• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.345-359
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• 2016

In order to investigate the influence of the interfacial angel on failure characteristics and mechanism of combined coal-rock mass, 35 uniaxial/biaxial compressive simulation tests with 5 different interfacial angels of combined coal-rock samples were conducted by PFC2D software. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The compressive strength and cohesion decrease with the increase of interfacial angle, which is defined as the angle between structure plane and the exterior normal of maximum principal plane, while the changes of elastic modulus and internal friction angle are not obvious; (2) The impact energy index $K_E$ decreases with the increase of interfacial angle, and the slip failure of the interface can be predicted based on whether the number of acoustic emission (AE) hits has multiple peaks or not; (3) There are four typical failure patterns for combined coal-rock samples including I (V-shaped shear failure of coal), II (single-fracture shear failure of coal), III (shear failure of rock and coal), and IV (slip rupture of interface); and (4) A positive correlation between interfacial angle and interface effect is shown obviously, and the interfacial angle can be divided into weak-influencing scope ($0-15^{\circ}$), moderate-influencing scope ($15-45^{\circ}$), and strong-influencing scope (> $45^{\circ}$), respectively. However, the confining pressure has a certain constraint effect on the interface effect.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

The chemical and rheological properties of deproteinated porphyrans from laver Porphyra yezoensis were investigated to obtain basic data for the production of food materials with biological functionality. Deproteinated porphyran was prepared by acid extraction (pH 4.0, $80^{\circ}C$, 4 hr) and successive hydrolysis with 0.5% Alcalase and 0.5% Flavourzyme. The porphyran constituted 10.7% of the dry laver and consisted of 0.6% protein, 14.8% ester sulfate, 3.2% 6-O-methyl galactose, 16.0% 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose, and 67.3% galactose. The effects of concentration and temperature on the apparent viscosity were examined by applying the power law and Arrhenius equations. The porphyran solution showed the typical behavior of a pseudoplastic liquid and the flow behavior index decreased with increasing concentration. The activation energy of the deproteinated porphyran solution at a 1,000 L/s shear rate also increased from $1.4954{\times}10^{4}\;to\;1.9544{\times}10^{4}\;J/kg$ mol with the concentration.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 1999

Epidemiologic studies consistently demonstrate an inverse relationship between risk for colon canter and consumption of fruits and vegetables. Wheat bran, flax and soy contain dietary fiber and phytochemicals, such as lignans and isoflavones, that may inhibit colon carcinogenesis. Orange juice contains hesperidin, a flavanone glucoside that protects against colon carcinogenesis. This study determined if feeding orange juice, wheat bran, soy and flaxseed (combined diet) would inhibit azoxymethane (AOM) induced colon cancer. Cancer was initiated in male Fisher 344 rats by injecting 15 mg AOM/kg of weight at 22 and 29 days of age. One week after the second AOM injection, rats (N = 30) in the combined diet group received dry diet containing wheat bran (4%), soy with ethanol soluble phytochemirals(13%) and flaxseed (8%) and orange juice replaced drinking water. The control group remained on the control diet and received distilled water to drink. The rats were killed 28 weeks later, and colon tissues and tumors were removed for histologic analysis. Feeding the combined diet significantly reduced tumor incidence (p < 0.05), however tumor multiplicity was not changed (p > 0.05, 0.9 tumors/rat fed the combined diet vs 1.2 for controls). Also, tumor burden was only marginally reduced in rats fed the combined diet vs control rats (65 vs 210 mg of tumor/rats, respectively). The reduction in tumor incidence was associated with a decreased labeling index and proliferation zone in normal appearing colon mucosa. Therefore, this study shows that phytochemicals in wheat bran, soy, flax and orange juice reduce colon carcinogenesis, presumably by decreasing cell proliferation and enhancing cell differentiation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.2935-2941
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• 2010

This study used 3 kinds of experimental toothpaste with different contents(0%, 1.1%,2.2% of SLS. A total of 150 young adults in their 20's without any systemic disease were recruited for the study. These 150 subjects were subdivided into three groups(each having 50 subjects) according to the results of preliminary oral examination.After 4 weeks application of the three groups of toothpaste, Group C showed the highest halitosis index, followed by Groups A and B which had similar halitosis indices. Both oral sulfur compound and aerobic sulfur compound were measured at high content possibly because higher SLS content which is associated with the lower salivary flow rate is causing the xerostomia. SLS content was correlated with oral sulfur compound (r=0.412) and aerobic sulfur compound (r=0.285).

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.80-88
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• 2008

Purpose: By focusing on immigrant women's problems and considering human rights, resettlement plans and marital-life adaptation, health status is often overlooked. It was examined in this study. Method: The participants were 110 immigrant women who lived in Busan. Data were collected from September to November 2007 using a questionnaire. Results: One of five of the women had been hospitalized for a delivery, about 25% were pregnant, and most (80.9 %) have never had a pap-smear test. The average score for anxiety was 3.0 (${\pm}2.50$) and for depression 2.9 (${\pm}2.71$). Most were in the normal range for blood pressure, body mass index(BMI), blood sugar and urine test. There was a significant difference in level of anxiety according to education (F=3.42, p=.020) and in level of depression according to age (F=4.05, p=.020), number of children(t=-.444, p=.009), financial status (F=3.75, p=.027) and satisfaction with life (F=6.38, p=.002). There were significant differences in BMI according to age (F=7.73, p=.001), native nation (F=18.38, p=.000), period of stay in Korea (F=3.11, p=.049), education (F=3.82, p=.012), number of children (t=-4.26, p=.040). Conclusion: Although the health status of the immigrant women was good, procreative care protocols should be developed to support immigrant women who are pregnant.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.77-93
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• 2013

This study examines the university students majoring in culinary arts to survey the recognition levels of culinary arts education for the purpose of searching for a development plan for culinary education. A survey was conducted to 407 students in a cooking and food service program. To achieve the purpose of this study, SPSS 17.0, a statistics program, was used for a descriptive analysis, a frequency analysis, and a factor analysis. In this study, we have developed a device to measure educational service quality which can be applied to the place of higher education, and factors that determine educational service quality are dragged through this device. In addition, this research identifies which statistically significant factors play a part in overall satisfaction and interprets 26 quality attributes using importance-satisfaction transformed index. The interest and necessity of culinary arts education was very high while the performance degree was considered insufficient. In conclusion, if chances are given to display achievement of desire self-directly through increasing practical training, development and application of various programs, operation of open practice classes and curriculum organization reflecting social changes in the education courses, the culinary arts education will be considered to be more vitalized.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean version of Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (K-PASE) from PASE and to evaluate the validity and reliability of the K-PASE. This scale was originally developed by Washburn et al. (1993). A valid and reliable physical activity scale for the elderly is needed to assess accurately physical activity of the elderly, because there has been no valid and reliable physical activity scale for the elderly in Korea. Methods: The K-PASE was developed from PASE through linguistic validation and cultural adaptation for use with this population. Convenient sampling was used to recruit participants. Reliability was evaluated by conducting the test-retest and convergent validity was evaluated by Pearson correlation. Results: Test-retest reliability, assessed over a 2 week interval, was r=.94. Convergent validity was established by correlating the KPASE scores between related variables which were the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence (TMIG-IC) and hand-grip strength. Scores of the K-PASE had a low significant correlation with TMIG-IC (r=.246, p<.001), and hand-grip strength (r=.251, p<.001). The mean score of physical activity of Korean elderly assessed by the K-PASE was 96.5. Conclusion: We conclude that the K-PASE is a reliable and valid instrument to assess physical activity for Korean elderly.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.146-155
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• 2004

Purpose: The Purpose of this study was to explain the effects of aromatherapy massage on the preoperative anxiety of hemorrhoidectomy patients, and to provide the effective and holistic nursing care to them. Method: The research design was a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized design. The data were collected during the period from November 1 to November 30, 2003 at K-Hospital in Seoul. The subjects were fifty patients who were to have a hemorrhoidectomy under general anesthesia. They were assigned to two groups, 25 subjects to the experimental group and 25 subjects to the control group. The State Anxiety Inventory tool was used to measure state-anxiety on all patients the day before surgery. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured on the day before surgery and the preoperative period. The experimental group received aromatherapy massage on the hand with lavender oil. Data were analyzed by $x^2$ test, independent t-test, paired t-test. Result: 1. Hypothesis 1, that the level of preoperative state-anxiety of the experimental group who received aromatherapy massage would be lower than that of the control group who did not received aromatherapy was supported(p=.047). 2. Hypothesis 2was that the Physiological index of the preoperative anxiety of the experimental group who received aromatherapy would be lower than that of the control group who did not received aromatherapy. The 1st subhypothesis that "the level of the preoperative systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the experimental group would be less than that of the control group" was not supported. Conclusion: Aromatherapy massage can be regarded as a partially effective nursing intervention that relives the preoperative anxiety of surgical patients and stabilizes vital signs.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

Objectives: The study aimed to identify the characteristics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) that was not diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but only in adulthood. Methods: The characteristics of patients diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood were compared with those of patients diagnosed in childhood were assessed via a retrospective review of the medical records at one university hospital from 2005 to 2013. If the age at which they were confirmed as having ADHD was less than 19 years old, they were grouped as childhood-diagnosed group (CD); if they were 19 years old or more, they were grouped as adulthood-diagnosed group (AD). Results: The CD and AD included 50 (46.3%) and 58 (53.7%) patients, respectively. Inattention was the most common symptom in both groups. Behavioral and emotional problems were the second most frequent symptoms in the CD and AD, respectively. The intelligent quotient was significantly higher in the AD than in the CD. The most common comorbidity was depression in the CD and personality disorder in the AD. The most common reason for visiting the hospital was referral by acquaintances in the CD and media coverage in the AD. Conclusion: Clinicians should put ADHD on the index of suspicion when they examine adults with various psychiatric symptoms, because the diagnosis of ADHD might have been missed in childhood and the symptoms of ADHD might have changed as they grew up.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.217-217
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• 2017

Seed priming leading to improved emergences, germination speed and uniformity under unfavorable conditions without loss of longevity are the best level of techniques. We studied the possibility to obtain primed seed with reduced mean germination time (MGT) and uniformity but with simple, fast and effective methods. The experiments were carried out at $15^{\circ}C$ for 16 hours with priming treatment. To compare the effects of each treatment, we used 200mM $CaCl_2$ priming or hydro priming or no imbibition after ultrasonication or red light treatment. The light treatment was performed by irradiating 2000 lux of red light for 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes. Addition, in order to investigate the effect of the priming solution, treated at 200mM $CaCl_2$ for 8 hours. Ultrasonication treatment was performed for 5, 10, and 20 minutes at exposures of 13.0, 17.3, and 21.6 kHz during priming. For liquid smoke (LS) treatment, seed soaked in 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 5.0% and 10.0% of diluted water and 200mM $CaCl_2$ solution. After each treatment, the seeds were dried to moisture content ranged 5-8% at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The effect of seed treatment was evaluated with germination percentage (GP), MGT, germination index(GI), germination rate(GR), Germination Uniformity(GU) and heath seed percentage(HS). For several factors tested, we found that the desired germination improvement could be obtained by treating the seed with ultrasonication at 17.3 kHz for 5 minutes in water or red light exposure at 2000 lux for 120 min in water that resulted very similar to those used to 200mM $CaCl_2$ priming for 16 hrs. However, LS treatment showed no improvement in all diluted solution. Therefore, the methods applied ultrasonication and red light treatment showed high potential for fast and easy treatment avoiding pollution of salt solution waste.