• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 1980

To determine the optimum harvest time of recent rice varieties from Indica/Japonica remote crosses, leading varieties Suweon 264 and Milyang 23 were tested for the changes in dry matter weight and moisture content of grain, shattering, shelling ratio, milling ratio, and apparant physical quality during grain development at 5 day-intervals from 20 days to 55 days after heading. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Grain weight (dry matter) reached its maximum (physiological maturity) at 30 days after flowering (DAF) in Suweon 264, and at 35 days in Milyang 23, and thereafter it did not change significantly until 55 DAF. 2. Time course of decrease in grain moisture content (Y, %) during maturation (X, DAF) consisted of two linear phases, i.e. a fast and a slow period: Y=68.245-1.33X until 34DAF, and Y=23.025-0.470X until 55DAF after 34DAF in Suweon 264; Y=73.62-1.634X until 24.5DAF, and Y=33.59-0.570X until 55DAF after 24.5DAF in Milyang 23. Two varieties showed the same grain moisture content of 28% (wet basis) at physiological maturity in spite of the distinct differences in the heading date, time of physiological maturity and thereby ripening climate. 3. Force to shatter a grain ranged about 90 to 100g in Milyang 23, and about 200 to 250g in Suweon 264 and in a Japonica variety, Jinheung. The force, however, did not change significantly with harvest time from 35DAF to 50DAF. 4. The changes in the ratios of shelling, milling, broken rice and tinted rice with harvest time were insignificant during a period from 35DAF to 55DAF. However, ratios of green rice and white belly rice decreased significantly with delay in harvest time during 10 days after physiological maturity. 5. The best time of harvest for maximum yield and good quality is thought to be 10 days after physiological maturity, and grain moisture content at this time was about 20% on wet basis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 2014

Thai Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa, long grain Indica var.) is popular in southeastern Asia and China due to its non-glutinous, fluffy texture and fragrant smell. However it has a high starch digestibility, which leads to an increased glycemic index (GI). Therefore it may require modified cooking methods for diabetes patients. The objectives of this study were to optimize the ratio of Thai Jasmine rice, sea tangle, and olive oil (CLTR) based on consumers' acceptance. The GI of plain cooked Thai Jasmine rice (CLR) was measured as a control. Sensory evaluation and response surface methodology were used to determine the optimal ratio. Texture analysis and nutritional evaluation were also performed on the optimal recipe of cooked Jasmine rice with sea tangle. A multiple regression equation was developed in quadratic canonical polynomial models. We used 26 trained Chinese panelists in their forties to rate color, flavor, adhesiveness, and glossiness, which we determined were highly correlated with overall acceptability. The optimal CLTR formula was 34.8% rice, 2.8% sea tangle, 61.9% water, and 0.5% olive oil. Compared to CLR, CLTR had a lower hardness, but a higher springiness and cohesiveness. However, CLR and CLTR had the same adhesiveness and chewiness. The addition of sea tangle and olive oil delayed retro-gradation of starch in CLTR and increased total dietary fiber, and protein and ash contents. The degree of gelatinization, and in vitro protein and starch digestibility of CLTR were lower than those of CLR. Based on Wolver' method, the GI of CLTR (52.9, incremental area under the glycemic-response curve, ignoring the area below fasting, as used for calculating the GI [Inc]) was lower compared with that of CLR (70.94, Inc), which indicates that CLTR is effective in decreasing and stabilizing blood glucose level, owing to its lower degree of gelatinization and starch digestibility. Our results show that CLTR can contribute to the development of a healthier meal for families and the fast food industry.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.246-252
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to obtain a natural antibiotic from Phenol-rich compounds; for the dressing and the treatment of chronic wounds. Methods: The Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was prepared by blending four natural herbal extracts, Acacia catechu (L.F.), Momia (Shilajit), Castanea sativa, and Ephedra sinica stapf, with combination of a sweet gel medium, including honey, maple saps, Phoenix dactylifera L. (date), pomegranate extract and Azadirachta indica gum as a stabilizer. The combinations were screened by using a well-diffusion assay with cloxacillin as a control. Pseudomonas spp. was tested with our novel antimicrobial compound. The zones of inhibition in agar culture were measured for each individual component and for the compound, and the results were compared with those of the control group which had been treated with cloxacillin. Data were expressed as means ${\pm}$ standard deviations. Quantitative analyses were performed using the paired t-test. Results: The antibiotic effect of the Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was statistically shown to be more significant than that of cloxacillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our novel approach to fighting the antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas proved to be successful. The Phenol-rich compound sweet gel was found to be suitable for use as an alternative medicine and bioactive dressing material, for the treatment of patients with various types of wounds, including burns, venous leg ulcers, ulcers of various etiologies, leg ulcers on the feet of diabetic, unhealed graft sampling sites, abscesses, boils, surgical wounds, necrotic process, post-operative and neonatal wound infection, and should be considered as an alternative to the usual methods of cure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2002

Critical nitrogen concentration (Nc), which is defined as the minimum % N in shoots required to maintain the maximum growth rate of top dry weight (W) at any time, was determined for rice plant. Using two rice varietal groups, japonica varieties and an indica $\times$ japonica "Dasanbyeo", 18 data points fulfilling the statistical criteria for determining Nc were obtained through eight N-fertilization experiments over two years at Suwon (37$^{\circ}$16'N), Korea. Nc dilution curve for each variety was obtained by fitting the Nc-W relationship to power function. However, The critical nitrogen curves for the two variety groups were not different statistically. Thus, a Nc dilution curve was fitted for the Nc data points pooled over the two variety groups and proposed in rice as: Nc=4.08, where W＜1.73 t h $a^{-1}$ , Nc=5.197 $W^{0.425}$3/ ($R^2$=0.964), where 1.73 t h $a^{-1}$ ＜W＜12 t h $a^{-l}$. The Nc for W＜1.73 t h $a^{-l}$ were estimated as a constant value of 4.08%, the mean value of the maximum N concentration for N-limiting condition and the minimum N concentration for N non-limiting condition. The model for Nc is applicable to diagnosing the nitrogen nutrition status during the rice growth period from emergence to heading stage. The Nc curve well discriminated the 144 data points between the N limiting and the N non-limiting groups regardless of varieties, cultural methods, and years.-limiting groups regardless of varieties, cultural methods, and years.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 1990

The compression creep behavior of grains when loaded depends not only on load but also on duration of load application. The most common methods of studying the load-time characteristics of agricultural products is by employing rheological models such as Burger's model. However it is sometimes not sufficient to describe the viscoelastic behavior of grains to be Burger's model. For this reason, this study was conducted to develop the rheological model which represented the creep compliance response of the rough rice kernel and was a function of initial stress applied and time. The effects of the initial stress applied and the moisture content on the compression creep behavior of the rough rice kernel were analyzed. The results were obtained from the study as follows: 1. Since the viscoelastic behavior of the rough rice kernel was nonlinear, the transient and steady state creep compliance was satisfactorily modelled as follows: $$J({\sigma},t)=A{\sigma}^B[C+Dt-exp(-Ft)]$$ But, for the every stress applied, the compression creep behavior of the samples tested can be well described by Burger's model respectively. 2. The creep compliance, the instantaneous elastic strain, the retarded elastic strain and the viscous strain of the sample tested generally increased in magnitude with increasing the applied initial stress and the moisture content used in the tests. At low moisture content, the creep compliance for the Japonica-type rough rice kernel Was a little higher than those for Indica-type and at high moisture content, vice versa at high moisture content. 3. The retardation times of the samples had not an uniform tendency by the initial stress and the moisture content. The retardation times ranged from 0.66 to 6.76 seconds, and the creep progressed from transient to steady state at a relatively high rate. 4. The less viscous strain than the instantaneous elastic strain for the samples tested indicated that rough rice kernel behaved as a viscoelastic body characterized by elasticity than viscosity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.144-144
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• 2017

Micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn) have important roles for development and growth in plants but it also have roles in animals and humans. In previous studies, a Korean weedy rice, KH2J was selected to have tolerance to heavy metal, lead (Pb) compared with a cultivar, Milyang23. To identify QTLs for micronutrients concentration in grain, an F2 population (120 plants) were developed from a cross between KH2J and an indica rice cultivar, Milyang23. To measure the concentration of eight ions, Zn, Fe, Mn, Pb, calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As), grains were collected and digested with 65% nitric acid, and the ion contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A total 27 putative quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected on 12 chromosomes by single point analysis and 22 putative QTLs were detected by composite interval mapping. The co-locations of QTL for Zn, Fe and Mn were observed on chromosome 5. The QTLs for Cd, Cu and Zn were co-localized on chromosome 10, and QTLs for Zn, As and Mn was on chromosome 12. The Zn concentration in F2 generation showed significant correlation with concentrations of As (r = -0.4), Cu (r = 0.5) and Fe (r = 0.2) (P < 0.01). Also, the Ca concentration was significantly related with Mn and Fe concentrations (P < 0.01). Fine mapping of these QTLs is underway to analyze their functional relationship.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.157-165
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is on identifying charactreistics and management direction of complementary pond of Dalmaji village in Gangjin. Accordingly, this village was indicated as Experience and Resort village by Korean government. This study describes the construction background and characteristics and identifies species diversity and characteristics through field survey. For this, literature and field survey was performed. In field survey, vegetational survey was performed in Aug. of 2015. D(Dominant degree) and S(Sociability degree) was measured by Brown-Blanquet's method. The answer was searched from Myungsanron(明山論), a textbook of Fengsui(風水) in Joseon dynasty. Of these causes, it was considered that the representative one is a protection of fire and infectious disease because the Wolgak mountain is a fire mountain(火山) as a stone mountain in Fengsui. The results demonstrate decline of aquatic ecosystem because of neglect management. The total number of species was 24. Of the species, Zelkova serrata is a natural vegetation of this complementary forest. This is nominated as Lagerstroemia indica and Camellia japonica community. Species composition demonstrate the characteristics of Korean southern region as mixed forest of evergreen trees and deciduous ones which are indigenous plants. It was considered Juniperus chinensis KaizukaVariega in central round island was planted in Japanese colonial period and it have to be removed. It was considered that name of moon pond and moon island etc. projects the mind of village ancestors which are going to reach an ideal condition of moon. And management of quantity and depth of pond water was critical for restoration of disappearing lotus from related literature. Periodic management was needed for ecological structure and function improvement because of ecological disturbance by the invasive plants like Humulus japonicus.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.241-254
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• 2015

This study attempts to examine farmers' preference and perception towards cropland agroforestry (CAF) and its economic benefits in Bangladesh. It surveys 84 farmers of two sub-districts named Manirampur and Bagherpara under Jessore district of Bangladesh to address the study objectives with the help of a questionnaire during the period of June to July 2013. We follow a multistage random sampling procedure for selecting respondents of the survey. A total of 27 plant species under 19 families are identified in the surveyed crop fields, among which 11 are tree species and 1 is shrub from 8 families and 15 species are agricultural crops from 11 families. According to the survey findings, most of the farmers prefer multipurpose tree species like Swietenia macrophylla (67 percent), Phoenix sylvestris (48 percent), Mangifera indica (48 percent) and Cocos nucifera (43 percent). We also find that Curcuma longa (92 percent), Oryza spp. (56 percent), Solanum melongena (43 percent) and Amorphophallus campanulatus (33 percent) are the available agriculture crops which are grown in association with trees in the study area. The surveyed farmers report that they practice CAF to get fuel wood, fodder, juice, fruit and food for family consumption and revenue earnings. About 76 percent of the surveyed farmers endorse the existence of a positive interaction between trees and agriculture crops, while the rest 24 percent endorse the existence of a negative interaction between trees and agriculture crops. This study finds that CAF farmers on an average earn US$ 1,410 per farm per year and the yearly average revenue difference between CAF and non-cropland agroforestry (NCAF) farmers is US$ 214. Overall, CAF needs to develop through scientific intervention in the study area to conserve the biodiversity and to enhance farmers' sustainable livelihood.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.231-236
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• 2007

Differentially expressed genes(DEG) were identified in a rice variety, Sathi, an indica type showing high allelopathic potential against barnyardgrass(Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. var. frumentaceae). Rice plants were grown with and without barnyardgrass and total RNA was extracted from rice leaves at 45 days after seeding. DEG full-screening was performed by $GeneFishing^{TM}$ method. The differentially expressed bands were re-amplified and sequenced, then analyzed by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool(BLAST) searching for homology sequence identification. Gel electrophoresis showed nine possible genes associated with allelopathic potential in Sathi, six genes(namely DEG-1, 4, 5, 7, 8, and 9) showed higher expression, and three genes(DEG-2, 3 and 6) showed lower expression as compared to the control. cDNA sequence analysis showed that DEG-7 and DEG-9 had the same sequence. From RT PCR results, DEG-6 and DEG-7 were considered as true DEG, whereas DEG-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 8 were considered as putative DEG. Results from blast-n and blast-x search suggested that DEG-1 is homologous to a gene for S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, DEG-2 is homologous to a chloroplast gene for ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit, DEG-8 is homologous to oxysterol-binding protein with an 85.7% sequence similarity, DEG-5 is homologous to histone 2B protein with a 47.9% sequence similarity, DEG-6 is homologous to nicotineamine aminotransferase with a 33.1% sequence similarity, DEG-3 has 98.8% similarity with nucleotides sequence that has 33.1% similarity with oxygen evolving complex protein in photosystem II, DEG-7 is homologous to nucleotides sequence that may relate with putative serin/threonine protein kinase and putative transposable element, and DEG-4 has 98.8% similarity with nucleotides sequence for an unknown protein.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1213-1222
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• 2011

This research evaluated antibacterial and growth inhibition effects on three kinds of lactic acid bacteria and five kinds of food poisoning bacteria using Backryencho powder, hot water, 70% ethanol, and 95% ethanol extracts. Antibacterial activity was shown against Leu. mensenteroides for 8 and 10 mg/disc of the 95% ethanol extract solution and strong proliferation inhibition effects were displayed against B. subtilis, Stap. aureus, E. coli, and S. typhimurium. High antibacterial activity according to certain clear zone formations was shown especially for the 10 mg/disc. A 3% concentration of the 95% ethanol extract showed high growth inhibition effects against lactic acid bacteria, L. brevis, L. plantarum, and Leu. mesenteroids. The measurement of viable cell counts of S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. typhimurium indicated suppression effects by the 3% concentration of the 95% ethanol extract, at 49.60%, 41.54%, 35.95%, 28.82%, and 26.60% respectively. The antibacterial activities of the hot water, 70% ethanol, 95% ethanol extract of Backryencho against food poisoning bacteria and Kimchi fermentation lactic acid bacteria were confirmed through various methods of antibiotic measurement. Based on these results, Backryencho extract is considered a good source for a range of applications as a natural anti-bacterial agent for the storage ability of Kimchi and as a possible food preservative.