak_stimulation significantly . From the above results it was conclllded that during arterial hypercapnia, some cardiovascular neurons and respiratory neurons have increased activities as well as increased reponses to C-Hber stimulation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.367-375
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• 2013

Kalopanax pictus has pharmacologically anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect and is known to respond to treatment of backache, knee pain and etc. In this study, we investigated the effects on gastric lesions of Kalopanax pictus both from Korea (KPK) and China (KPC) compared with their related origin, Znthoxylum ailanthoide both from Korea (ZAK) and China (ZAC), and Korean Bombax malabaricum (BMK). In preliminary screening, KPK and KPC shown effective inhibition of HCI EtOH-induced gastritis in rats. To elucidate their protective effects on gastric lesions, we assessed inhibition of H. pylori colonization, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activities, reducing power test, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. KPK was the most effective from antioxidant assays. KPK also shown the inhibition of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Gastric secretion in rats, KPK reduced the secretion of gastric juice and total acidity and raised pH. Therefore, it is possible that KPK can be developed as health functional food and natural medicine. In addition, it can contribute to the standardization with objectivity and reliability for KPK through the criteria establishment of the precise origin of medicine, the prevention of indiscriminate distribution of imitation, and the rising rate of dependence on imports of medicinal herbs, and mixing prevention of low-quality goods.