• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.234-242
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: Cultivation of winter cover crops is strongly recommended to increase land utilization efficiency, animal feeding material self-production, and to improve soil and environmental quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Four major winter crops (barley, Chinese milk vetch, hairy vetch, and rye) having different C/N ratio were seeded in silt loam paddy soil in the November 2007 and the aboveground biomass was harvested on the late May 2008 to evaluate its effectiveness as green manure, and root biomass distribution was characterized at the different depth (0-60 cm) to study its effect on physical properties and carbon sequestration in soil. During this experiment, the naturally growing weed in the rice paddy soil in Korea, short awn foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis Sobol), was considered as control treatment. Above-ground biomass of all cover crops selected was significantly higher than that of the control treatment (2.8 Mg/ha). Comparatively higher above-ground biomass productivity of rye and barley (15.8 and 13.5 Mg/ha, respectively) suggested that these cover crops possibly had the highest potential as a green manure and animal feeding material. Root biomass production of different cover crops followed the same trend as that for their above ground biomass. Rye (Secale cereal) might have the highest potential for soil C accumulation (7893 C kg/ha) by root biomass development, and then followed by barley (6985 C kg/ha), hairy vetch (6467 C kg/ha), Chinese milk vetch (6671 C kg/ha), and control (5791 C kg/ha). CONCLUSION(s): Cover crops like rye and barley having high biomass productivity might be the most effective winter cover crops to increase organic carbon distribution in different soil aggregates which might be beneficial to improve soil structure, aeration etc. and C sequestration.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.382-388
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• 2023

A liquid-type chlorella (LC) produced by self-cultivation is used for strawberry cultivation by farmers in Korea. This study aimed to investigate seedling growth in two strawberry cultivars 'Soraya' and 'Haruhi' after applying solid-type chlorella (SC) in the greenhouse for 30 d. The treatments were as follows: Control, LC (0.2% of 1.0 × 10⁷ cells/mL), ¼ SC (12.5 g/m²), ½ SC (25 g/m²), and SC (50 g/m²). Compared to the control, in the ½ SC treatment, dry weight of the seedlings increased at 30 days after treatment (DAT). Phosphorus content in the leaves of 'Soraya' seedlings of the SC treatment increased compared to that of the control. At 10 and 30 DAT, photosynthetic pigments including chlorophylls and carotenoids in the seedlings of both cultivars increased with the ½ SC treatment. These results indicate that the application of SC improved the growth of strawberry seedlings and could replace LC.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.12-20
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• 2016

Purpose: Pepper prices have risen continuously because of a decrease in cultivation area; therefore, mechanical harvesting systems for peppers should be developed to reduce cost, time, and labor during harvest. In this study, a screw type picking head for a self-propelled pepper harvester was developed, and the optimal working conditions were evaluated considering helix types, winding directions of helix, and rotational speeds of the helix. Methods: The screw type was selected for the picking head after analyzing previous studies, and the device consisted of helices and a feed chain mechanism for conveying pepper branches. A double helix and a triple helix were manufactured, and rotational speeds of 200, 300, and 400 rpm were tested. The device was controlled by a variable speed (VS) motor and an inverter. Both the forward and reverse directions were tested for the winding and rotating directions of the helix. An experiment crop (cultivar: Longgreenmat) was cultivated in a plastic greenhouse. The test results were analyzed using the SAS program with ANOVA to examine the relationship between each factor and the performance of the picking head. Results: The results of the double and triple helix tests in the reverse direction showed gross harvest efficiency levels of 60-95%, mechanical damage rates of 8-20%, and net marketable portion rates of 50-80%. The dividing ratio was highest at a rotational speed of 400 rpm. Gross harvest efficiency was influenced by the types of helix and rotational speed. Net marketable portion was influenced by rotational speed but not influenced by the type of helix. Mechanical damage was not influenced by the type of helix or rotational speed. Conclusions: Best gross harvest efficiency was obtained at a rotational speed of 400 rpm; however, operating the device at that speed resulted in vibration, which should be reduced.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.264-268
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• 2017

In the 21st century, information and communication technology (ICT) worldwide presents a new vision for agriculture. Time and place, as well as the high-tech industry, to overcome barriers to the fusion of the so-called "smart agriculture," are changing the agricultural landscape. Core container production in precision agriculture for mushroom cultivation, optimal temperature, humidity, irradiation, self-regulation of factors such as carbon dioxide, and environment for mushroom cultivation were adopted. Lentinula edodes (shiitake) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, cultivated and consumed in many Asian countries. It is considered to be medicinal in certain practices of traditional medicine. We used different controlled light sources (Blue-Red-White-combined LED, blue LED, red LED, and fluorescent light) with different LED radiation intensities (1.5, 10.5, and $20.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ for LEDs) to compare growth and development. Mushrooms were treated with light in a 12-hour-on/12-hour-off cycle, and maintained in a controlled room at $19{\sim}21^{\circ}C$, with 80~90% humidity, and an atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration of 1,000 ppm for 30 days. Growth and development differed with the LED source color and LED radiation intensity. Growth and development were the highest at $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ of blue LED light. After harvesting the fruit bodies, we measured their weight and length, thickness of pileus and stipe, chromaticity, and hardness. The $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ blue-LED-irradiated group showed the best harvest results with an average individual weight of 39.82 g and length of 64.03 mm, pileus thickness of 30.85 mm and pileus length of 43.22 mm, and stipe thickness of 16.96 mm with fine chromaticity and hardness. These results showed that blue LED light at $10.5{\mu}mol/m^2s$ s exerted the best effect on the growth and development of L. edodes (shiitake) mushroom in the ICT-system container-type environment.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.36
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• pp.31-56
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• 2009

The core thought of Confucius("論語") is 'Ren(仁)'. Then, how ought we to interpret this 'Ren(仁)'? In this study, the researcher has interpreted 'Ren(仁)' from the perspective of Xiujizhiren(修己治人), which is the doctrine of Confucianism and its ideal. At first, the researcher closely reviewed Ren(仁) on the viewpoint of Xiuyang (修養). Ren(仁) is the most fundamental virtue that enables general populace to equip with their qualification as a human being. Specifically, to live like a human being, Ren(仁) is a must. That is to say, it will suffice if we only can expose well what was already cherished inside us, rather than exerting efforts to attain Ren(仁), in some contexts, that must achieve in order to live like a human being. The reason that we exert our efforts for self-cultivation is to bring this Ren(仁), which is foundation of human life, before the public. Even in relationship-building, Ren(仁) is necessary. Human being is not an existence that can live alone, but at all times, humans are required to build a relationship with others. To make this relationship-building lead into right direction, we need to think of that the standpoint of oneself and the other are identical. That is, when I myself and the other person are in the most optimal situation, then a right relationship-building can take place. This most optimal status is Ren(仁). The ideal of Confucianism is to establish a society where all people can enjoy their comfortable life. To accomplish such a society, each individual and society ought to be benevolent and to cherish humanity at the first place. That is to say, people should attain Ren(仁) from both aspects of Xiuji(修己) and Zhiren (治人). If Ren(仁) has not been attained from any of either side, then it is hard to say that the ideal of Confucianism is completely realized. However, Zhiren(治人) must be backed up by Xiuji(修己). For this reason, Kongzi(孔子) presented three steps in connection with this cultivation process, to wit, 'Cultivation of himself in reverential carefulness'(修己以敬) ${\rightarrow}$ 'Cultivation of himself so as to give rest to others'(修己以安人) ${\rightarrow}$ 'Cultivation of himself so as to give rest to all the people'(修己以安百姓). It is noticeable that Xiuji(修己) is included in all three phases. The society that Kongzi(孔子) longed for is still valid in this modern world. Therefore, Ren(仁) which was edified by Kongzi(孔子) is necessary for today's society. If we don't interpret Ren(仁) as with a fixed term lying stagnant in one place, then its definition shall be interpreted newly so as to suit the times and the situation of civil society, thus this Ren(仁) shall be the foundation for building a desirable society for humans.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2011

Every medical school aims to provide better education, and it sometimes requires changing the current education system. However, an attempt for a change may not always be successful. In many cases, it is so not because an intended change was not properly directed but because conflicts in the process of adopting the change were not properly handled. This paper suggests seven points for how to successfully bring a change in medical education. First, the medical education should not simply focus on the pass rate of the national medical examination but also on the cultivation of creative leaders. Second, the faculty of medical school should be creative, self-motivated, and passionate. Third, people in charge of an intended change should have a good understanding of complicated dynamics between the dean's office, medical education experts, professors, and students. Fourth, people who are leading the change should also grasp the possibility that a well-intended change might not be well-received by professors, students, and dean due to their tendency to be complacent with the current system. Fifth, a successful introduction of a change requires good teamwork of a thinker, an actor, and a coordinator. Sixth, a change takes time as it takes place through a step-by-step process. Seventh, an attempt for a change accompanies a negotiation with professors with different thoughts and views regarding education, and people who want a change need to be flexible in that negotiation. In addition to these seven points, people who are responsible for a change should be consistent and consider the renown of the school.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.21-32
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• 2021

The government is focusing its attention and support on start-ups. Nevertheless, there is anxiety and fear about starting a business at the base of public awareness. Experienced as a way to overcome fear and difficulty. Few prior studies have been done on experience factors as ones influencing entrepreneurial intention. In this study, I studied whether the experience of successful entrepreneurship through cultural indirect experience affect the resolution of fear about establishing a business. Among the influencing factors on the entrepreneurial intention, business motivation, social support and awareness of entrepreneur were selected as independent variables. In addition, by applying the cultivation theory, the drama role models were set as a controlling variable. For empirical analysis, a survey was conducted targeting 399 ordinary persons. The hypothesis was tested through regression analysis using the SPSS 23 statistical package. The moderating effect was analyzed using Process Macro 3.5. Self-fulfillment, livelihood, economic motivation, social support, and awareness of entrepreneur are sub-factors of business motivation, And all of these had a positive significant effect on entrepreneurial intention. Among the significant variables, self-fulfillment was found to have the greatest effect. On the other hand, as a result of analyzing the moderating effect of the drama role model, it was found play a role in controlling between self-fulfillment and entrepreneurial intention, between livelihood and entrepreneurial intention, and between awareness of entrepreneur and entrepreneurial intention. Based on these research results, academic and practical implications were presented.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 2012

Quantification of the airborne microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) at a swine wastewater treatment plant was performed. Microbial samples were collected at three different phases of the treatment process over a 1-yr period. Cultivation methods based on the viable counts of mesophilic heterotrophic bacteria and fungi were performed. The concentrations of airborne bacteria ranged up to about $5{\times}10^3$ colony-forming unit (CFU)/$m^3$, and those of airborne fungi ranged up to about $9{\times}10^2CFU/m^3$. The primary treatment (e.g., screen, grit removal, and primary sedimentation) was found to be the major source of airborne microorganisms at the site studied, and higher levels of airborne bacteria and fungi were observed in summer. High levels of the respirable bioaerosol (0.65 to $4.7{\mu}m$ in size) were detected in the aeration phase. Among the environmental factors studied, temperature was strongly associated with fungal aerosol generation (with a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.90 and p-value <0.01). Occupational biorisks are discussed based on the observed field data.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.94-107
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• 1997

Producing organic farm products is one of the high-payoff farming practices considering the rapid increase of consumer's purchasing power. The purpose of this study is to identify the optimal organic farming system in relation to farm income. To cope with the above objectives, present farming conditions and profitability of 15 farmers producing organic products including rice and leaf vegetables as lettuse and cabbage were surveyed in Hongsung and Ahsan Gun, Chungnam Province. Based on the surveyed data, maximization of organic farm income were analyzed under the constrained conditions such as limited monthly labour inputs and competitive use of land by Linear Programming Model. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1. In the profitability analysis of 15 farmers producing organic products, rice farmers could earn their farm income more than that of conventional farmers by 50%. On the other hand, the controlled lettuce farmers could get more about 100% than that of it. But the controlled cabbage farm could get more about 40% of it. These organic farm products were saled at high prices comparing with the prices of conventional farm products by 170% ~ 230% even though the crop yields produced by organic materials had decreased. 2. According to the labor requirement of the organically produced crops, rice cultivation was needed more labour inputs than the conventional farming method by 130%. On the other hand lettuce and cabbage could saved labour requirement by 40% and 80% of those respectively. Especially for the rice cultivation concern, higher labor requirement was due to the activities as organic fertilization, soil preparation and pest and weed controll, etc. 3. With the surveyed data from farmers who produced farm commodities, L.P. analysis was implemented to find out the optimul farming system and the maximum income. According to the results of L.P. analysis, 58% of total farm income could get more than the conventional farming system In the case of rice cultivation, one ha of paddy was recommendable to save more labour inputs than the controlled leaf vegetables such as lettuse and cabbage. However, in the controlled leaf vegatables, only 73% of total upland equivalent to 0.3 ha should be cultivated under the condition of labor shortage as the restricted 4 workers. And increasing the size of hogs raising should be recommened to achieve self-sufficiency of organic fertilizer. As pointed out the possibility of organic farming, present farmers producing organic farm products could be able to maximize their income by expanding organic farm size with regard to all conditions of our organic industry. Of course, there are many difficulties in the course of developing organic agriculture. So Government should effort to support the development of our organic agriculture considering the various aspects of production, marketing, Quality certification of organic produces.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 1993

Survey on the status of cultivation and production of medicinal crop was studied on 18 medicinal herbs and 5 medicinal trees in 66 major crop producing complexes. Native seeds or seedlings of the crops obtained from self-seed or neighbored farmer were cultivated and organic fertilizer was preferred to chemical fertilizer in the complexes. More than 60.7% of farmers were applied compost among the organic fertilizers, while 34.8% of them cultivated without any organic fertilizers. Both of using the compound chemical fertilizers and urea and urea only used were showed 51. 5% and 40.9%, respectively. Ostericum koreanum, Angelica gigas, Phellopterus littoralis, and Bupleurum fulcatum belonging to the family Umbeliferae and Aralia continentalis, Polygonatum sibiricum and Eucommia ulmoides in the complexex were not damaged by insect pests and plant diseases. Mite, aphid, grub, cutworm, onion magot fly and european corn borer were known to as major insect pests and anthracnose, powdery mildew, brown leaf spot, leaf blight and root rot as major plant diseases. Productivity and income of a farm by medicinal crops in the complex were greatly different from seeding time, planting distance, year yielded, and selling routes even in the same cultivation method and in the same cultivated area.