• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.159-166
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• 2023

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare the differences in muscle activity of the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles according to abdominal muscle exercise methods such as plank exercise, side plank exercise, and crunch exercise. Methods : This study was conducted with 37 college students. All subjects participating in this study were randomly assigned to the plank exercise group, the side plank exercise group, and the crunch exercise group. The exercise corresponding to each group was performed for a total of 8 weeks. The muscle activity of the abdominal muscles was measured before the experiment, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks, and the rectus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles were measured. Results : As a result of comparison according to the period in the change in muscle activity of the abdominal muscles after exercise, the amount of change in muscle activity in all three muscles showed a significant difference. As a result of the post-hoc analysis, the muscle activity value of the internal oblique muscle after 4 weeks in the plank exercise showed a significant difference from the value after 8 weeks. In the side plank exercise, the muscle activity values of the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles before and after 4 weeks showed significant differences from those after 8 weeks. And in the crunch exercise, the muscle activity value of the rectus abdominis muscle before exercise showed a significant difference from the value after 8 weeks. Conclusion : Plank exercise increases the muscle activity of the rectus abdominis, side plank exercise increases the rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles, and crunch exercise increases the muscle activity of the rectus abdominis. Therefore, it is thought that the stability of the trunk can be improved more efficiently if all three exercises are performed.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.33-42
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation on a visual analysis scale and functional visual analysis scale regarding functional capacity. A total of 7 consecutive patients with the complaint of patellofemoral pain syndrome who received this diagnosis from a sports medicine physician were recruited to assess the effect of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Functional Visual Analog Scale (FVAS), functional capacity patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. The exercise rehabilitation consisted of a complex training program requiring five treatments a week for eight weeks. The training program consisted of four phases, and each lasted for two weeks. Statistical analyses were one-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the VAS and FVAS during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.01). (2) There were no significant differences in the functional capacity during 8-weeks of rehabilitation exercise and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (p<.05). In conclusion, at the end of the eight weeks of this rehabilitation program and neuromuscular electrical stimulation, a significant reduction was found in VAS and FVAS, but there was no significant difference in functional capacity at the end of the treatment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.281-287
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• 2012

Objective : To evaluate the effect of calcium supplementation on spinal bone fusion in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods : Sixteen female Sprague Dawley rats underwent bilateral ovariectomy at 12 weeks of age to induce osteoporosis and were randomly assigned to two groups : control group (n=8) and calcium-supplemented group (OVX-Ca, n=8). Autologous spinal bone fusion surgery was performed on both groups 8 weeks later. After fusion surgery, the OVX-Ca group was supplemented with calcium in drinking water for 8 weeks. Blood was obtained 4 and 8 weeks after fusion surgery. Eight weeks after fusion surgery, the rats were euthanized and the L4-5 spine removed. Bone fusion status and fusion volume were evaluated by manual palpation and three-dimensional computed tomography. Results : The mean fusion volume in the L4-5 spine was significantly greater in the OVX-Ca group ($71.80{\pm}8.06mm^3$) than in controls ($35.34{\pm}8.24mm^3$) (p<0.01). The level of osteocalcin, a bone formation marker, was higher in OVX-Ca rats than in controls 4 weeks ($610.08{\pm}10.41$ vs. $551.61{\pm}12.34$ ng/mL) and 8 weeks ($552.05{\pm}19.67$ vs. $502.98{\pm}22.76$ ng/mL) after fusion surgery (p<0.05). The level of C-terminal telopeptide fragment of type I collagen, a bone resorption marker, was significantly lower in OVX-Ca rats than in controls 4 weeks ($77.07{\pm}12.57$ vs. $101.75{\pm}7.20$ ng/mL) and 8 weeks ($69.58{\pm}2.45$ vs. $77.15{\pm}4.10$ ng/mL) after fusion surgery (p<0.05). A mechanical strength test showed that the L4-5 vertebrae in the OVX-Ca group withstood a 50% higher maximal load compared with the controls (p<0.01). Conclusion : Dietary calcium given to OVX rats after lumbar fusion surgery improved fusion volume and mechanical strength in an ovariectomized rat model.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.133-141
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• 2000

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to estabilish clinical guidance of microvascular anastomosis in diabetic patients. This study was performed with experimental microvascular anastomosis in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and observed histopathologic change and endohelial healing process. Materials and Methods : 70 Sprague-Dawley rats, weighting 200 to 250grams, were used for the experiment. 35 induced diabetic rats with streptozotocin and 35 control group were selected. After end-to-end carotid artery microvascular anastomosis was done, the experimental rats were sacrificed at different time interval (1st day, 3rd day, 1st week, 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th week) for histologic examination. Light microscope observation was used in this study. Results : 1. Histopathologic changes are nearly the same healing process in two groups. But period of tissue reaction was faster in the control than diabetic group. 2. In endotheliall healing, control group started at 1 week after and completed at 4 weeks after, but diabetic group was observed partially at 4 weeks after and complete healing was not observed still at 8 weeks after. 3. In subintimal hyperplasia, control group was observed at 6 weeks after but diabetic group was observed at 6 weeks after and partially at 8 weeks after. 4. All groups showed severe inflammatory response in the early period. This respond is decreased at 2 weeks after in control group but still remained at 8 weeks after in the diabetic group. 5. In media, inflammatory response and degeneration were observed in early period. Regeneration of smooth muscle cell was observed at 1 week after in control group but 4 weeks after in the diabetic group. Conclusions : As the results of study, it could be thought that vascular regeneration process was not failured but delayed in the diabetes. It was considered that diabetes mellitus was not absolute contraindication of microvascular anastomosis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.363-369
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to establish an experiment animal model for easy diagnosis and monitoring effect of treatment of cholelithiasis by cholesterol and mixed gall stone. In 12 adult beagle dogs, five dogs there were in the control group and seven dogs in the experiment group with ligated cystic duct. General clinical signs were recorded, CBC and blood chemistry were examined. Control group and experiment group were evaluated every 2 weeks for a period of 20 weeks. The results were (1) Total blirubin, cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were significantly higher in the experiment group with ligated cystic duct than control group during 2-8 weeks. (2) Total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) activity was significantly higher when compare with control group during 2-8 weeks. Bone alkaline phosphatase(BALP) activity was increased slightly between 2 and 8 weeks but was decreased between 10 and 20 weeks. (3) Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was decreased between 2 and 8 weeks. After 10 weeks, this was in normal range. (4) On complate blood count (CBC), $Ca^{2+}$ and P were not changed until 20 weeks. (5) On clinical signs in experimental group, they observed a depression, yellow color of mucus membrane and conjunctiva, xanthinuria and xanthochromic. The present study showed that the experimental animal model with ligated cystic duct was a useful model to study biliary tract disease.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 1998

This is the first report of c-Jun protein expression and mRNA in a pancreatic islet in a nonobese diabetic(NOD) state mice. In this experiment NOD mice with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus type I at age 16 weeks(n=7) just before death(n=4) were used. The control group consist of prediabetic NOD(8 weeks n=7) and ICR(8 weeks n=7 and 16 weeks n=7) mice. c-Jun positive cells in the pancreatic islet of NOD mice were localized in the same positions as a-glucagon producing cells. immunoreactivity was negative in the prediabetic NOD(8 weeks) and ICR(8 weeks and 16 weeks) mice. The number of c-Jun positive cells in mice with severe diabetic state just before death were significantly decreased when compared to NOD(16 weeks) mice. Expression of c-Jun in mRNA level was assessed by RT-PCR method. The levels of mRNA in NOD(16 weeks) mice group were elevated in total pancreatic tissues. The present results suggest that the induction of proto-oncogene protein may be of significance in assessing cell specific injury and may play a functional role between pancretic islet $\alpha$-cells and $\beta$-cells in the diabetic state.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2013

This work was carried to evaluate production efficiency factor, carcass yield and meat quality with weeks of Large-type Korean native ducks. Korean native ducks (n = 90) from National Institute of Animal Science (RDA, Korea) were used in this work. Ninety ducks were divided into 6 groups (15 birds/group) and were fed with meat-type duck diets for 8 wk old. When ducks grew at specific wk (6, 7 and 8 weeks), 2 ducks per group were slaughtered at 6, 7 and 8 wk old. Production efficiency factor, carcass yield, partial meat and meat quality were researched in this work. There was no significant difference on livability with weeks, but body weight at 7 and 8 wk old was higher than that at 6 wk old (P<0.05). Feed conversion ratio at 6, 7 and 8 wk old were 2.25, 2.69 and 3.21, respectively, so there was significant difference with weeks (P<0.05). Production efficiency factor at 6, 7 and 8 wk old were 256.6, 199.8 and 153.0, respectively, so there was significant difference with weeks (P<0.05). Carcass yield at 8 wk old was higher than that at 6 and 7 wk old as 73.5% (P<0.05). Lightness at 6, 7 and 8 wk were 41.8, 39.0 and 38.1, respectively, and that at 6 wk old was the higher than other weeks (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on redness at 6, 7, and 8 wk old (P>0.05) and yellowness at 8 wk old was higher compared to other weeks (P<0.05). Cooking loss was the highest at 6 wk old as 31.6%, but water holding capacity was the highest at 8 wk old (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on shear force among weeks. pH at 6 wk old was the lower than that of other weeks as 5.84. Moisture content significantly decreased with weeks (P<0.05) and fat content at 8 wk was the highest as 1.88% (P<0.05). Protein content significantly increased with weeks until 20.9% at the age of 8 wk (P<0.05). Ash content at 7 and 8 wk old was the higher than that at 6 wk old (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on juiciness, tenderness, and flavor with weeks. Finally, these results may provide that shipping time at 7 wk old preferred to that at 6 and 7 wk old, but further research was needed because of deficiency of data.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.68-81
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of the six different feeding methods on the development of body weight, testis, comb and pituitary gland, and the sexual maturity of White Plymouth Rock cockerels. From hatching to 22 weeks of age, the weights of whole body, testis, comb and pituitary gland, and the histological changes of testis and the semen characteristics were checked every other week. The results obtained in this expeniment were as follows: 1. The growth rates of the self-feeding groups were faster than those of the limited feeding groups (70 percent of the self-feeding) by about 2 weeks. The weights of testis and comb showed the most marked increase at 20 weeks of age in the self-feeding groups and at 22 weeks of age in the limited feeding groups, respectively. 2. The weights of pituitary gland from hatching to 22 weeks of age at all observation weeks were not recognized significantly among the compared groups except 4, 14 and 16 weeks of age. 3. Correlations between week of age, body weight, testis, comb and pituitary gland, in the course of 22 weeks, were highly significant. 4. The diameters of lumina and tubules in the seminiferous tubules increased very slowly until 10 weeks of age. They showed the most marked increase at 12 weeks of age in the self-feeding groups and at 14 weeks of age in the limited feeding groups, and then continueously increased until 22 weeks of age. 5. Primary spermatocytes appeared at first at 8 weeks in the all treatment groups. Secondary spermatocytes appeared at first at 10 weeks in the self-feeding groups and at 12 weeks in the limited feeding groups. At 14 weeks of age spermatids and spermatozoa were found at first in the self-feeding groups but spermatids were found in the limited feeding groups. 6. Age of the first ejaculation was between 14 and 16 weeks of age in the all treatment groups. The average semen volume and sperm concentration ranged from $0.1{\sim}0.2m{\ell}/ejaculate$ and $5.6{\sim}9.8{\times}10^8sperm/m{\ell}$ at the age of the first ejaculation but $0.30{\sim}0.35m{\ell}/ejaculate$ and $22.4{\sim}42.7{\times}10^8sperm/m{\ell}$ at the 20 weeks of age in the all treatment groups.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 1989

The changes in serum total protein and immunoglobulin levels, and BVD, IBR and PI-3 viral neutralizing antibody titers in colostrum-conferred Korean native calves during the first 12 weeks postpartum were studied, and the results obtained were summerized as follows: The Mean concentration of total protein, total immunoglobulin, IgG, IgM and IgA in sera of 9 calves at birth were $3.8{\pm}0.5g/dl$, $0.27{\pm}0.15mg/ml$, $0.06{\pm}0.08mg/ml$, $0.21{\pm}0.11mg/ml$, and extremely low concentration, respectively. Serum total protein level reached a maximum at 20 hours after birth, total immunoglobulin, IgG, and IgM levels at 24 hours, and IgA level at 28 hours, respectively. Serum IgA level reached a minimum at 4 weeks old, IgM level at 5 weeks, total immunoglobulin level at 8 weeks, and IgG level at 10 weeks, respectively. After then those levels had begun to increase, but total protein level was still decreasing at 12 weeks old. The half-lives of IgG, IgM, and IgA were 21.1 days, 4.0 days, and 2.6 days-respectively. In 10 Korean native cows immediately after parturition, serum neutralizing antibody titers specific to BVD, IBR and PI-3 virus were $8.7{\pm}1.5{\log}_2$, $5.7{\pm}1.2{\log}_2$, and $6.8{\pm}1.01{\log}_2$, respectively. And colostral neutralizing antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were $10.1{\pm}1.4{\log}_2$, $6.8{\pm}1.3{\log}_2$ and $7.8{\pm}1.7{\log}_2$, respectively. Before suckling the colostrum, SN antibody titers against BVD, IBR, and PI-3 virus were undetectable from all of 9 Korean native calves. Nevertheless SN antibody titer against BVD virus reached a maximum level ($9.2{\pm}0.6{\log}_2$) at 24 hours after birth, that against IBR virus ($6.1{\pm}1.0{\log}_2$) at 20 hours after birth, and that against PI-3 virus ($6.8{\pm}0.9{\log}_2$) at 32 hours after birth, respectively. In 12 weeks old calves, the SN antibodies against BVD and IBR virus were still decreasing, but that against PI-3 virus reached a minimum at 10 weeks, and increased after 12 weeks of age. The half-lives of SN antibodies against BVD, PI-3 and IBR, virus were 16.0 days, 22.6 days, and 25.5 days, respectively.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.59-68
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• 2004

Objective : This study was designed to evaluate the effect of electroacupuncture with various scales on symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Methods : Subjects were voluntarily recruited by newspapers and internet. All the subjects are confirmed as idiopathic parkinson's disease by a neurologist. The acupuncture therapy was performed twice a week for 8 weeks. Acupuncture points for EA group were GB34, and LR3, electrical stimulation frequency was 120Hz, duration 15 minutes, and intensity is up to pain threshold according to patients. The patient's symptoms were assessed before, after 4 weeks and after 8 weeks treatments by unified Parkinson's disease rating scale(UPDRS), modified Hoehn-Yahr(H-Y) stage, Schwab & England activity of daily living and freezing of gait questionnaire(FOGQ). Results : UPDRS I, II, III, IV and total UPDRS scores were significantly improved after 4 weeks(p<0.05) and after 8 weeks(p<0.05) compared to the pre-treatment. The scores of ADL were significantly improved after 4 weeks(p<0.05) and after 8 weeks(p<0.05). There were significant changes in H-Y stage after 4 weeks(p<0.05), but There were no significant changes in H-Y stage after 8 weeks. There were significant changes in FOGQ scale after 4 weeks(p<0.05) and after 8 weeks(p<0.05). Conclusion : This study suggests that electroacupuncutre treatments can be applicable to improve symptoms in the patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease.