• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.478-482
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• 2000

Whole cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) crop was harvested about 10-15 cm above ground at 3 months after planting and sun dried for 1-3 days or until the leaves were crispy-dried and the branches and stems were mostly wilted to produce cassava hay. Cassava hay (CH) contained 86.3% DM, 8.9% ash, 23.6% CP, 44.3% NDF, 30.0% ADF, 5.8% ADL, 0.257% condensed tannin and 0.35 mg % HCN, respectively. In addition, CH contained relatively higher amino acid than alfalfa hay especially methionine, isoleucine, leucine and lysine. Ruminal fermentation of CH resulted in high concentrations of $C_2$, $C_3$, and $C_4$ at 72, 17 and 7 mol/100 mole, respectively. A feeding trial was conducted to study on effect of feeding of cassava hay in late lactating dairy cows fed on urea-treated rice straw during the dry season on their intake, ruminal pH, $NH_3$-N, milk yield and compositions. Thirty, Holstein-Friesian crossbred cows in their first lactation were randomly assigned in a randomized complete block design to receive five different dietary treatments: T1=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2, T2=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:2+0.56 kg DM, T3=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:3+1.3 kg DM CH, T4=supplementation of concentrate to milk yield at 1:4+1.70 kg DM CH, T5=CH fed on ad libitum+small concentrate supplement. All cows received urea-treated rice straw as a roughage source throughout a 80 d feeding trial. The experiment revealed that cassava hay contained high level of protein and minimal level of tannin at 3 months of harvest. Tannin intake ranged from 1.44 to 13.36 g/hd/d and did not affect on urea-treated rice straw intake. Milk yield across treatments were similar (5.4-6.3 kg/hd/d) (p>0.05) but 3.5% FCM was highest in cows received CH at 1.70 kg/hd/d. Feeding of cassava hay resulted in increasing milk fat (4.0 to 4.6%) (p<0.05) and milk protein (3.8 to 5.3%) (p<0.05). Moreover, the use of CH could reduce concentrate supplementation to milk yield from 1:2 to 1:4, respectively, thus resulted in more milk income return.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 1992

Tom coagulated with $CaCl_2$ was used to make high-Ca soy milk, named tofu milk. Physicochemical analysis of regular soy milk and tofu milk adjusted at various pH and/or heat-treated was carried out. Unheated and heat treated tofu milk kept stable conoldal state at pH 8. The solubility of soy milk was low at pH 4 but increased gradually at higher pH, while mat of tofu milk was almost unchanged between pH 4 and pH 7 but increased rapid1y above pH 8. At pH 8, the viscosity of tofu milk was almost the same as soy milk, while mat of heat-heated tofu milk was much higher man that of soy milk. Especially, steamed tofu milk seemed to be a thick paste unable to drink, but autoclaved tofu milk was suitable to drink. Phytic acid content of tofu milk was somewhat lower man mat of soy milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.663-670
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• 2008

The effect of supplementing the diet of grazing dairy cows with fish oil (FO) and linseed oil (LSO) on milk conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was investigated. Sixteen Holstein cows (17019 DIM) were assigned into two groups and fed a grain supplement (8.0 kg/d; DM basis) containing 800 g of saturated animal fat (CONT) or 200 g FO and 600 g LSO (FOLSO). All cows grazed together on Sudan grass pasture ad libitum and were fed the treatment diets for 3 wks. Cows were milked twice a day and milk samples were collected during the last three days of the trial. Milk production (24.89 and 22.45 kg/d), milk protein percentage (2.76 and 2.82) and milk protein yield (0.68 and 0.64 kg/d) for the CONT and FOLSO diets, respectively, were not affected (p>0.05) by treatment diets. Milk fat percentage (3.90 and 2.86) and milk fat yield (0.97 and 0.64 kg/d) were lower (p<0.05) with the FOLSO diet compared with the CONT diet. The concentration and yield of milk cis-9 trans-11 CLA were higher (p<0.05) with the FOLSO diet (2.56% of total FA and 16.44 g/d, respectively) than the CONT diet (0.66% of total FA and 6.44 g/d, respectively). The concentrations of milk trans C18:1 and vaccenic acid (VA) were higher (p<0.05) with the FOLSO diet (13.53 and 7.48% of total FA, respectively) than the CONT diet (3.69 and 2.27% of total FA, respectively). In conclusion, supplementing the diet of grazing cows with FO and LSO increased milk cis-9 trans-11 CLA content but reduced milk fat content and yield.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.80-84
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• 1997

This study was conducted from April 11, 1996 to May 12, 1996 in Taegu and its vicinities. The purpose of this study was to determine storage conditions of pasteurized fluid milk at retail food establishments. The results are summarized as follows 1. 12(9.5%) out of 126 retail food establishments displayed out dated fluid milk. In a county, more out dated fluid milk(18.2%) were found in retail food establishments in town area eup than those (2.5%) in township area myeon.(P<0.05) 2. 47(37.3%) retail food establishments stored fluid milk below 10$\circ$C, and 79(62.7%) stored them above 10$\circ$C. 3. Only 18(14.3%) refrigerators out of 126 had thermometers to check temperature of a refrigerator. 4. Coliform bacteria were isolated from 3(2.4%) out of 126 fluid milk samples.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1433-1439
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the vitamin A intake of exclusively breast-fed infants and to compare the value with the Recommended Dietary Allollwances(BDA) for Korean infants. We examined retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene contents of breast milk in 32 lactating women by HPLC analysis and also the consumed volume of the milk of their infants by the test-weighing method during the first 5 months of lactation. Total vitamin A contents of the milk shelved 67.3, 56.5, 51.2, 45.2, 39.0 and 34.lR.E./100m1 at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 months of lactation respectively. Vitamin A intake of breast-fed infants were 320, 371, 368, 325, 292 and 251R.E/day during the five-month nursing period. Vitamin A intake per body weight of breast-fed infants was measured at 86.4, 79.8, 63.6, 49.1, 40.0 and 31.9R.E/kg/day. Body weight gain of infants was not affected by the vitamin A intake from the milk during the lactation. We conclude that breast-fed infants most likely receives vitamin A from the milk adequately compared with the RDA for Korean infants. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1433-1439, 1998)

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.77-89
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• 1993

Effects of fermented milk were tested in Sprague-Dawley male rats. In six treatment 150 rats were fed for 12 months: (1) normal control synthetic pellets+water, (2) cholesterol control synthetic pellets containing 1% of cholesterol and 500, 000 IU of vitamin D2/100 g (cholesterol pellets) +water, (3) cholesterol pellets+25% fermented milk, (4) cholesterol pellets+50% fermented milk, (5) cholesterol pellets+75% fermented milk, (6) cholesterol pellets+100% fermented milk. In 3, 6, 9, 12 months, rats were sacrificed for analysis of samples. Rats received the fermented milk had significantly lower (p<0.05) serum cholesterol levels and higher ratios of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol than did the water fed rats. Stomach, heart, abdominal aorta and kidney of rat from fermented milk group showed slighter calcification or necrosis than did those of rat from cholesterol control group. Weight gain, diet intake, and drink consumption were significantly different among groups. Results indicate that fermented milk had a helpful effect of experimental hypercholesteremia and atherosclerosis.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine if Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) variables predict soy milk intake in a sample of WIC participants in 2 Illinois counties (n = 380). A cross-sectional survey was used, which examined soy foods intake, behavioral beliefs, subjective norms, motivation, and intention. Soy product intake was low at both sites, and many participants (40%) did not know that soy milk was WIC approved. Most (> 70%) wanted to comply with their health care providers, but didn't know their opinions about soy milk (50-66%). Intention was significantly correlated with intake (0.507, P ${\leq}$ 0.01; 0.308, P ${\leq}$ 0.05). Environmental beliefs (0.282 and 0.410, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) and expectancy beliefs (0.490 and 0.636, P ${\leq}$ 0.01) were correlated with intention. At site 1, 30% of the variance in intention to consume soy milk was explained by expectancy beliefs and subjective norm beliefs (P < 0.0001); at site 2, 40% of the variance in intention was explained by expectancy beliefs. The TPB variables of expectancy beliefs predicted intention to consume soy milk in WIC participants. Therefore, knowing more about the health benefits of soy and how to cook with soy milk would increase WIC participants' intention to consume soy milk. Positive messages about soy milk from health care providers could influence intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.585-589
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• 1999

Six crossbred goats in their 2nd or 3rd lactation, were administered bromocryptine at 5 mg/day during early lactation of 15-20 days (period I) and thereafter again at an interval of 13 days, bromocryptine was given for 5 days (period II). Blood samples were collected before (-5, -4, -3, -2, -1) during (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) and after (+1, +2, +3, +4, +5) administration of bromocryptine in both the periods of study. In period I, administration of bromocryptine resulted in a decrease in milk yield to the extent of 16..8% in comparison to before treatment, and 28.5% after the cessation of treatment. The glucose content of blood increased (p<0.01) as the milk yield decreased without any change in NEFA concentration. During period II of bromocryptine treatment the milk yields did not change in spite of a decline in prolactin level, perhaps the effect of previous treatment was prolonged. A decline in protein and lactose content of milk after bromocryptine treatment in both the periods of study, when prolactin level also declined suggests a role of prolactin in protein synthesis and also a depressing effect on lactose synthesis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.855-861
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• 1995

The longitudinal change of vitamin A concentration and secretion in transitional milk of 32 Korean lactating wormen and vitamin A intake of infants were studied 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum. Retinol concentration of the milk averaged 93.6$\pm$47.1, 80.1$\pm$41.6 and 66.7$\pm$33.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml at 7, 10 and 15 days postpartum respectively and showed decreasing trend in total mothers. $\beta$-carotene concentration showed similar decreasing trend averaged 13.4$\pm$10.6, 8.2$\pm$4.6 and 5.3$\pm$3.4$\mu\textrm{g}$/100ml respectively. Vitamin A concentration decreased with the respective amount of 94.9$\pm$47.1, 80.5$\pm$41.5 and 67.3$\pm$33.0 R.E../100ml during the lactation. The average vitamin A secretion in the milk of all mothers appeared 410.0 R.E/day. Vitamin A secretion of multiparae (450.1 R.E./100ml) appeared not significantly higher than those of primiparae(370.0 R.E./100ml). The average vitamin A intake of infants in the milk averaged 333.7 R.E./day and was 95.3% of RDA for infants. Vitamin A intake per body weight of infants in the milk averaged 110.6, 91.9 and 79.2 R.E./kg/day respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1455-1459
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• 2003

A $2{\times}3$ factorial design was used to study the impact of rearing systems, individual (I) vs. group (G) and different levels of milk/skim milk feeding (three schedules, F1, F2 and F3) on performance of crossbred (Bos indicus ${\times}$ Bos taurus) calves. Six calves (three from each sex) were taken in each group on the basis of their birth weight. All the calves were fed colostrum for three days and thereafter, were allotted to three different milk feeding schedules (F), i.e. milk fed upto 8 weeks of age (F1), milk upto 4 weeks followed by 50% (F2) and 100% (F3) replacement of milk with skim milk in the next 4 weeks. Calf starter and cereal green fodder were fed ad libitum to all the calves beginning from second week of age. A digestibility trial was conducted at 15th week of age to assess nutrient utilization during postweaning period. The digestibilty of dry matter (DM), organic matter, total carbohydrate, ether extract and crude protein (CP) were nonsignificant between the rearing systems and the feeding schedules. There was significantly higher digestibility of NDF and ADF in G than I and in F3 than F1 and F2. The concentration CP and total digestible nutrients of the diet ranged from 17.18 to 17.75% and 66.32 to 70.14%, respectively. The DM intake (kg/100 kg body weight) ranged from 1.74 to 2.14 kg during 0 to 8 weeks and 3.19 to 3.41 kg during 0 to 14 weeks of age. The effects during postweaning phase (9-14 weeks of age) showed increased performance in group housed calves compared to individually housed ones with a superior average daily gain (590 vs. 443 g) and dry matter intake (1.79 vs. 1.64 kg). Above all, replacement of milk with skim milk at 50% level after 4th week followed by complete removal after 6th week of age (F2) seemed to suit better in coping with immediate energy starvation due to sole feeding of skim milk (F3) and they performed the best under group housed system of rearing.