• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.261-269
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• 1994

One hundred and ninety two isolates of Armillaria were obtained from mycelial fans on infected hosts, rhizomorphs, and single basidiospores or trauma tissue of fruiting bodies. Mating tests showed that two of these isolates were A. mellea, eight were A. tabescens, 20 were A. ostoyae, and 162 were A. gallica. Armillaria ostoyae was mainly isolated from Pinus koraiensis and Qurecus spp., A. tabescens from fruiting bodies on Pinus densiflora and Qurecus spp., and A. gallica from many tree species but not Pinus koraiensis. Armillaria mellea, A. gallica, A. ostoyae and A. tabescens showed distinct protein banding patterns. Mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation was good on basal medium with ethanol added. A. gallica and A. mellea formed many rhizomorphs, but A. ostoyae did not. A. gallica showed the best rhizomorph formation on media with tannic acid and ethanol, but a. mellea formed the most rhizomorphs on gallic acid. Rhizomorphs showed monopodial branching for A. gallica and dichotomous branching for A. ostoyae. Fruiting bodies. formed in the laboratory on sawdust media most abundantly by A. tabescens. In nature, fruit body formation by A. tabescens was from early to mid August. A. ostoyae and A. gallica fruit bodies were formed from early August to late October. While there are common names in Korea for A. mellea and A. tabescens, such as mulberry mushroom relative, no common names are available for A. gallica and A. ostoyae. Therefore, we refer to a. gallica as the Gastrodia mushroom because it has been used to produce Gastrodia and A. ostoyae as the Korean pine mushroom because it is frequently found as mushrooms on Korean pine.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.1 s.80
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• pp.46-67
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• 1997

From 1985 to 1993, we collected 20 isolates throughout Kangwon and obtained 6 isolates from other sources. A. mellea formed rhizomorph actively, and some of A. osroyae were poor in the formation of rhizomorph and some without formation of rhizomorph. A. tabescens was active in the growth of aerial mycelium and poor in the development of rhizomorph. In A. gallica, the mycelium development among the isolates were variable greatly, and especially in isolate A8(KNU-250), the mycelial development was similar to that of A. osroyae, but A8(KNU-250) showed the feature of A. gallica to change medium into brown color. In PCR-RFLP analysis of the IGS region in rDNA, the homology between each isolate in the A. mellea and A. ostoyae showed 100% homology. A. tabescens showed $0.919{\sim}0.974$ homology, and A. gallica showed $0.619{\sim}1.000$ homology. A19 and A12 showed 100% homology as the same group, but compared with other subgroups they showed less than 10% homology as $0.051{\sim}0.108$ value. In RAPD analyses, the isolates of A. mellea showed high homology among themselves as $0.983{\sim}1.000$, and A. ostoyae also showed high similarity. The homology between isolates of A. tabescens showed $0.594{\sim}0.953$ value because A. gallica showed $0.280{\sim}0.733$ value, and the variations between isolates were greater than other species. Especially, A19 and A22 were identified as new novel group which were remoted from other groups, and the homology between these two isolates showed 0.921 value, and the genetic similarity between these groups and other 4 groups showed less than 7% as $0.012{\sim}0.069$ value. Of 5 species identified in this study, 4 species were identified as A. mellea, A. ostoyae, A. tabescens, and A. gallica that were already reported ones and 1 species was suggested as a new specie in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.2 s.73
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• pp.176-189
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• 1995

For the development of antibiotics from Korean mushrooms, the biological activities of extracts from 98 species of mushrooms and from 25 mushrooms were tested against 9 different Gram-negative bacteria and 8 fungi, respectively. Fruiting bodies of each mushrooms were extracted with petroleum ether (P), 80% ethanol (E), and distilled water (H) in that order. P, E, or H extracts from 20 mushroom samples exhibited the antibacterial activity against 8 different Gram-negative bacteria containing Klebsiella pneumoniae, selectively. Among the mushroom extracts with antibiotic activity, E extracts of Boletus umbriniporus, Armillariella tabescens, Rhodophyllus sinuatus, and Suillus luteus showed various antibiotic activities against several bacteria. E extracts of Abortiporus biennis, Phellinus gilvus, and Polyporus dispansus are highly active against Salmonella typhi and their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was all $10\;{\mu}g/ml$. E extract of Armillariella tabescens showed the antifungal activity against Trichopyton mentagrophytes, and its MIC was $300\;{\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.143-149
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• 2012

Armillaria spp are well known as a symbiotic fungus with Gastrodia elata. This study was carried out to identify and analyze the genetic relationships among 83 strains of Armillaria spp.. The amplified internal transcribed spacer(ITS) region of the rDNA was about 500~750 bp long and identified by 9 strains; A. mellea, A. tabescens, A. ostoyae, A. gallica, A. novae-zenlandia, A. cepistipes, A. nabsnona, A. gemina, A. sinapina. Sequence analysis showed that 52% of strains were different with original identification. A. gallica, A. cepistipes and A. gemina were so close phylogenetic relationship, that was difficult to classify using ITS region. In A. gallica, 12 strains including ASI10104 were showed a close phylogenetic relationship with A. gallica, A. cepistipes and A. gemina. ASI10017 and ASI10114 were classified as the A. sinapina group, ASI10045 was the A. borealis group, ASI10002 and ASI10025 were the A. ostoyae group. So more studies need for more accurate identification and determine the phylogenetic relationships of Armillaria spp.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.23 no.1 s.72
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• pp.61-70
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• 1995

The genus Armillaria is important because they produce Gastrodia tubers. Seventy two isolates of Armillaria were obtained from fruit bodies grown on decayed wood in Korea. Twenty four isolates from Pinus koraiensis were identified as A. ostoyae. Two isolates from G. elata growing in the field were identified as A. mellea. Seven isolates from Acer ginnala and Quercus spp. were identified as A. tabescens. Thirty nine isolates were identified as A. gallica. Armillaria gallica was isolated from Quercus spp., Ainus japonica, Vitis amurensis and Prunus sargentii. Armillaria spp. isolates were divided into four groups based on the cultural characteristics. Group II (A. gallica KNU-A110) was better than the other groups for mycelial growth and rhizomorph formation. Isolate KNU-A110 proved to be good for production of G. elata tubers. This fungus forms mycelial fan in the plant tissue and rhizomorphs in contact with G. elata tubers. Gastrodia spp. was found in thirteen sites in Kangweon province in Korea. The plants were divided into three different kinds based on stem color. Plants with stems of brownish orange and greyish yellow were identified as G. elata, and those with greyish green colored stems were identified as G. gracilis. Gastrodia was collected mainly from humus soils rich in leaf debris, and slopes facing south from mid-May to mid-July. Once the new tubers are formed from the ancestry tuber, the ancestry tuber begins to decay. The offspring tuber, apparently gaining nutrients through rhizomorphs, begins to grow in length and slowly to enlarge. It takes three years for the offspring tuber to become ancestry tuber.