• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.594-602
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate eating behaviors related to snack and self-purchasing snack (SPS) among elementary school children. Self-administered questionnairs were completed by 352, 5th and 6th grade elementary school students living in 3 different regions which included apartment region in Bundangn, Sungnam (apartment group, n=116), residences in Seodaemun-Gu and Mapo-Gu, Seoul (kang-buk group, n=103) and residence in industrial region in Sungnam (industry group, n=133). The results were as follows: A significantly higher proportion (64.7%) of the apartment group had breakfast every morning than those of kang-buk (48.6%) or industry (52.1%) group (p<0.01). As for the frequency rate of snack and self-purchasing snack (SPS), 53.9% of the subjects answered taking snack more than once per day, 22.8%, once for few days and 23.3%, almost not. However, 15.5% of the subject had SPS once or more per day, 30.7%, 1-2 times per week and 22.4%, almost not. Those of apartment group showed significantly lower SPS frequencies (p<0.01), since higher proportions answered having SPS 1-2times per week (40.9%) and almost not (31.3%) compared to other groups. The reasons for having SPS turned out to be 'hunger' 54.7%, 'being habitual', 15.9%, 'bing bored', 15.7% and 'with peers' 13.7%. When subjects selected SPS foods, they considered taste (31.5%), price (23.0%), mood at the time (14.1%), sanitorial aspect (10.2%) and quantity (10.1%) rather than nutritional aspect (7.2%). Subjects' pocket money was estimated as 3736 won per week and SPS expense per time as 706 won. But subjects who spent more than 2000 won for SPS expense were significantly higher (33.0%) in apartment group than those of other groups (p<0.01). The favorite snack items that subjects having at home were fruit, ice cream, milk and yoghurt, cookies, ramen and bread in order. And favorite SPS items turned out to be ice cream, cookies, duckbokki, frozen bars, gum, chocholate and candy in order. The frequency rate of SPS were evaluated to be significantly related by several variables: those living in apartment area (p<0.01), those taking breakfast regularly (p<0.01), those of normal weight status by Rohrer index (p<0.05) and those receiving less pocket money (p<0.01) showed lower SPS frequency rate.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.133-137
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• 2013

This study aimed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and nitrite/nitrate ($NO_x$) in serum of dogs experimentally infected with Rangelia vitalii. Twelve female mongrel dogs were divided into 2 groups; group A (uninfected controls) composed by healthy dogs (n=5) and group B consisting of dogs inoculated with R. vitalii (n=7). Animals were monitored by blood smear examinations, which showed intraerythrocytic forms of the parasite on day 5 post-infection (PI). Blood samples were collected through the jugular vein on days 0, 10, and 20 PI to determine the serum levels of IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1, IL-6, and $NO_x$. Cytokines were assessed by ELISA quantitative sandwich technique, and $NO_x$ was measured by the modified Griess method. Cytokine levels (IFN-${\gamma}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-1, and IL-6) were increased (P<0.01) in serum of infected animals. Serum levels of $NO_x$ were also increased on days 10 PI (P<0.01) and 20 PI (P<0.05) in infected animals. Therefore, the infection with R. vitalii causes an increase in proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide content. These alterations may be associated with host immune protection against the parasite.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.463-471
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• 2018

The present paper deals with the liquid-liquid extraction and flat sheet supported liquid membrane studies of Pd(II) separation from nitric acid medium using a novel synthesized ligand, namely, N,N,N',N'-tetraethyl-2,2-thiodiethanthiodiglycolamide (TETEDGA). The effect of various diluents and stripping reagents on the extraction of Pd(II) was studied. The liquid-liquid extraction studies showed complete extraction of Pd(II) in ~ 5 min. The influence of nitric acid and TETEDGA concentration on the distribution of Pd(II) has been investigated. The increase in nitric acid concentration resulted in increase in extraction of Pd(II). Stoichiometry of the extracted species was found to be $Pd(NO_3)_2{\cdot}TETEDGA$ by slope analysis method. Extraction studies with SSCD solution showed negligible uptake of Pt, Cr, Ni, and Fe, thus showing very high selectivity and extractability of TETEDGA for Pd(II). The flat sheet supported liquid membrane studies showed quantitative transport of Pd(II), ~99%, from the feed ($3M\;HNO_3$) to the strippant (0.02 M thiourea diluted in $0.4M\;HNO_3$) using 0.01 M TETEDGA as a carrier diluted in n-dodecane. Extraction time was ~160 min. Parameters such as feed acidity, TETEDGA concentration in membrane phase, membrane porosity etc. were optimized to achieve maximum transport rate. Permeability coefficient value of $2.66{\times}10^{-3}cm/s$ was observed using TETEDGA (0.01 M) as carrier, at 3 M, $HNO_3$ feed acidity across $0.2{\mu}m$ PTFE as membrane. The membrane was found to be stable over five runs of the operation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.516-530
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• 1989

A 44-day metabolic study was conducted to compare the effects of soy protein and meat protein on N, Ca, P, and Mg metabolism in young Korean males. Meat protein diet(MPD) and soy protin diet(SPD) were provided for 3 weeks each. For MPD, meat protein Supplied 50.3% of total protein and mean daily suplies of Ca, P, and Mg were 33.28mg, 1013.01mg, 226.81mg respectively. For SPD, soy protein supplied 51.8% of total protein and mean contents of Ca, P and Mg were 737.86mg, 1261.76mg, and 451.3mg. Mean daily fecal and urinary excretions of Ca were 350.6mg and 113.3mg for MPD and 515.0mg and 118.3mg for SPD. Apparent absorption rates in MPD and SPD were 4.2mg in MPD and 700.4mg and 475.1mg SPD. Apparent absorption rates were 65.6% in MPD and 44.5% in SPD(p<0.01). For Mg, fecal and urinary excretions were 144.8mg and 81.2mg in MPD and 292.4mg and 65.5mg in SPD. Apparent absorption rates were 37.5% in MPD and 35.2% in SPD. The correlations between urinary Ca, P, and their balance were significant (p<0.001) in MPD, but not in SPD. Urinary Ca was significantly correlated with urinary N, P, Mg(p<0.001) in MPD, but not in SPD. From these results, meat protein seems to increase the excretions of major minerals compared to soy protein.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.513-519
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• 2012

Aged garlic extract (AGE) is known to have a protective effect against immune system, endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammation. We examined the effects of exercise with and without aged garlic extract administration on body weight, lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress marker in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Forty-five Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a HFD (HFD, n = 40) or a normal diet (ND, n = 5) for 6 weeks and thereafter randomized into ND (n = 5), HFD (n = 10), HFD with AGE (n = 10), HFD with Exercise (n = 10), or HFD with Exercise+AGE (n = 10) for 4 weeks. AGE groups were administered at a dose of 2.86 g/kg body weight, orally. Exercise consisted of running 15-60 min 5 days/week with gradually increasing intensity. AGE (P<0.01), Exercise, and Exercise+AGE (P<0.001) attenuated body weight gain and food efficiency ratio compared to HFD. Visceral fat and liver weight gain were attenuated (P<0.05) with all three interventions with a greater effect on visceral fat in the Exercise+AGE than AGE (P<0.001). In reducing visceral fat (P<0.001), epididymal fat (P<0.01) and liver weight (P<0.001), Exercise+AGE was effective, but exercise showed a stronger suppressive effect than AGE. Exercise+AGE showed further additive effects on reducing visceral fat and liver weight (P<0.001). AGE significantly attenuated the increase in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol compared with HFD (P<0.05). Exercise+AGE attenuated the increase in triglycerides compared with HFD (P<0.05). Exercise group significantly decrease in C-reactive protein (P<0.001). These results suggest that AGE supplementation and exercise alone have anti-obesity, cholesterol lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects, but the combined intervention is more effective in reducing weight gain and triglycerides levels than either intervention alone.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2016

수면무호흡-저호흡를 가지고 있는 환자에서 과도한 주간졸음증의 표현형과 혈압 사이의 관계를 조사하고자 한다. 환자는 수면 다원검사 결과에 따른 무호흡-저호흡지수가 5미만인 그룹은 코골이 그룹(n=108), 5~15 사이는 경도 무호흡 그룹(n=186), 15~30 사이는 중증도 무호흡 그룹(n=179), 30 이상인 그룹은 중증 무호흡 그룹(n=233)으로 나누었다. 혈압 측정은 검사 시작 전과 후에 똑바로 누운 자세에서 3분 간격으로 2회 측정 후 평균값으로 야간 혈압과 아침 혈압을 측정하였다. 주간졸음증군과 비주간졸음증군의 수면 파라미터와 혈압과의 상관관계를 측정하였다. 수면 파리미터와 혈압과의 이변량 상관관계에서 평균 동맥혈압과 체질량지수, 무호흡-저호흡지수, 총 각성지수는 양의 상관관계로 나타났고(r=0.099, r=0.142, r=0.135, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01), 최저산소포화도는 음의 상관관계로 나타났다(r=-0.258, p<0.01). 주간졸음증군은 비주간졸음증군에 비해 나이가 어리고($47.2{\pm}11.3$ vs $50.3{\pm}11.4$, p=0.023), 이완기 혈압이 높고(야간 이완기혈압과 아침 이완기혈압, $83.1{\pm}9.7$ vs $81.4{\pm}8.8$, $86.4{\pm}9.2$ vs $83.6{\pm}9.7$)(p=0.031, p=0.047), 수축기혈압도 높았다(야간 수축기혈압, 아침 수축기혈압, $126.7{\pm}11.2$ vs $123.4{\pm}12.4$, $128.9{\pm}12.4$ vs $125.3{\pm}12.9$)(p=0.021, p=0.021). 무호흡-저호흡를 가지고 있으면서 고혈압이 있고, 주간졸음증을 함께 가지고 있는 그룹은 그렇지 않은 그룹에 비해 나이가 어리고, 총 각성숫자가 높고, 아침과 야간 수축기 및 이완기혈압이 높았다(p<0.005, p=0.008, p<0.001, p<0.001). 결론적으로 주간졸음증의 표현형은 나이가 어리고, 아침 및 야간 수축기혈압과 이완기혈압이 높고, 수면 중 산소포화도가 더 떨어졌다.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제39권6호
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• pp.362-371
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• 2009

본 연구는 상악전방견인장치 또는 이모장치 치료 후 고정식 교정장치로 치료 받은 III급 부정교합 환자의 치료효과에 대한 종단적 비교를 위해 시행되었다. 상악전방견인 치료 또는 이모장치 치료 전의 골격 및 치아 유형이 유사하며 고정식 교정치료 후 좋은 유지결과(I급 구치/견치 관계 및 양의 수직/수평피개)를 보이는 21명의 환자(1군, 상악전방견인장치, 11명; 2군, 이모장치, 10명)를 대상으로 하였다. 상악전방견인 치료 또는 이모장치 치료 전(T0)과 후(T1), 고정식 교정치료 후 유지기간(T2)에 측모두부방사선사진을 촬영하여 골격 및 치아에 대한 계측치를 이용하였다. 통계적 분석을 위해 비모수 검정법(Mann-Whitney U-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test)을 이용하였다. 악정형 치료 시기(T0-T1)에, 1군에서는 상악골의 전방 이동 (point A, p < 0.05), 상악 전치의 순측경사 (p < 0.01) 및 수평피개의 증가 (p < 0.01)가 보였다. 하악골은 1군과 2군 모두에서 후방 위치를 보였다 (SNB, Pog-N perp, ANB, p < 0.01). 1군에서는 수직고경의 증가 (SN-GoGn, ANS-Me/N-Me, Bjork sum, p < 0.01)가 나타난 반면에, 2군에서는 articular angle의 증가 (p < 0.05)와 gonial angle의 감소 (p < 0.01)가 보였다. 고정식 교정치료 및 유지기간(T1-T2)에, 1군과 2군 모두는 상악골의 전방성장 (point A, p < 0.05)을 보였다. 한편 1군은 하악골의 전방성장 (Pog-N perp, p < 0.01) 및 반시계방향 회전 (SN- GoGn, Bjork sum, p < 0.05)과 하악 전치의 순측경사 (IMPA, p < 0.05)를 나타냈으며, 2군은 ANS-Me/N-Me의 증가 (p < 0.01)와 수직피개의 감소 (p < 0.05)를 보였다. 비록 상악전방견인 치료와 이모장치 치료의 골격 및 치성적 효과가 서로 차이가 있을지라도, 이 두 치료법으로 인한 결과가 장기간 안정적으로 유지되기 위해서 하악골의 회전 및 성장에 맞추어 상악골의 지속적인 전방성장이 필요한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국간담췌외과학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2024

Backgrounds/Aims: Double duct sign (DDS) (dilated common bile and pancreatic duct) is synonymous with pancreatic head/peri-ampullary tumor (PHPAT). There is limited evidence on whether incidental DDS (I-DDS) is associated with an increased risk of malignancy. This study aimed to evaluate 5-year outcomes of I-DDS. Methods: Patients were categorized according to their risk of malignancy. 'Low-risk' patients, including those with I-DDS between 2010 and 2015, were analyzed in this study. The primary outcome was incidence of PHPAT within five years of identification of DDS. Histology results from endoscopic ultrasound-guided biopsy were considered diagnostic. Secondary outcomes were incidence of benign causes, extent of follow-up investigations, and clinical indicators of malignancy in patients with DDS. Results: Among 103 patients with DDS, 20 had I-DDS. Subsequent follow-up of these 20 patients found no patient with PHPAT, two (10%) patients with chronic pancreatitis, and 18 (90%) patients with no cause found. The median follow-up duration for 'low-risk' patients was 7.3 years (range, 6-11 years). The mean number of follow-up investigations per patient was two (range, 0-9). Investigations included computed tomography (n = 27), magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (n = 23), endoscopy (n = 16), and ultrasound (n = 14). Patients with jaundice were more likely to have malignancy (p < 0.01). Those with abdominal pain were more likely to have a benign cause (p < 0.01). Hyperbilirubinemia and/or deranged liver enzymes and raised CA19-9 were more likely to be associated with PHPAT (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Patients with I-DDS have a low risk of developing PHPAT within five years.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2010

한국인의 주류 섭취로 인한 중금속 위해 영향 여부를 파악하기 위하여 국내산 및 수입산 주류를 대상으로 납, 카드뮴, 비소 및 수은을 분석하고, 일일식품섭취량을 고려하여 이 들 식품 섭취에 대한 위해 평가를 수행하였다. 시료 분석결과로 발효주류 중 납 함량은(${\mu}g/kg$) 11.1(N.D~66.5), 카드뮴 7.6(N.D~47.1), 비소 24.6(1~140.0), 수은 $0.7\;{\pm}\;1.2$(N.D~10.6), 증류주류 중 납 함량은(${\mu}g/kg$) 9.1(N.D~33.4), 카드뮴 1.8(N.D~19.6), 비소 14.9(N.D~209.7), 수은 0.3(N.D~2.3)이었으며 기타주류 중 납 함량은(${\mu}g/kg$) 14.0(N.D~37.8), 카드뮴 10.3(0.6~17.4), 비소 33.6(0.5~103.3), 수은 0.3(0.1~0.5)이었다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 탁주, 약주, 청주, 맥주, 과실주, 소주, 위스키, 브랜디, 일반증류주, 리큐르, 기타주류 중 중금속 함량은 국내 외 문헌들과 유사하거나 낮게 확인 되었으며, 식품별 1일섭취량을 고려한 납, 카드뮴, 비소 및 수은의 주간섭취량은 FAO/WHO의 PTWI와 비교할 때 각각 0.03%, 0.06%, 0.01%, 0.01%이하로 안전한 수준으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2009

The objective was to determine the effects of supplementation of protected conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), CLA-20 comprising 10% each of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12, on milk production and fatty acid profiles in plasma and milk in lactating dairy cows. Five mid-lactation, multiparous crossbred Holstein Friesian cows with average 402${\pm}$20 kg BW were used in a 5${\times}$5 Latin square design for 21-d periods. Cows were given a total mixed ration (TMR) and supplemented with CLA-20 at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 160 g/d. The results showed that dry matter intake depression occurred in cows supplemented with CLA-20 at 160 g/d. Milk production slightly increased when CLA-20 supplementation was at 20, 40 and 80 g/d. However, 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) was not affected by CLA-20 supplementation. Increased levels of CLA-20 supplementation resulted in a significantly decreased percentage of milk fat. Plasma concentrations of fatty acid were not altered by the amounts of CLA-20 supplementation except for the concentration of trans-10, cis-12 CLA. For all dietary treatments, percentages of fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C13:0, C14:0 C14:1 C15:0 C15:1 C16:0, C16:1, C18:1n9t, C18:2n6t, C18:2n6c, C20:0, C18:3n6, C18:3n3, C20:1 and C20:3n6) in milk fat were similar. Concentrations of C10:0, C11:0, C12:0 and C18:1n9c were decreased cubically and C18:0 was elevated linearly (p<0.01) according to the increased amounts of CLA-20 supplemented. The linear increase was observed for cis-9, trans-11 CLA (0.62, 1.17, 1.94, 1.87 and 1.82% of total fatty acid), trans-10, cis-12 CLA (0.01, 0.63, 0.67, 0.93 and 0.95% of total fatty acid) and total CLA (0.80, 2.25, 3.16, 3.97 and 3.94% of total fatty acid) in milk fat from 0 to 160 g/d of CLA-20 supplement. In conclusion, concentration of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was concomitantly elevated at an increasing rate with the increased amounts of CLA-20. Based on the results in this study, supplementation of CLA-20 at 80 g/d optimally enhanced total CLA in milk fat.