• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.488-495
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• 1997

The stability of bridgehead olefins containing 8 and 10 membered rings has been investigated by the MMX molecular mechanics calculation together with the GMMX conformational searching program. A number of 'hyperstable' bridgehead olefins, which have negative olefin strain values, have been found from the calculated values of strain energy and olefin strain for the series of in- and out-bicyclo[n.3.3]alk-1-ene and in- and out-bicyclo[n.4.4]alk-1-ene (n=1 to 8). For the bridgehead olefins with 'out' topology, hyperstable olefins were found in the systems having cyclononene or larger rings. For the bridgehead olefins with 'in' topology, hyperstable olefins were found in the systems having cyclodecene or larger rings.

• 식품저장과 가공산업
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.33-44
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• 2008

마늘의 저장 중 생리활성과 향미에 중요한 영향을 미치는 성분의 변화를 발표된 논문을 중심으로 정리하여 살펴보았다. 또한 마늘의 냄새를 최소화하고 생리활성을 극대화할 수 있는 기능성식품의 소재개발 타당성을 살펴보기 위하여 열처리(blanching)로 마늘 중의 효소를 모두 불활성화 시킨 후, 이에 마늘로부터 추출한 alliinase를 가하여 반응조건에 따른 alk(en)yl thiosulfinates 생성 및 이들의 분해산물인 휘발성 황함유화합물의 함량변화를 측정하였다. 수확한 마늘의 최종 저장물질로 알려진 -glutamyl-S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteines는 마늘중에 존재하는 -glutamyl-transpeptidase 및 oxidase의 작용에 의하여 감소한 반면 S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide는 감소한 만큼 증가하였으며, 이는 $-3^{\circ}C$ 및 실온($23^{\circ}C$)에서 보다도 냉장온도($4^{\circ}C$)에서 가장 많이 변화하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 감소 및 증가현상은 -glutamyl-S-(2-popenyl)-L-cysteine이 -glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L- cysteine이나 -glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine보다 더 컸다. -glutamyl-S-(2-propen yl)-L-cysteine은 $4^{\circ}C$에서 저장 60일 만에 66%가 감소한 반면 이로부터 생성된 S-(2- popenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide는 그 만큼 증가하였다. -glutamyl-S-(trans-1-propenyl)-L-cysteine 및 -glutamyl-S-methyl-L-cysteine도 $4^{\circ}C$에서 150일간 저장한 경우 각각 81% 및 39%가 감소하고, 이들로부터 각각 생성된 S-(trans-1- propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxides 및 S-methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide는 증가하였다. 한편 열처리 마늘에 alliinase를 가하여 함황화합물을 재생성 시킨 결과 8종의 S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides를 확인할 수 있었다. S-(2-propenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide은 전체 thiosulfinates함량의 약 60%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. 100, 200, 300 및 400 unit의 alliinase를 첨가하여 15분간 반응시킨 결과 총 thiosulfinates는 생마늘(대조구)에 비하여 각각 37, 68, 77 및 80%가 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. GC/MSD를 이용하여 대조구 및 효소를 첨가하여 반응시킨 시료의 휘발성 향기성분을 분석한 결과 alliinase를 100, 200, 300 및 400 unit 첨가하여 15분간 반응시키면 각각 마늘의 휘발성 향기성분이 25, 36, 66및 76% 씩 재 생성되는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 마늘을 이용한 제품개발이나 연구를 할 경우 마늘의 저장조건에 따른 생리활성물질의 분석결과를 근거로 하여 이루어져야 하며, 또한 효소를 이용하여 적절히 반응시키면 마늘 냄새를 $30{\sim}80%$ 범위 내에서 조절이 가능한 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

본 연구에서 새롭게 도출된 총알칼리도($Alk_T$)와 총이산화탄소($TCO_2$) 분석방법의 정밀도와 정확도를 확인하기 위해 스크립스 해양 연구소에서 제조된 이산화탄소 표준물질(Batch 132; $Alk_T=2229.24{\pm}0.39{\mu}mol/kg$, $TCO_2=2032.65{\pm}0.45{\mu}mol/kg$)을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 총알칼리도와 총이산화탄소의 평균 농도는 각각 $2354.09{\mu}mol/kg$과 $2089.60{\mu}mol/kg$으로 제시된 농도 값과 총알칼리도는 약 5.6%, 총이산화탄소는 약 2.3%의 차이를 보였다. 기존의 알칼리도 측정방법(Gran Titration)과 본 연구 분석 방법을 중탄산나트륨($NaHCO_3$) 0.340 g($Alk_T$ $2023.33{\mu}mol/kg$) 용액에 적용하여 비교 실험을 진행한 결과, 기존의 방법으로 측정된 중탄산나트륨의 평균 알칼리도 농도는 $2193.39{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=57.15, n=7)이었고, 본 연구방법의 경우 $2017.02{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=10.98, n=7)의 알칼리도 평균 농도를 보였다. 또한, 초순수와 해수에 중탄산 나트륨을 첨가해 총알칼리도의 수득률(recovery yield)을 측정한 실험에서 초순수에 대한 첨가실험은 다양한 농도 변화 범위($0{\sim}4952.39{\mu}mol/kg$) 내에서 평균 약 100.8%($R^2$=0.999), 해수에 대한 첨가실험은 다양한 농도 변화 범위($0{\sim}2041.32{\mu}mol/kg$)내에서 평균 약 102.3%($R^2$=0.999)로 나타났다. 해수의 이산화탄소 분압($pCO^2$)을 측정하는 Pro Oceanus사의 PSI-Pro$^{TM}$을 사용하여 측정된 이산화탄소 분압과 본 연구를 통해 측정된 $H_2CO_3^*$ 농도와의 비교 실험을 시행한 결과, 약 2주간의 경시변화 실험을 통하여 측정된 이산화탄소 분압은 $427{\sim}705{\mu}atm$의 변화를 보였고, 본 연구방법으로 측정된 $H_2CO_3^*$의 농도는 $9.15{\sim}15.24{\mu}mol/kg$의 변화를 보였다. 측정된 분압과 계산된 $H_2CO_3^*$ 농도의 결정계수($R^2$)는 0.977로 나타났다. 본 연구방법을 적용해 동해 강릉 사천항의 표층 해수 중의 총알칼리도와 총이산화탄소의 일 변화 측정실험 결과, 두 항목의 농도는 일몰 이후 증가하고 일출 이후부터는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 총이산화탄소와 용존산소의 농도는 상반되는 경향을 나타냈는데 이는 식물플랑크톤의 광합성과 호흡의 영향으로 생각된다. 현장 선상에서 시행된 북동태평양의 클라리온-클리퍼톤 균열대(Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone)에서 총알칼리도와 총이산화탄소의 측정실험 결과, 표층(0~60 m)과 저층(200~2000 m)에서 총알칼리도의 평균 농도는 각각 $2422.38{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=78.73, n=20)과 $2465.87{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=57.68, n=103)로 측정되었고, 표층과 저층저층의 총이산화탄소 평균 농도는 각각 $2134.47{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=65.40, n=20)과 $2431.87{\mu}mol/kg$(sd=65.02, n=103)으로 측정되었다. 총알칼리도와 총이산화탄소의 수직 분포는 수심이 증가할수록 점차 농도가 증가하는 경향을 확인할 수 있었으며, 측정된 농도 결과는 부근해역에서의 기존 연구결과보다 약간 높은 경향을 보였다.

• 대한암한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.23-32
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• 2018

ALK 변이는 비소세포성 폐암에서 차지하는 비율은 높지 않지만 비소세포성 폐암의 발생률이 높기 때문에 환자 수는 적지 않다. ALK 저해제인 Crizotinib은 환자들의 무진행 생존을 평균 대략 4개월 정도 연장시키고 증상을 완화시키며 항암 치료를 받는 것에 비교하여 삶의 질을 향상시키는 치료성과를 거두었다. 하지만 약물 내성 발현은 주요 한계이며 여전히 ALK 변이 비소세포성 폐암 환자의 예후가 불량하므로 내성을 극복하고 지속적인 치료 반응을 유도하여 치료율을 상승시키기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 현재 폐암치료 한약제제인 삼칠충초정과 2세대 EGFR TKI 제제인 Afatinib의 동시 사용 시 상승효과가 나타난다는 연구결과는 보고되어 있지만 ALK 저해제인 Crizotinib과의 병용 치료와 관련한 연구는 시행된 바가 없었다. 본 증례는 삼칠충초정과 Crizotinib의 병용 투여를 통해 종양 크기의 불변 및 삶의 질 개선과 Crizotinib의 내성 억제 가능성 등을 보인 점에서 의의가 있으나 대조군이 없는 1례에 불과하여 Crizotinib의 단독 효과일 가능성을 배제할 수 없는 한계를 지닌다. 따라서 향후 삼칠충초정과 Crizotinib의 병용투여에 대한 추가적인 연구 및 임상시험을 통해 더욱 객관적인 효과 판정이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.869-872
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• 2000

Although there are a few reports concerning the hepatic injury of herbal medicine in western medicine, there is no reports concerning the hepatic injury of herbal medicine in oriental medicine. We experienced one case of the hepatic injury suggested toxic hepatitis (drug induced hepatitis) in the treatment of oriental medicine for cerebral infarction. We make a reports for the progress of treatment. One patient of Rt hemiparesis diagnosed cerebral infarction in Brain MRI was administered Taeumin Yuldahanso-tang, treated with physical therapy and improved in the state of Rt hemiparesis(Gr 2/3,4). In the course of treatment, the patient intermittently complained of general weakness, dizziness, pericephalic discomfort(頭不淸), nausea, both leg weakness so we changed Taeumin Yuldahanso-tang to Soyangin Dokwhaljiwhang-tang. Alter that, the patient complained of general weakness, abdominal discomfort, heat and fever($38.4^{\circ}C$). We recognized the elevated total bilirubin(1.7mg/dl), serum transaminase(AST534U/L ALT720U/L), serum gammg glutamyl transpepridase (GGT106mg/dl) and Alk phosphatase124U/L. In the abdominal ultrasonogram there is hepatomegaly (16.5cm). We supposed hepatic injury suggested toxic hepatitis(induced hepatitis) of herbal medicine. After we administered Saeng gan gunbi-tang for 2days and Alk phosphatase and GGT inadequately was elevated. After that, we stopped administering medicine and the serum transaminase, total bilirubin, serum gamma glutamyl transpeptidase and Alk phosphatase level was decreased. In the abdominal ultrasonogram there was no signal. In the case, we supposed that the changing Sasang constitution and Sasang herbal medicine may induce hepatic injury. We are suggesting the necessity of a test for the hepatic injury of herbal medicine.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.580-602
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• 2011

Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the 2007 CAPSS (Clean Air Protection Supporting System) emissions inventory are chemically speciated for the SAPRC99 (Statewide Air Pollution Research Center 99) mechanism, following the Source Classification Code (SCC) matching method to borrow the U.S.EPA's chemical speciation profiles. CMAQ simulations with High-order Direct Decoupled Method (HDDM) are in turn applied to evaluate uncertainty in the method by comparing the simulated model VOC species to the observations in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA) for a 2007 June episode. Simulations under-predicted ALK1 to ALK4 in SAPRC99 by a factor of 2 to 5 and over-predicted ALK5 by a factor of 7.5 while ARO1, ARO2, OLE1, and ethylene (ETH) are comparable to the observations, showing relative difference by 10 to 30%. OLE2 emissions are roughly 4 times overestimated. Emission rates for individual VOC model species are revised referring to the ratio of simulated to observed concentrations. Impact of the VOC emission changes on the overall ozone prediction was insignificant for the days of which 1-hr maximum ozone are lower than 100 ppb. However, simulations showed ozone difference by 5 to 10 ppb when high ozone above 120 ppb was observed in the vicinity of Seoul. This result suggests that evaluations on individual model VOC emissions be necessary to lead ozone control plans to the right direction. Moreover, the simulated ratios of ARO1 and ARO2 to $NO_x$ are roughly 50% lower than the observed ones, which imply that adjustment in $NO_x$ and VOC emission rates may be required to mimic the real VOC/$NO_x$ condition over the area.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.3377-3380
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• 2016

The proportion of lung cancer patients under 50 years old is small at approximately 5-10%, but as with patients older than 50, the number is on the rise. Although lung cancer treatment strategies have undergone extensive transformation in recent years based on the presence or absence of oncogenic driver mutations, there are few reports regarding these mutations in the young or the relationship between clinical setting and prognosis. Therefore, we conducted a study of clinical features in 36 patients under the age of 50 who were diagnosed with primary lung cancer from October 2008 to November 2015. The 22 patients in stages I through III A underwent operations, and all 17 whose lung cancer were detected through screening were candidates for surgery. Gene analysis was conducted for 26 (72.2%); 10 (38.5%) were positive for EGFR gene mutations, and ALK gene translocation was present in 4 (15.4%). In stage IV patients, the median progression free survival (PFS) in the ALK translocation positive and negative patients was 518 days and 130 days, respectively, and the median overall survival (OS) was not reached and 280 days, respectively. A trend toward extended PFS (p=0.203) and OS (p=0.056) was observed in patients positive for ALK translocation. We must strive for early detection by increasing screening rates and evaluate oncogenic driver mutations important for prognosis of lung cancer in the young.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.289-297
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• 2018

This study reconstructs past vegetation changes in southeastern Korea over the last 30 thousand years using plant waxes (i.e. long chain n-alkanes) and their carbon isotopic compositions (${\delta}^{13}C_{alk}$) preserved in marine sediment core (KIODP 12-1) retrieved from the East Sea. Here we show changes in vegetation composition in the Korean peninsula in relation to the strength of the East Asian Summer Monsoon. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), when the summer monsoon weakened, precipitation decreased and $C_3$ grassland expanded. After the LGM, the summer monsoon gradually intensified, increasing rainfall, and thus expanding the forestland coverage. Precipitation climaxed from 10 to 6 kyr BP, which includes the Holocene Climate Optimum. The grassland began to expand since 5 kyr BP due to climate warming and drying towards the present. The ${\delta}^{13}C_{alk}$ values may also have been influenced by agricultural activities, which is known to have begun since the late Neolithic (ca. 7.0~3.0 kyr BP). Our results demonstrate how changes in the global climate state influence regional atmospheric circulation and precipitation distribution, and consequently terrestrial plant composition in southeastern Korea.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제60권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of this study was to analyze outcomes and identify prognostic factors in patients with cerebral metastases from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) particularly, focusing on associations of biomarkers and systemic treatments. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 134 patients who underwent GKS for brain metastases due to NSCLC between January 2002 and December 2012. Representative biomarkers including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, K-ras mutation, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation status were investigated. Results : The median overall survival after GKS was 22.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.8-35.1 months). During follow-up, 63 patients underwent salvage treatment after GKS. The median salvage treatment-free survival was 7.9 months (95% CI, 5.2-10.6 months). Multivariate analysis revealed that lower recursive partition analysis (RPA) class, small number of brain lesions, EGFR mutation (+), and ALK mutation (+) were independent positive prognostic factors associated with longer overall survival. Patients who received target agents 30 days after GKS experienced significant improvements in overall survival and salvage treatment-free survival than patients who never received target agents and patients who received target agents before GKS or within 30 days (median overall survival: 5.0 months vs. 18.2 months, and 48.0 months with p-value=0.026; median salvage treatment-free survival: 4.3 months vs. 6.1 months and 16.6 months with p-value=0.006, respectively). To assess the influence of target agents on the pattern of progression, cases that showed local recurrence and new lesion formation were analyzed according to target agents, but no significant effects were identified. Conclusion : The prognosis of patients with brain metastases of NSCLC after GKS significantly differed according to specific biomarkers (EGFR and ALK mutations). Our results show that target agents combined with GKS was related to significantly longer overall survival, and salvage treatment-free survival. However, target agents were not specifically associated with improved local control of the lesion treated by GKS either development of new lesions. Therefore, it seems that currently popular target agents do not affect brain lesions themselves, and can prolong survival by controlling systemic disease status.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.339-345
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• 2009

We evaluated the activity and abundance of the crude-oil-degrading bacterium Nocardia sp. H17-1 during bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil, using real-time PCR. The total petroleum hydrocarbon(TPH) degradation rate constants(k) of the soils treated with and without H17-1 were $0.103\;d^{-1}$ and $0.028\;d^{-1}$ respectively. The degradation rate constant was 3.6 times higher in the soil with H17-1 than in the soil without H17-1. In order to detect and quantify the Nocardia sp. H17-1 in soil samples, we quantified the genes encoding 16S ribosomal RNA(16S rRNA), alkane monooxygenase(alkB4), and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase(23CAT) with real-time PCR using SYBR green. The amounts of H17-1 16S rRNA and alkB4 detected increased rapidly up to 1,000-folds for the first 10 days, and then continued to increase only slightly or leveled off. However, the abundance of the 23CAT gene detected in H17-1-treated soil, where H17-1 had neither the 23CAT gene for the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons nor the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase activity, did not differ significantly from that of the untreated soil($\alpha$=0.05,p>0.22). These results indicated that H17-1 is a potential candidate for the bioaugmentation of alkane-contaminated soil. Overall, we evaluated the abundance and metabolic activity of the bioremediation strain H17-1 using real-time PCR, independent of cultivation.