• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.164-170
• /
• 2016

Since most of the existing wastewater treatment options lack the ability to treat micro-contaminants, the increased use of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) and release as human waste have become a serious concern in recent years. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a low-cost technology for wastewater treatment, however, its performance in term of PPCPs removal has not yet been fully investigated. This study aimed to characterize the removal factors and efficiency of acetaminophen (ACT) removal by CWs. The results revealed the decreased concentrations of ACT with increasing hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 0, 3, 5 days. The contribution of removal factors was found to be varied with initial ACT concentration. At the low ACT concentration (i.e. 1 ppb), plant uptake was the dominant, followed by microbial and photolytic removal. In contrast, at the high ACT concentration (i.e. 100 ppb), microbial and photolytic removal were found as dominant factors. On the other hand, hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) concentration was found at higher level in the plant shoot than in the root probably due to occurrence of the Fenton reaction resulting in PPCPs removal.

• 대한수의학회지
• /
• 제57권3호
• /
• pp.197-200
• /
• 2017

This study evaluated the effect of a combination of acetaminophen and vitamin C (CAV) on reducing serum cortisol and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) concentrations in piglets vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Piglets were vaccinated with FMD vaccine and treated with CAV at concentrations of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg/ton feed (P-CON, AD-1, AD-2, and AD-3, groups, respectively) for 5 days post-vaccination. Cortisol and $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels at 5 days post-treatment in the AD-1-3 groups were significantly lower than that in the P-CON group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between AD-2 and AD-3 groups and non-vaccinated, non-CAV-treated piglets.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2015

This study was to investigate the preventive effect of taemyeongcheong (TMC, a Korean traditional health drink) on acetaminophen (APAP, 800 mg/kg BW)-induced hepatic damage in ICR mice. TMC is prepared from Saururus chinensis, Taraxacum officinale, Zingiber officinale, Cirsium setidens, Salicornia herbacea, and Glycyrrhizae. A high dose of TMC (500 mg/kg BW) was found to decrease APAP-induced increases in serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase. TMC pretreatment also increased the hepatic levels of hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione, and reduced serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ and interleukin (IL)-6 in mice administered APAP (P<0.05). TMC (500 mg/kg BW) reduced hepatic mRNA levels of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS by 87%, 84%, 89%, 85%, and 88%, respectively, in mice treated with APAP (P<0.05). Furthermore, histological observations suggested TMC pretreatment dose-dependently prevented APAP-induced hepatocyte damage. These results suggest that TMC could be used as a functional health drink to prevent hepatic damage.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.12-17
• /
• 1999

The youngkaechulgamtang (Y) composed of four herb drugs, including Hoelen (H). Cinnamomi Ramulus (C). Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba (A) and Glycyrrhizae Radix (G). In oriental medicine literatures, Youngkaechulgamtang is described to be effective in headache, inflammation, uremia, gastritis, diarrhea and hypertension. To estimate the clinical effectiveness of Youngkaechulgamtang, several pharmacological experiments were carried out. The results are summerized as follows; On acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, C+A, Y-G, Y-H, MIX and Y showed the significant elevation of glutathione-S-transferase. But, C+A, Y-G, Y-H, MIX and Y showed the significant suppression of serum aminotransferases. On ANIT-induced cholestasis, U (Ursodesoxycholic acid 50 mg/kg)+$Y_l$ (760 mg/kg) showed the significant increase of bile juice volume. $Y_l,\;Y_2$ (1520 mg/kg), U, $U+Y_l$ showed the remarkable increase of cholic acid. U and $U+Y_l$ showed the significant decrease of total bilirubin. From these results, it is suggest that Y shows liver protective effect against various hepatic injury. Especially, Youngkaechulgamtang was more effective than mixture of 4 ingredients in the elevation of glutathione-S-transferase in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.50-57
• /
• 1993

This study characterized the effect of liver injury produced by hepatotoxicants on the biliary and urinary excretion of acetaminophen(AA) metabolites. Liver damage was produced in male S.-D. rats, 24 hr after dosing with carbon tetrachloride(4CCl_4,$ 0.75 mι/kg, ip) or thioacetamide(TA, 200 mg/kg, ip), or 16 hr after administration of cadmium chloride(4CdCl_2,$ 3.9 mg/kg, iv). Liver damage without renal injury was confirmed by measuring serum enzymes, creatinine and BUN levels as well as by histopathological examination. AA and its metabolites were measured for 3 hr by HPLC in rats injected iv with 1 mmo1/kg of AA. The excreted amounts of AA-glucuronide into bile were reduced to 60~70% of control rats by hepatotoxicants, but did not change urinary excretion of AA-glucuronide and AA-sulfate. Treatments with $CCl_4,\; CdCl_2$ and TA decreased the total (biliary plus urinary) excretion of thioethers of AA(30~50% of control), suggesting that these toxicants decrease cytochrome P-450-mediated toxification of AA. However, treatments of $CdCl_2$and TA markedly enhanced the excretion of AA-mercapturate into urine. Thus, 4CdCl_2$ and TA not only influence the formation of AA-glutathione, but may also alter the excretory routes (i.e. bile and urine) for the elimination of AA-metabolite.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제10권4호
• /
• pp.182-189
• /
• 2004

To find the action mechanism of the MeOH extract (LFS) of Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis herbs (Compositae) and its active component, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (DCQA) on antihepatotoxicity, the effect was investigated on hepatic lipid perxodation and drug-metabolizing enzyme activities in acetaminophen-treated rat. Pretreatment with 250 mg/kg LFS (p.o.) and 10 mg/kg DCQA (p.o.) significantly decreased hepatic lipid peroxidation caused by acetaminophen injection. Further, LFS and DCQA inhibited hepatic microsomal enzyme activation such as hepatic P-450 cytochrome $b_5$, aniline hydroxylase and aminopyrine N-demethylase, suggesting that the two substances might effectively prevent the metabolic activation or scavenge electrophilic intermediates capable of causing hepatotoxicity. Both LFS and DCQA increased hepatic glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity, indicating that both resultantly prevented hepatotoxicity via antioxidative mechanism. Therefore, it was found that LFS had antihepatotoxicity based on the antioxidative action of DCQA.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• 제18권2호
• /
• pp.121-129
• /
• 2012

Hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract and alisol B 23-acetate of Alisma orientale were studied in acetaminophen (APAP)-treated rats. APAP increased hepatic content of lipid peroxide, which was suppressed by methanol extract and alisol B 23-acetate. The liver of rats treated with APAP had higher P-450, aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities than those of normal control rats. The increases in hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes by the i.p. injection of APAP were significantly alleviated by the administration of methanol extract or alisol B 23-acetate. The injection of APAP also resulted in a substantial reduction of hepatic glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity, and the decreases were partially, but significantly, restrained by the oral administration of methanol extract prior to the i.p. injection of APAP. Hepatic activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcystein synthetase ${\gamma}$-GCS) were also decreased significantly in APAP-treated rats. The decreases in hepatic GR and ${\gamma}$-GCS activities by APAP injection were improved partially, but significantly, with administration of methanol extract of A. orientale. Treatment with alisol B 23-acetate also improved the hepatic ${\gamma}$-GCS activity significantly, but not GR.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• 제21권5호
• /
• pp.508-513
• /
• 1998

The hepatoprotective effect of DA-9601, a quality-controlled extract of artemisisa asiatica, on liver damage induced by acetaminophen (APAP) and carbon tetrachloride ($CCI_{4}$) was investigated by means of serum-biochemical, hepatic-biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Doses of Da-9601 (10, 30, or 100 mg/kg) were administered intragastrically to each rat on three consecutive days i.e. 48 h, 24 h and 2 h before a single administration of APAP (640 mg/kg, i.p.) or $CCI_{4}$ (2 ml/kg, p.o.). Four h and 24 h after hepatotoxin treatment, the animals were sacrificed for evaluation of liver damage. Pretreatment of Da-9601 reduced the elevation of serum ALT, AST. LDH and histopathological changes such as centrilobular necrosis, vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory cell infiltration dose-dependently. Da-9601 also prevented APAP- and $CCI_{4}$-induced hepatic glutathione (GSH) depletion and $CCI_{4}$-induced increase of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), a parameter of lipid peroxidation, in a chemically induced liver injury by complex mechanisms which involve prevention of lipid peroxidation and preservation of hepatic GSH.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.988-993
• /
• 2007

The protective effect of the water extract of Fraxinus rhynchophylla leaves (FLE) was determined using an animal model of acetaminophen (AAP)-induced nephrotoxicity. The BALB/c male mice used in this study were divided into 3 groups; the normal, AAP-administered, and FLE-pretreated AAP groups. A single dose of AAP induced necrosis of renal tubules and congestion along with edema to a remarkable degree as observed by hematoxylin and eosin stain, and also increased the numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive renal tubular epithelial cells. Blood urea nitrogen and plasma creatinine levels were determined to be significantly higher in the AAP group than in the normal group. However, FLE pretreatment resulted in an attenuation of renal tubule necrosis. Regeneration and dilatation of renal tubules were noted, and the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells were reduced in the FLE-pretreated groups. In an effort to detect the bioactive compounds exerting protective effects in FLE, the analysis of phenolic compounds via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were performed, and identified esculetin and esculin. The present study indicates that these compounds may exert a protective effect against AAP-induced nephrotoxicity.

• 한국임상약학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.143-146
• /
• 1998

Acetaminophen (APAP) suppositories with active ingredients, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), Witepsol H-15 (WH), were prepared for hospital use and investigated on their drug release characteristics and pharmacokinetics. WH was employed as oil-soluble base with an aim of reducing fragility and mucosa irritancy that are common drawbacks found in PEG suppositories. Also hollow type suppository was tried as compared with conventional type suppository. Drug release tests revealed that in most formulations, more than $80\%$ of loaded APAP were released within 20 minutes, except for APAP-WH hollow type suppositories. Significant differences in the plasma concentration profile were observed among four type suppositories. $T_{max}$ of APAP-PEG and APAP-WH suppositories were 90 and 60 minutes, respectively, in hollow types. APAP-WH hollow type suppositories demonstrated fast absorption rates of APAP as compared with those of APAP-PEG suppositories. No burst effect was observed from APAP-WH suppository in contrast to APAP conventional type suppository, whereas AUCs of all the suppositories were similar. APAP-WH hollow type suppository may be an useful dosage form for hospital use.