• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-32
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• 1995

The purpose of this is to understand the concept of Sacho on the basis of 'Sa-Sang philosophy(四象哲學)'. In oder to achieve this purpose, Sanjiao and Sacho were investigated, centering on the philophicalbasis, region. action. The conclusion would be summerized as follows. 1. Viewed in the light of a philosophical basis, Sanjiao is first recorded in Nae-Kyung(內經), a concept that Yin-Yang(陰陽), Oh-Hang(五行) in Nae-Kyung Medcine, the cosmos's order and it's moving rule could be directly applied to human body. On the contrary Sacho is a term first used by Lee Jae-Ma, a human-oriented concept that formed in Confucianism system. based on Sa-Sang type classifying in Sa-Sang Medicine. 2. Viewd in the light of a region, the upper part of Sacho is similar to the upper-jiao of Sanjiao, the mid-upper part of Sacha to the middle-jiao of Sanjiao, the mid-lower and the lower parts of Sacha to the lower-jiao of Sanjiao. But these regions are not equal to anatomical regions. Sanjiao and Sacha is similar concept from the view point of the upper and lower oder, but Sanjiao has only a concept of the upper and lower order, doesn't have a concept of the front and the rear, inside and outside. 3. Viewed in the light of a action, Sanjiao and Sacho is a similar concept from the view point of a large boundary in the life activity.Sanjiao explains the region of human body, setting imfortance on the viscera physiology, on the contrary Sacho explains the whole function of human body including one's heart's desire, physical constitution and the visceral physiolosy. 4. Viewed in the light of produsing-wasting activity. sanjiao and Sacho have both produsing action and wasting action. but Sacho has a more concrete concept of produsing action by using a term-Sa Hae(四海) 5. Viewed in the light of vital energy(氣)'s action, Sajiao give the first consideration to the rising and falling action of vital energy, on the contrary Sacho give the first consideration to the transversal circulation of vital energy and the deviation of it in each part. According to the above results, Sacho must be discussed separately from Sanjiao, it is recommended that further study is necessary to understand the concept of Sacho on the basis of Sa-Sang philosophy.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2004

The reclaimed land has peculiar characteristic of nature environment unlike midtown or inland and also, in comparison with inland, has bad weather condition, such as low temperature, strong wind, excessive sunshine, and moisture involved in a salt. Therefore the case of developing water front needs understanding characteristic of weather environment mused by reclamation in detail and proper development and organized maintenance. If development which doesn't investigate topographic and climate characteristic sufficiently is drove ahead, a rise of expense for energy and maintenance is going to be mused by deteriorating weather environmental, occurring a flaw of facility and calculating inaccurate capacity of facility. We looked into the weather state and drew up the standard weather data of the newport area in Busan which is reclaiming and developing now. In this research at the base qf the standard weather data, we calculate the dynamic peak loads for commerce, business and residence and then we utilize the results of the load calculation as basic information to determine facility capacity in the rear city of the newport area.

• Composites Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.45-53
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• 2003

The experimental and numerical investigations on the failure characteristics of the secondary bonded composite single-lap joints were performed. The initiations and growths of cracks were observed using CCD camera and acoustic emission sensor during the tension tests of the joint specimens. The structural behaviors of the specimens were predicted by the geometric nonlinear two-dimensional finite element analysis. The three types of observed initial cracks were included in each finite element models and the strain energy release rates of each specimen models were calculated by VCCT(Virtual Crack Closure Technique) technique. The tension tests showed that the initial cracks occurred in the 60∼90% of final failure loads and the major failure modes of the specimens were adhesive failure and the delamination between the 1st and 2nd ply of laminate. The specimens with the thicker bondline had earlier crack initiation loads but higher crack propagation resistance and eventually better loading capability. The delaminations were mostly observed in the thicker bondline specimens. The mode I values of calculated strain energy release rates were higher than the mode II values in the all specimen models considering the three types of initial cracks. The mode I and total strain energy release rates were calculated as higher values in the order of initial crack in the edge interface, comer interface and delamination between the plies of laminate.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 1993

The effect of nucleation free energy related to Si surface states on diamond film growth behavior has been studied. Ar first, the three kinds of diamond thin films (A, B, C) were deposited on various Si substrates (A-Si, B-Si, C-Si) whose surfaces were polished with 1 ${\mu}m$ diamond paste, 6 ${\mu}m$ Al_2O_3$ powder and 12 ${\mu}m$ Al_2O_3$ powder respectively. And then, relative nucleation free energy calculated is ${\Delta}G_{A-Si}<{\Delta}G_{B-Si}<{\Delta}G_{C-Si}$. Although there are some difference in grain size, shape and nucleated size, the thin films on A-Si and B-Si were diamond including a small amount of DLC which was confirmed by AES, SEM, XRD, and RHEED. Namely, the diamonds of films (B) were not nucleated in scratches but in dents and larger in grain size compare with the film (C) of which diamond sere nucleated not only scratches but also dents. And, the sphere diamond which is not general shape was grown on C-Si. After all, the sphere was turned out to be the diamond including much graphite as a result of the AES in situ depth profiling. Consequently, the diamond shape and quality grown on Si were Changed from the crystal which the (100) and (110) planes were predominent to the crystal in which (111) plane was predominent, and newt to sphere shape diamond including much graphite according as the nucleation free energy increases.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2012

We investigated chemical states of a $Sb_2Te_3$ thin film with the polycrystalline phase by using high-resolution x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation. The $Sb_2Te_3$ thin film was formed by sputtering. The rhombohedral phase was confirmed by x-ray diffraction. To remove the surface oxide, we performed $Ne^+$ ion sputtering for 1 hour with the beam energy of 1 kV and post-annealing at $100^{\circ}C$ for 5 min in ultra-high vacuum. We obtained the Te and Sb 4d core-levels spectra with the peaks at the binding energies of 40.4 and 33.0 eV, respectively. The full-width of half maximum of both the Te and Sb $4d_{5/2}$ core-levels is 0.9 eV. The Te and Sb core-levels only show a single chemical state, and we also confirmed the stoichiometry of approximately 2 : 3.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 2014

The improved thermal stability and anti-oxidation properties of Lyocell fiber were studied based on flame retardant treatment by using NaCl/$H_3PO_4$ solution. The optimized conditions of flame retardant treatment were studied on various maxing ratio of NaCl and $H_3PO_4$ and the mechanism was proposed through experimental results of thermal stability anti-oxidation. The IPDT (integral procedural decomposition temperature), LOI (limited oxygen index) and $E_a$ (activation energy) increased 23, 30 and 24% respectively via flame retardant treatment. It is noted that thermal stability and anti-oxidation improved based on char and carbon layer formation by dehydrogenation and dissociation of C-C bond resulting the hindrance of oxygen and heat energy into polymer resin. The optimized conditions for efficient flame retardant property of Lyocell fiber were provided using NaCl/$H_3PO_4$ solution and the mechanism was also studied based on experimental results such as IDT (initial decomposition temperature), IPDT, LOI and $E_a$.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.25-32
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• 2015

The improved thermal stability and anti-oxidation properties of lyocell fiber were studied based on flame retardant treatment by using $Na_3PO_4$ solution. The optimized conditions of flame retardant treatment were studied on various concentrations of $Na_3PO_4$ and the mechanism was proposed through experimental results of thermal stability and anti-oxidation. The integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and activation energy ($E_a$) increased 30, 160% respectively via flame retardant treatment. It is noted that thermal stability and anti-oxidation improved based on char and carbon layer formation by dehydrogenation and dissociation of C-C bond resulting the hindrance of oxygen and heat energy into polymer resin. The optimized conditions for efficient flame retardant property of lyocell fiber were provided using $Na_3PO_4$ solution and the mechanism was also studied based on experimental results such as initial decomposition temperature (IDT), IPDT, LOI and $E_a$.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.20 no.1 s.55
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• pp.64-75
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• 2005

The total production of food waste was about 11,398ton/day('03) in Korea. Also, food waste was treated by landfill, incineration, reuse and anaerobic digestion. The method of food waste treatment depended primarily on landfill. However, the method of landfill causing social problems was prevented to treat food waste in the first of January 2005.12) Thus, anaerobic digestion is an important method to treat food waste because of possibility of energy recovery as methane gas. In this study, the possibility of food waste treatment containing high organic material and low pH in the one stage anaerobic reactor to save cost and time and energy recovery using $CH_{4}$ gas by the hybrid anaerobic reactor (HAR) was measured. The HAR was designed by combing the merits of the anaerobic filter (AF) to minimize the microorganism shock when food waste of very low pH was injected and up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) to prevent from plugging and channeling phenomena by large suspended solids when semi solids were injected. Granule was packed in the section of HAR. The purpose of the BMP experiment was to measure the amount of methane generated when organic material was resolved under anaerobic conditions, to grasp bio resolution of organic material. Total accumulated methane production per VS amount was $0.471(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$. So, the value was about $81.2\%$ of theoretical methane production which was $0.58(m^{3}/\cal{kg}\;VS)$ by elementary analysis and organic matter removal velocity (K) was $0.18(d^{-1})$. From these results, food waste was treated by anaerobic treatment. From this study, $CH_{4}$ generation from food waste (11,398 ton/day) could be estimated. By using an energy conversion factor of Braun's study, $5.97KWh/m^{3}\;CH4,\;60\%\;of\;CH_{4}$ gas generation, the amount of total energy producing food waste is to 6,727MWh/day. It could be confirmed that energy recovery using $CH_{4}$ gas was possible. Above these results, food waste containing organic matters of high concentration could be treated in HRT 30 days under an anaerobic condition, using the hybrid anaerobic reactor and reuse of $CH_{4}$ gas was possible.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.88-93
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• 1989

In order to obtain some informations about the effect of molecular weight on the release rate of drug from drug carrier, two types of poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA)-cytarabine (ara-C) conjugates, PLGA-ara-C:I and PLGA-ara-C:II, were synthesized using two types of PLGA having different average molecular weight, 43,000 and 77,800, respectively. The PLGA-ara-C conjugates were synthesized by mixed anhydride method and found to be covalently linked. Both types of conjugates charged negatively at biological pH. The pH-dependent release rate of ara-C was observed in both cases, and the release rate was accelerated in basic, acidic conditions (the k values were 0.015 $day^{-1}$ at pH 7.0, 0.024 $day^{-1}$ at pH 5.0, and 0.059 $day^{-1}$ at pH 9.0 in the case of PLGA-ara-C:I) and in the presence of pretense. The time required for the release of 16.5% of ara-C from PLGA-ara-C:I were 8 hr and 144 hr in the presence and absence of protease, respectively. Although both types of conjugates showed similar drug substitution ratio, they showed different release rates. Between the two types of conjugates, PLGA-ara-C:II showed the faster release rate (0.030 vs 0.042 $day^{-1}$ in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution at $37^{\circ}C$) and the smaller activation energy for the release of drug (12.5 vs 7.7 Kcal/mol) than PLGA-ara-C:I. The characteristic effect of molecular weight on the release rates of PLGA-ara-C conjugates suggests that the drug release rate might be effectively controlled over a prolonged period of time by the combined use of the different types of PLGA-ara-C conjugates having different molecular weights.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.9-19
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• 2015

Internal air temperature of greenhouse is an important variable that can be influenced by the complex interaction between outside weather and greenhouse inside climate. This paper focuses on a data-based model approach to predict internal air temperature of the greenhouse. External air temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and wind direction were measured next to an experimental greenhouse supported by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute and used as input variables for the model. Internal air temperature was measured at the center of three sections of the greenhouse and used as an output variable. The proposed model consisted of a transfer function including the four input variables and tested the prediction accuracy according to the sampling interval of the input variables, the orders of model polynomials and the time delay variable. As a result, a second-order model was suitable to predict the internal air temperature having the predictable time of 20-30 minutes and average errors of less than ${\pm}1K$. Afterwards mechanistic interpretation was conducted based on the energy balance equation, and it was found that the resulting model was considered physically acceptable and satisfied the physical reality of the heat transfer phenomena in a greenhouse. The proposed data-based model approach is applicable to any input variables and is expected to be useful for predicting complex greenhouse microclimate involving environmental control systems.