• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.56
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• pp.219-236
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• 2011

Since the end of the $19^{th}$ century, Korean English-language newspapers have been published in Korea to inform readers about Korea and Korean people's point of view concerning world problems. Among them was the Korean Republic (KR), the former name of the Korea Herald, founded on August $15^{th}$, 1953 (Korean Liberation Day from Japanese colonial rule). This newspaper was started especially to report on international affairs, just after the Armistice agreement was signed on July $27^{th}$, 1953, at the initiative of the first president of the Republic of Korea, Syngman Rhee. He vehemently expressed his and the Korean people's opinion about Korean problems in world politics where big powers were dominating and deciding small countries' destinies. This paper is written to show that Korean English-language newspapers were used as tool of public diplomacy not only for the readers of target countries but also for Korean readers, well before the media diplomacy theory became popular several decades later. In the deplorable world situation where Korea was colonized and divided into halves by the wills of the super powers, the Korean media participated actively via dialogue in English to solve the Korean problem. This paper studies the editorials of the KR for one year, the year just after its foundation. Vis-a-vis the United States, the KR defended its political system of free democracy by insisting on the Korean people's hopes, the reunification of the peninsula and acquiring American assistance in economic and military areas. Regarding Japan, Korea had doubt about its expansionist policy by way of rearmament. First, the Korean government tried to defend its territorial waters, including Dokdo Island. As for multi-lateral relationships, Korea was concerned about the spread of communism to its territory in the world where socialism was dominating.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.590-598
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• 2015

Despite various control methods for pine wilt disease, the disease has been increasing at an alarming rate every year in Korea. Still there is a lack of research on the problems of the current methods used to curb the disease. One main method to control pine wilt disease is fumigation for eliminating the larva of the pine sawyer beetle (Monochamus alternatus) which is known as the vector insect for pine wilt disease. We surveyed and analyzed the amount of destroyed uninfected trees in the fumigated area by studying 32 survey plots ($100m^2$) in Miryang city. The destroyed trees' crown area was estimated by induced regression between root collar area and crown area of the remaining trees (coniferous tree: $R^2=57.4$, deciduous broad-leaved tree: $R^2=63.8$). According to the analysis results, the infected trees (cut trees) were 18.7% and cut trees which were not infected were 35.5% of the total tree population of the study area on the basis of total crown area. In case of pine trees, 8.4% of uninfected trees were cut off but 62% of uninfected deciduous broad-leaved trees including Quercus spp. were affected and damaged during the fumigation process. Since these broad-leaved trees dominate the sub-canopy layer of the forest, this indiscriminate interruption of broad-leaved trees has the adverse effect of depriving the public benefits such as shadow, a cooler weather, controlling humidity, etc.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2010

Objective: Abnormalities of the bone are frequently encountered in patients with meningioma, and hyperostosis and endostosis are common bone alterations in these tumors. Extensive bony destruction is very unusual in patients with meningioma. We report six cases of intracranial meningioma associated with an osteolytic lesion of the skull and discuss the underlying mechanisms that may be responsible for bone destruction in patients with meningioma. Methods: Six patients were classified into three groups, severe, moderate and mild, according to the degree of osteolytic bony destruction. The tumor was classified as intracranial or extracranial, depending on its location. We investigated the potential role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) in meningioma-associated osteolysis. The levels of MMP expression were determined by gelatin zymography, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. Results: Complete surgical removal of the lesion was performed in each patient. Histological examination revealed benign meningioma in four cases, and two cases of atypical meningioma. Patients did not have a poor prognosis except one case of recurred atypical meningioma. Gelatin zymography and RT-PCR detected high levels of MMP-2 in almost all extracranial masses in comparison with the intracranial masses and MMP9 in two. There was no difference in the severity of bone destruction. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed MMP-2 expression in the vicinity of the bone destruction, and a few MMP-9-positive stainings were observed. Conclusion: Osteolysis of the skull in patients with meningiomas might not be indicative of malignant pathological features and poor prognosis. Invasion to the extracranial portion and osteolysis might be associated with MMP-2 expression in meningioma.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.53
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• pp.109-133
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to provide a general trends in recent terrorism in North America and Europe over the last five years. In particular the terrorism which occurred after 2012 shows the transition in trends as terrorists attacks civilians and public places(soft target) rather than targeting national facilities or specific people. For instance, the Parris terror attack and Barcelona vehicle attack shows this changes clearly. The terrorists appeared to attack ordinary people in urban places with high population density. Although the trends are changing, there are still few studies focusing on the current situation, and most of the previous studies have focused on changing in strategies and counter-terrorism in each country after the 9.11 terror. Meanwhile, studies examining the trends of terrorism have been limited to analyzing few cases or using relatively monolithic data of Global Terrorism Data(GTD). While the types of terrorism that occur recent years including 'new terrorism' in many respects, it seems to be difficult to classify with GTD data and/or case studies. Therefore, it is necessary to construct new data that perhaps grasp the recent trend of terrorism from different perspectives. In this point of view, this Based on this, this study collects terrorism data from North America and Europe for the past five years, by using the National Intelligence Service's annual report on terrorism as a sampling framework and analyse the trends and changes. The result shows similarities in the methods of attack, and the type of weapon they used. As vehicle attacks has been raised in few years, damage area has been widen and casualties also have been increased.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.107-118
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• 2018

This report does studied for making the method of conserving bracket murals in Daeungjeon of Jikjisa Temple, through the scientific way. Results of evaluated the conservation status at the braket mural paintings, most serious damage is structural damage like cracks, breakage, and delamination. After optical investigation, a characteristic point wasn't found such as underdrawing or traces of a coat of paint. The ultrasonic examination speed by each wall painting was measured from about 195.8 m/s to 392.7 m/s, according to the location of the surface, and it was able to compare the surface properties according to the location. In Infrared-thermal image measurement shows that wall layer separation and paint layer delamination are closely detected, therefore it was able to judge of damage on the objective way. Material analysis revealed that the walls were made by sand and weathering soil. The wall layer combined sand with less than fine sand size by nearly 5:5, and the finishing layer was found to have mixed medium sand and fine sand at approximately 6:4 rates. However, In case of finishing layer, mixing ratios of sizes less than very fine sand were found to be significantly lower than wall. Therefore, it is estimated that the plysical damage such as the separation between the layers of the walls created in the braket mural paintings, is continuously caused by changes in the internal stresses and volume ratio caused by the density differences between the wall and the finishing layers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2015

This study applied the portfolio approach as a means to provide decision-making information for the establishment of the optimal production plan for non-timber products. The target items of non-timber forest product were Chestnut, Jujube, Walnut and Astringent Persimmon. The data used in this study were the annual report of forestry production cost survey which contains the annual production, annual gross income, and annual product cost from 2008 to 2013. These data were used to calculate the expected return of non-timber forest product. The objective function in the portfolio models was to minimize the expected return volatility, called risk and the constrain was to achieve the minimum expected return rate. Results indicated that the production ratio of the nuts and fruits in 2013 was 7% for Chestnut, 20% for Jujube, 5% for Walnut and 68% for Astringent Persimmon. Furthermore, portfolio presented that the production ratio was 10% for Chestnut, 9% for Jujube, 3% for Walnut and 78% for Astringent Persimmon in the near future. The cause was analyzed due to maintain stable production and income of Astringent Persimmon and Chestnut. Meanwhile, the revenue of Walnuts and Jujube was in great variation with relatively higher revenues.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.43-48
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• 2010

Objectives : This study is designed to evaluate the effect of conservative oriental medical treatment using Chuna manual therapy for meridian sinew system for snapping hip patient who have hip joint movement system impairment. Methods : 28-year old snapping hip patient who have hip joint movement system impairment was treated with conservative oriental medical treatment using Chuna manual therapy for meridian sinew system. The improvement of the patient was evaluated by Numerical rating scale(NRS), Snapping Sound Degree(SSD), Range of Motion(ROM). Results: After 13 times treatment, the patient had significant improvement in Numerical rating scale(NRS), Snapping Sound Degree(SSD), Range of Motion(ROM). Conclusions: If hip joint movement system impairment cause a snapping hip, we can treat with Chuna manual therapy for meridian sinew system.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.421-427
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• 2009

Oromandibular dystonia is a focal neurological movement disorder characterized by involuntary sustained and often painful muscle contraction, usually producing repetitive movements or abnormal positions of the mouth, jaw and.or tongue. Patients suffering from oromandibular dystonia often experience difficulties in chewing, swallowing and speaking, resulting from the impairment of mandibular movements. At present there is no etiologic treatment for oromandibular dystonia, because the pathophysiology of primary and focal dystonia is still incompletely understood. Many treatments such as medication, behavioral therapy, surgery are suggested to decrease the involuntary movements. But these success rates are relatively low and they have a lot of complications. many studies suggested that chemodenervation with botulinum toxin is the most effective treatment for oromandibular dystonia. We reported the 2 cases which were treated oromandibular dystonia with botulinum toxin and reviewed the orofacial movement disorders(especially oromandibular dystonia) and botulinum toxin treatment for oromanfibular dystonia.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.97-102
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• 2008

Purpose: Periodontal intrabony defects have great deal of importance since they contribute to the development of periodontal disease. Current treatment regimens for intrabony defects involve grafting of numerous bony materials, GTR using biocompatible barriers, and biomodification of root surface that will encourage the attachment of connective tissue. Xenograft using deproteinized bovine bone particles seems to be very convenient to adjust because it doesn't require any donor sites or imply the danger of cross infections. These particles are similar to human cancellous bone in structure and turned out to be effective in bone regeneration in vivo. We here represent the effectiveness of grafting deproteinized bovine bone particles in intrabony defect and furcation involvements that have various numbers of bony walls. Materials and methods: Open flap debridement was done to remove all root accretions and granulation tissue from the defects within persisting intrabony lesions demonstrating attachment loss of over 6mm even 3 months after nonsurgical periodontal therapy have been completed. Deproteinized bovine bone particles($BBP^{(R)}$, Oscotec, Seoul) was grafted in intrabony defects to encourage bone regeneration. Patients were instructed of mouthrinses with chlorohexidine-digluconate twice a day and to take antibiotics 2-3 times a day for 2 weeks. They were check-up regularly for oral hygiene performance and further development of disease. Probing depth, level of attachment and mobility were measured at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. The radiographic evidence of bone regenerations were also monitored at least for 6 months. Conclusion: In most cases, radio-opacities increased after 6 months. 2- and 3-wall defects showed greater improvements in pocket depth reduction when compared to 1-wall defects. Class I & II furcation involvements in mandibular molars demonstrated the similar results with acceptable pocket depth both horizontally and vertically comparable to other intrabony defects. Exact amount of bone gain could not be measured as the re-entry procedure has not been available. With in the limited data based on our clinical parameter to measure pocket depth reduction following $BBP^{(R)}$ grafts, it was comparable to the results observed following other regeneration techniques such as GTR.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1298-1304
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• 1998

The reports of sarcoidosis have increased in Korea since 1968. Osseous sarcoidosis is 3%-5% of sarcoidosis, but it is not reported upto date in Korea. So, we report a case of sarcoid dactylitis. A 47-year old woman who complained of painful swelling in her fingers was admitted in Korea University Guro Hospital. She had visited local clinics 3 years ago for chronic cough, multiple subcutaneous nodules and erythematous elevated regions on extensor sides of both extremities, and taken medicine under the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis for 3 years. On admission her distal phalanges showed fusiform swelling, and multiple 1 cm-sized papules were found on the extensor area of extremities. The chest CT scan and the skin biopsy which had been performed in local clinics were reviewed to examine whether it was tuberculosis or not, but the results were compatible to sarcoidosis. So, under the impression of sarcoidosis chest CT and biopsy of hand lesions were performed again. And the patient was prescribed prednisolone 30 mg, and Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg per day, and then showed improvement of pain and skin lesions.