• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.97-108
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• 2010

Background : The location of acupoints on rat, which may differ from that of human body due to anatomical structure, is defined variously among researchers, which may cause the problem of low repeatability and objectivity. Design : The measurement of hind limb consist of measuring the distance between knee joint and tibia tubercle in order to set the knee joint as common criteria. Based on it, the three mostly referred location of ST36 were represented with the knee joint as a datum point and compared. The electroacupuncture stimulation was administrated after the abdominal pain was induced by acetic acid. And the analgesic activity of each ST36 acupoint was evaluated by measuring the number of writhing reflex, in order to observe the differences of treatment effect in accordance with the location of ST36 acupoints. Results : The result of measurement confirmed the differences in the acupoint location of ST36 among researchers. The writhing reflex test using the acetic acid-induced abdominal pain stimulated with electroacupuncture of 100Hz showed that there were statistically significant differences in the analgesic effect between control group and three ST36 groups (P<0.05). However there were no differences observed among three mostly referred location of ST36 acupoints (P>0.05). Conclusions : We recommend "the point located 6.5 mm below the knee joint at the anterior tibial muscle" as a standard ST36 acupoint location qualified by the WHO Standard Acupuncture Point Locations in 2008.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2023

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a noninvasive surgery, but postoperative pain is a major problem. Studies have indicated that erector spinae plane block (ESPB) has an analgesic effect after LC. We aimed to compare the efficacy of different ESPB anesthetic concentrations in pain control in patients with LC. Methods: This retrospective study included patients aged 20 to 75 years scheduled for LC with the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification I or II. ESPB was administered using 0.375% bupivacaine in group 1 and 0.25% in group 2. Both groups received general anesthesia. Postoperative tramadol consumption and pain scores were compared and intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl requirements in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) were measured. Results: Eighty-five patients were included in this analysis. Tramadol consumption in the first 12 hours, second 12 hours, and total 24 hours was similar between groups (p>0.05). The differences between postoperative numeric rating scale (NRS) scores at rest did not differ significantly. The postoperative NRS scores upon bodily movement were not statistically different between the two groups, except at 12 hours. The mean intraoperative and postoperative fentanyl requirements in the PACU were similar. The difference in the requirement for rescue analgesics was not statistically significant (p=0.788). Conclusion: Ultrasound-guided ESPB performed with different bupivacaine concentrations was effective in both groups for LC analgesia, with similar opioid consumption. A lower concentration of local anesthetic can be helpful for the safety of regional anesthesia and is recommended for the analgesic effect of ESPB in LC.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-71
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• 1999

1. The analgesic effect of Haeuljowitang by acetic aced method was revealed significantly. 2. The anti-inflammatory effect of Haeuljowitang by yeast method was revealed significantly 3. The degree of occurrence of gastric ulcer in sample group insignificantly decreased compared with control group. 4. The plasma epinephrine contents of sample group significantly decreased compared with control group. 5. The plasma norepihrine contents of sample group significantly decreased compared with control group. 6. The plasma dopamine contents of sample group significantly decreased compared with control group. According to the above results, it is concluded that Heaujowitang has a anti-stress effect.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2 s.28
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• pp.184-197
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• 1994

In order to investigate the effects of Kamikwakjeongtang by using the experimental animals. the action on gastrointestinal smooth muscles. the action of gastric juice secretion, the action of antiulcer. the transport ability of intestinal contents. the action of anticatharsis and the actions on the central nervous system were studied. The results were as follow: 1. Spontaneous motility of the isolated ileum of mice was suppressed and antiacetylcho-line chloride action was recognized. 2. Anti-action on barium chloride of fundus-strip of white rat was recognized. 3. Supression effects on gastric juice secretion. free acidity was recognized. 4. Preventive effect on the ulcer induced by pylorus-ligated was recognized. 5. Supression effects of large intestinal transport ability was recognized. 6. Anti-carthartic action was shown but was not recognized. 7. Analgesic effect by the acetic-acid method and prolonged effect of the total sleep time by pentobarbital-Na were recognized. According to the above results, effects based on oriental medical reference were consistent with the actual experimental effects.

• 한국유가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The ubiquitous presence of lactoferrin (LF) receptor in human as reported by the research group of Prof, Bo Lonnerdal, Univ. California, encouraged us to search for the unknown physiological roles of LF. Under the collaboration with Prof. Etsumori Harada, Tottori Univ., and his research group, we have found two novel biological activities of LF as the control of the lipid metabolism and the effect on the central nervous system. Relating to the lipid metabolism, LF could, in animal experiments, reduce triglyceride and total cholesterol both in blood and liver. LF increased plasma HDL-C and lowered LDL-C. In the central nervous system, LF showed anti-nociceptive activity mediated by ${\mu}$-opioid receptor in the rat spinal cord. LF enhanced analgesic action of morphine synergistically via nitric oxide synthesis. LF showed opioid-mediated suppressive effect on distress induced by maternal separation in rat pups.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.554-558
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• 1999

The effects of ethanolic extract (EEP) of propolis on chronic inflammation were evaluated using rat adjuvant arthritis. In the chronic inflammatory animal model, the arthritis index was suppressed by EEP treatments (50 mg/kg/day and 100 gm/kg/day, p.o.). Moreover, physical weakness, induced by the chronic disease state, was dose-dependently improved in the EEP-treated groups. It s analgesic effect, assessed using the tail-flick test, was comparable to prednisolone (2.5 mg/kg/day, p.o.) and acetyl salicylic acid (100 mg/kg/day, p.o.). In carrageenan rat hind paw edema, which was conducted to test the effects of subfractions of EEP, the petroleum ether sub-fraction (100 mg/kg, p.o.) showed an inhibitor effect on the paw edema whereas EEP (200 mg/kg, p.o.) showed a significant anti-inflammatory effect at 3 and 4 hrs after carrageenan injection. From these results, we conclude that the ethanolic extract of propolis had a profound anti-inflammatory effects on both chronic and acute inflammations.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 1988

Recent studios have shown that narcotic drags produce an unusually intense, prolonged and segmental analgesic action in man whoa injected into the spinal subarachnoid or epidural space (Wang et al, 1979; Behar et al, 1979; Cousins et al, 1979; Magora et a., 1980, Johnston and McCaughey, 1980). Since 1960, many investigators claimed that low molecular weight(LMW) dextran increased the clinical duration of lidocaine(Loder, 1960; Loder, 1962), tetracaine (Chinn and Wirjoatmadja, 1967) and bupivacaine(Kaplan et al, 1975) in man but the mechanism of the action of dextran was unclear. But Curtiss and Scurlock(1979), and Buckled and Fink(1979) claimed that LMW dextran has no effect on the duration of action of bupivacaine in animal studies. The present study was performed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of analgesia by the thoracic epidural injection of morphine and bupivacaine mixture for the relief of pain due to fractured or contused ribs, to evaluate the duration of analgesic effect by the use of the above mixture in a hypertonic solution(dextran 70 or 50% dextrose in water) and to observe the possibility of improvement in the lung function after the pain block. The complications following the pain block were also observed. The 50 single thoracic epidural injections of the mixture were divided into three groups : Group 1(n=15) served as a control group and drags used for the relief of pain were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}1.64\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.10{\pm}1.04\;ml$) and 0.9% saline($3.64{\pm}1.11\;ml$). Group 2(n=16) serves as an experimental group and drugs were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.): morphine($2.13{\pm}0.72\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.06{\pm}0.77\;ml$) and dextran 70($3.75{\pm}1.29\;ml$). Group 3 (n=19) served as an experimental group and drags were as follows(Mean$\pm$S.D.) : morphine($2.42{\pm}0.51\;mg$), 0.5% bupivacaine($3.21{\pm}0.71\;ml$) and 50% dextrose in water($3.58{\pm}1.11\;ml$). The results are were follows: 1) The Dumber of patients who obtained excellent and good analgesic effects following the block were greater in the experimental Croup 2(94%) and Group 3 (90%) than theme of the control Group 1 (80%). 2) The duration of pain relief which lasted more than 3 days after the epidural block was longer in the experimental Group 2 (81%) and Group 3 (75%) than those of the control Croup 1(67%). 3) The pulmonary reserve(FVC%+FEV 1.0%) of 27 cases who were treated by the pain block between 1 and 31 drys following the chest injury was increased to about 13% than those before the block, and that of 13 cases between 32 and 82 days following the chest injury was decreased to about 4% than those before the block. 4) Of the complications following the pain block, there were 5 cased(10%) of nausea within 2 hours following the block, 4 cases(8%) of vomiting after 2 hours following the block, 10 cases(20%) of pruritus after 3~4 hours following the block, 17 cases(34%) of transient urinary retention which tasted 8 to 19 hours, 3 cases(6%) of headache within 2 hoers following the block and 2 cases(4%) of dural puncture. In conclusion, it is suggested that the clinical duration of analgesic effect produced by morphine and bupivacaine mixture can be prolonged by addition of the hypertonic solution to the mixture.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.82-96
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effect of Daewhajungeum on the isolated organs, gastrointestinal tract and C.N.S., some kinds of experiments using mice and rats were done. The results were as follows; 1. Daewhajungeum showed the inhibitory effect on the smooth muscle contraction of the isolated ileum and colon induced by acethylchorine chloride and barium chloride in mice. 2. Daewhajungeum showed inhibitory effect on the contraction of the fundus-strip induced by acethylchorine chloride and barium chloride in rats. 3. The preventive effect on pyloric ulcer, indomethacin induced ulcer and ethanol-HCl induced ulcer of mice was recognized. 4. The effect on the acidity of gastric juice was suppressed, but the effect on the pepsin output was not recognized. 5. The transport ability of small and large intestine was significantly decressed. 6. The analgesic effect and the sedative effect were recognized so that the effect of the C.N.S was suggested.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-74
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• 2005

Objective : Frutus gardeniae, seed of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is one of the crude drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory condition in oriental medicine. Methodes : The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory effect of Frutus gardeniae extract (FGE) on a rat model of ankle sprain pain, and the relations between FGE-induced effect and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. As a chronic pain model, ankle sprain pain model was used to test the effect of FCE injection applied to acupuncture point. After the induction of ankle sprain, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee. FGE dissolved in normal saline was injected several acupoints. Results : After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 8 hours. FGE produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the ankle sprain lasting at least 4 hours. FGE produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FGE injection showed inhibitory effect on the paw edema induced by ankle sprain. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by ankle sprain were suppressed by FGE. FGE on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the ankle sprain than either FGE or EA did. The present study suggest that FGE produces a potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model of the rat and that FGE-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Journal of Sasang Constitution and Immune Medicine
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.231-240
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• 1992

In order to investigate experimentally the effects of Taeumin Handayolsot'ang and Gamihandayolsot'ang, experimental studies were conducted about antipyretic effect, analgesic effect, antiinflammatory effect of edema, sadative effect, anticonvulsive effect experimental animals (mice and rats). Sample A group was a solid extract of Handayolsot'ang treated group. Sample B group was a solid extract of Gamihandayolsot'ang treated group. The results were summarized as fallows. 1. In antipyretic action by yeast method, sample A group was decreased significantly and sample B group showed decreasing tendency, but showed no significance. 2. In the effect of control for writhing syndrome by the acetic acid stimulating method, sample B group was repressed significantly and sample A group showed repressing tendency, but showed no significance. 3. Antiinflammatory action by carrageenine edema method was showed significant effect at all sample groups. 4. Sadative effect by rotor rod method in rats was not noted at all sample groups. 5. In anticonvulsive action by E C T unit method, time to death in mice was significantly prolonged at all sample groups. According to the above results, it is considered that Taeumin Handayolsot'ang and Gamihandayolsot'ang will be effective on pyretic diseases.