• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.39-51
• /
• 2011

Purpose: This study aimed to examine postpartum depression of Vietnamese married immigrant women and Korean women, and to identify factors that affect postpartum depression. Methods: Subjects of one hundred and thirty-five women who had delivered a baby within 3 years were part of the study. Of these women, sixty were Vietnamese married immigrant women and sixty seven were Korean women living in Gangwon Province. Kim's (2005) Korean version of Cox's (1987) EPDS (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) was used to evaluate postpartum depression. The reliability of the entire subjects was Cronbach's ${\alpha}$=.677, Vietnamese women .743, and Korean women .654. Results: There were significant differences between the two groups in demographic data and obstetric history. There were significant differences in EPDS (t=-0.236, p=.814) of the type of household between the two groups. Korean women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 1,2,5, and Vietnamese women experienced more depression in the items of EPDS 7, 8, and 10 when comparing item by item. The influencing factors of EPDS in entire subjects were marriage type, satisfaction of relationship with the husband and other household extended family members, and emotional experience during pregnancy. Conclusion: Postpartum depression has occurred regardless of ethnicity, therefore prevention programs targeted at depression, and family support programs should be developed for all childbearing women.

• Women's Health Nursing
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.14-28
• /
• 2014

Purpose: This study was to identify relationships of maternal psychosocial factors including mother's mood state, childcare stress, social support and sleep satisfaction with breastfeeding adaptation and immune substances in breast milk, especially secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-${\beta}2$). Methods: Data were collected from 84 mothers who delivered full-term infants by natural childbirth. Structured questionnaires and breast milk were collected at 2~4 days and 6 weeks postpartum. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and generalized estimating equation (GEE). Results: Scores for the breastfeeding adaptation scale were significantly related with child care stress, mood state and social support. Mother's anger was positively correlated with the level of sIgA in colostrum (p<.01). Immune substances of breastmilk was significantly influenced by time for milk collection (p<.001) and the type of breastfeeding (sIgA, p<.001, TGF-${\beta}2$, p=.003). Regression analysis showed that breastfeeding adaptation could be explained 59.1% by the type of breastfeeding, childcare stress, the Profile of Mood States, emotional support and sleep quality (F=16.67, p<.001). Conclusion: The findings from this study provide important concepts of breastfeeding adaptation program and explanation of psychosocial factors by immune substances in breast milk. Future research, specially, bio-maker research on breast milk should focus on the ways to improve breastfeeding adaptation.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.149-149
• /
• 2018

Prediction on initial motion of sediment is crucial to evaluate sediment transport and channel stability. The condition of incipient movement of sediment is characterized by bed shear stress, which is generated from force of moving water against the bed of the channel, and by critical shear stress, which depends on force resisting motion of sediment due to the submerged weight of the grains. When the bed shear stress exceeds the critical shear stress, sediment particles begin rolling and sliding at isolated and random locations. In Mountain River, debris flow frequently occurs due to heavy rainfall and can lead some natural stones from mountain slope into the bed river. This phenomenon could add additional forces to sediment transport system in the bed of river and also affect or change direction and magnitude of sediment movement. In this paper, evaluations on incipient motion of uniform coarse gravel under falling spheres impacts using small scale flume channel were conducted. The drag force of falling spheres due to water flow and length movement of falling spheres were investigated. The experiments were carried out in flume channel made by glass wall and steel floor with 12 m long, 0.6 m wide, and 0.6 m deep. The bed slopes were selected with the range from 0.7% to 1.5%. The thickness of granular layer was at least 3 times of diameter of granular particle to meet grain placement condition. The sphere diameters were chosen to be 4cm, 6 cm, 8 cm, 10 cm. The spheres were fallen in to the bed channel for critical condition and under critical condition of motion particle. Based on the experimental results, the Shields curve of particles Reynold number and dimensionless critical shear stress were plotted. The relationship between with drag force and the length movement of spheres were plotted. The pathways of the bed material Under the impact of spheres falling were analyzed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.11 no.6
• /
• pp.569-574
• /
• 2008

Catenary and Pantograph are used to transmit electrical energy to electric railways. Catenary (Overhead Contact Lines) should be installed precisely and managed for stable train operations. But external factors such as weather, temperature, etc., or aging affect catenary geometry. Changed catenary stagger and height cause high voltage spark or instant electric contact loss. Big spark derived from contact loss can damage the pantograph carbon strip and overhead contact lines that might interrupt the train operations. Therefore, to prevent a big scale spark or electric contact loss, catenary maintenance are required catenary geometry measurement systems with catenary maintenance capability. In this paper, we describe the development of catenary height and stagger measurement system. The catenary height and stagger measurement system uses Acuity company's AR4000 Laser Range Finder for distance measurement and AccuRange Line Scanner for degree measurement. This system detects suspicious overhead line sections with excessive stagger and height stagger variance.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.324-328
• /
• 2015

Background: Employee job satisfaction and its relationship with health and quality of life has been an issue of major concern over the past decades. Nurses experience difficult working conditions that affect their job satisfaction, health, and quality of life. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken in three general hospitals and their respective health centers. Stratified random sampling by level of education was used, and 508 nurses and nursing assistants were included. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire, which included the Measure of Job Satisfaction, the 36-item Short Form Health Survey, as well as demographic details, education, and work conditions data, was used. Results: Greek nurses were found to be dissatisfied with their job according to the total score of the job satisfaction scale, although personal satisfaction and satisfaction with support had had higher scores. Their general health was reported as average, because of physical and mental health problems, low vitality, low energy, and increased physical pain. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that males and those wishing to stay in the job had higher physical and mental health. Increased job satisfaction was related to increased physical and mental health. Conclusion: Although Greek nurses are not satisfied with their work, those with high levels of job satisfaction had better health-related quality of life. The findings suggest that improvement of the work environment would contribute to a healthier and more satisfied nursing workforce.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2011

Plastic gradient from geometrically necessary dislocation(GND) can strongly affect micro-scale plastic behavior of polycrystalline solids. In this research, mechanical behavior of polycrystalline solid is investigated using the finite element method incorporating plastic gradient from GND effect. Gradient hardness coefficient and material length parameter are used to evaluate the effect of the plastic gradient on the behavior of materials. Sensitivity of the modeling parameters on the plastic gradient from GND is presented and effects of plastic gradient and material parameters on the behavior of single crystal inside a polycrystalline aggregate are investigated. It is confirmed that the plastic gradient from GND amplifies hardening response of polycrystals and affects single crystal behavior embedded in polycrystalline solids.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.31.1-31.12
• /
• 2021

Background: Blackened intestines in slaughtered pigs have been commonly observed in China in recent years. However, no cause has been reported. Objectives: We attempted to determine whether the blackening of the pig intestine was related to an excess of copper (Cu) in their feed. Methods: In this study, we observed and collected porcine intestines in small- and large-scale pig slaughterhouses in Shandong province from May to October 2018. Twelve types of metal ions were detected in the black intestinal samples. Results: The Cu level in the intestine samples was mostly higher than the Chinese national limit for food. Further study showed that Cu supplementation in most commercial porcine feed also exceeded the national standard. An animal model (mouse) that could mimic the intestinal blackening in pigs was established. Compared to control mice, Cu accumulated in the liver and intestines of mice fed an excessive Cu level, confirming the excessive Cu in the feed may be considered the major cause of blackened porcine intestines. Microscopic examination revealed that black intestines had many particles containing Cu in the lamina propria of the intestinal mucosa, and the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells showed degeneration and necrosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, overuse of Cu in animal feed can lead to animal poisoning and Cu accumulation in animal products. Such overuse not only harms the health of livestock but can also affect public health.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.441-449
• /
• 2021

Background: The efficacy of local anesthesia decreases in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, it was proposed that the use of premedication with an anti-inflammatory drug might increase the success rate of pulpal anesthesia in mandibular posterior teeth with vital inflamed pulp. Methods: One hundred thirty-four patients who were actively experiencing pain willingly participated in this study. The Heft Parker (HP) visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the initial pain intensity. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a placebo, 10 mg of ketorolac, and 650 mg of paracetamol. The standard inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) was administered to all patients using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline after one hour of medication. After 15 min, the patient was instructed to rate the discomfort during each step of the treatment procedure, such as access to remaining dentin, access to the pulp chamber, and during canal instrumentation on the HP VAS. IANB was considered successful if the patient reported no or mild pain during access preparation and instrumentation. Moderate or severe pain was classified as a failure of IANB and another method of anesthesia was used before continuing the treatment. Results: The rate of successful anesthesia in the placebo, paracetamol, and ketorolac groups was 29%, 33%, and 43%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of paracetamol or ketorolac did not significantly affect the success rate of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. No significant difference was observed between the paracetamol and ketorolac groups.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.51 no.3
• /
• pp.157-165
• /
• 2021

Objective: This study aimed to identify the clinical effectiveness of two different penetration depths of micro-osteoperforations (MOPs) on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Twenty-four patients requiring the removal of the upper first premolar teeth were selected and randomly divided into two groups. The control group participants did not undergo MOPs. Participants in the experimental group underwent three MOPs each at 4-mm (MOP-4) and 7-mm (MOP-7) depths, which were randomly and equally performed to either the left or right side distal to the canine. The retraction amount was measured on three-dimensional digital models on the 28th day of retraction. MOP-related pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS). Between-group statistical differences in the VAS scores were determined using an independent t-test and those in canine retraction were determined using analysis of variance and post-hoc Tukey test. Results: No significant difference was found between the MOP-4 (1.22 ± 0.29 mm/month) and MOP-7 (1.29 ± 0.31 mm/month) groups in terms of the canine retraction rate. Moreover, both the groups demonstrated a significantly higher canine movement than the control group (0.88 ± 0.19 mm/month). MOPs did not significantly affect the mesialization of the posterior teeth (p > 0.05). Moreover, the pain scores in the MOP-4 and MOP-7 groups were similar and showed no statistically significant difference. Conclusions: Three MOPs with a depth of 4 mm can be performed as an effective method to increase the rate of tooth movement. However, three MOPs with depths of 4-7 mm does not additionally enhance tooth movement.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.148-156
• /
• 2021

Single-chain antibodies against epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) are potentially promising agents for developing antibody-based cancer treatment strategies. We described in our previous study the successful expression of an anti-EGFRvIII scFv antibody in Escherichia coli. However, we could also observe the formation of insoluble aggregates in the periplasmic space, limiting the production yield of the active product. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which growth conditions could affect the expression of the soluble anti-EGFRvIII scFv antibody in small-scale E. coli NiCo21(DE3) cultures, attempting to maximize production. The secreted scFv molecules were purified using Ni-NTA magnetic beads and protein characterization was performed using SDS-PAGE and western blot analyses. We used the ImageJ software for protein quantification and determined the antigen-binding activity of the scFv antibody against the EGFRvIII protein. Our results showed that the highest percentage of soluble scFv expression could be achieved under culture conditions that combined low IPTG concentration (0.1 mM), low growth temperature (18℃), and large culture dish surface area. We found moderate-yield soluble scFv production in the culture medium after lactose-mediated induction, which was also beneficial for downstream protein processing. These findings were confirmed by conducting western blot analysis, indicating that the soluble, approximately 30-kDa scFv molecule was localized in the periplasm and the extracellular space. Moreover, the antigen-binding assay confirmed the scFv affinity against the EGFRvIII antigen. In conclusion, our study reveals that low-speed protein expression is preferable to obtain more soluble anti-EGFRvIII scFv protein in an E. coli expression system.