• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.113-125
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• 1969

These experiments were designed to study the influence of early protein undernutrition on growth, behaviors toward food, general attitude toward a new environment, brain size and body composition of the experimental rats. The following experimental groups were studied. Lactation period (3 weeks) (Diets of mother rats) 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 25% Casein diet 12% Casein diet 12% Casein diet After-weaning protein deprivation period None deprivation (25% Casein diet) None deprivation (25% Casein diet) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) 5% Casein diet (4 weeks) 5% Casein diet (8 weeks) After a long period of rehabilitation with 25% casein diet the following results were obtained. 1. Growth rate during lactation period is closely related with the protein levels of the diet for mother rats. The average body weight of offsprings of the mother rat fed 25% casein diet is 46.0 grams at 21 days old. However, that of the mother rat fed 12% casein diet is only 25.0 grams. 2. The group of protein undernutrition during lactation (S weeks) (offsprings of mother rat fed low protein diet, 12% casein diet) could never catch up with the normal group in its growth even after twenty-four (24) weeks of rehabilitation. 3. However, the groups of protein undernutrition during either four (4) or even eight (8) weeks after weaning could catch up with the normal group in their growth after long period of rehabilitation. 4. The absolute amounts of carcass protein and fat of the normal group are larger than those of the protein deficient groups. In terms of percent carcass, however, the normal group showed higher body fat and lower body protein than the early deficient groups. However, there is no difference between preweaning (3 weeks) and postweaning (8 weeks) deficient groups. It is assumed, from these differences in body composition, that there might be any differences in physiological and metabolic functions among these various groups, and also that the basic formation of various metabolic regulators (protein-nature) might be fixed mostly during lactation and postweaning period. 5. The groups of protein undernutrition during either three (3) weeks lactation or four (4) weeks after weaning are not so remarkably different from the normal group in their amounts of food intake and spillage. However, the groups of undernutrition during either eight (8) weeks postweaning or eleven (11) weeks (3 weeks lactation period plus 8 weeks postweaning period) showed higher amounts of food intake and spillage. In these respects, it seems that desire for food is closely related with the degree of early hunger in protein and also seems that the longer be deficient in early life the more food spillage is found. 6. Both preweaning and postweaning deficient groups showed generally nervous and restless. The normal group is staid and showed less mobilities. 7. The average size of the brains of the group subjected to protein deficiency during three (3) weeks lactation period is smaller than that of the group of the eight (8) weeks postweaning deficiency. This means that the development of the brain is made mostly during lactation period. The group of the eleven (11) weeks postnatal deficiency is significantly different from the normal group in its brain development. It is assumed, in connection with the results of various maze tests reported, that the brain size is closely related with the intellectual ability.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.975-981
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• 2011

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of moxibustion at matched acupoints of ST36, ST37 and ST39 in rats with sex and age. This study measured small intestinal motility in rats. First, cauterize with moxa was applied to the ST36, ST37 and ST39 in rats classified by sex and age under enflurane anesthesia. And then same treatment is done to matched acupoints of ST36, ST37 and ST39. In each groups of ST36, ST37 and ST39, the small intestinal motility was increased in 5, 6, 8 weeks male and 5 weeks female rats at ST36, 6, 7 weeks male and 5, 6, 8 weeks female rats at ST37, 5, 6 weeks male and 5 weeks female rats at ST39. In matched acupoints, the small intestinal motility was increased in 5, 8 weeks male and 5, 6, 7, 8 weeks female rat at ST36+ST37, 5 weeks male and 6, 7, 8 weeks female rats at ST36+ST39, 5, 7 weeks male and 5, 8 weeks female rats at ST37+ST39. The effects of moxibustion at each acupoints decreased by advancing age and when these acupoints were combined, the effective results were shown in female rats of all age group. These results suggest that when each acupoints and matched acupoints was chosen in moxibustion treatment, the sex and age of individual is worth consideration.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.105-118
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• 2001

Objectives : The prescription of Semyung-Gangji-tang, designed for the treatment of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis, consists of herbs good for treating blood stasis and phlegm stagnancy. It invigorates the liver, kidneys and spleen. Its medical nature is not too cold or too hot and increases human vital energy. The purpose of this study is to examine the curative effects of Semyung-Gangji-tang on atherosclerosis in hyperlipidemic rabbits. Methods : Twenty-four male NZW rabbits, around 2kg of body weight, were divided into 4 groups. Group I served as the normal group. Group II served as the atherogenic model group, fed a 1 % cholesterol diet for 8 weeks and sacrificed. Group III served as the atherogenic control group, fed with a 1 % cholesterol diet for 8 weeks and with a normal diet for the next 4 weeks. Group IV served as the treatment group treated the same as the control group and medicated with Semyung-Gangji-tang for the last 4 weeks. Three animals of group I and six animals of group n were sacrificed at 8 weeks. Five animals of group I , five animals of group III and IV were sacrificed at 12 weeks. Pathological examinations and image analysis were performed on the collected tissue samples. Results : The percentage of lipid deposition area of thoracic aortas of group IV($41.74{\pm}8.93%$) at 12 weeks was decreased compared with the group III ($71.30{\pm}12.74%$) at 12 weeks, but a statistical difference was not observed. The percentage of group IV at 12 weeks was significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared with the group n ($76.41{\pm}7.43%$) at 8 weeks. Histopathologically, advanced atheromas with calcification of aortic arches were observed in all animals of the control group at 12 weeks, but were observed in 2 animals of the treatment group at 12 weeks. Histopathologically, atheromas with calcification of thoracic aortas were observed with major atherogenic lesions in control group at 12 weeks, but simple fibro-fatty streaks were observed major atherogenic lesions in treatment group at 12 weeks. Conclusions : These results indicate that Semyung-Gangji-tang has antiatherogenic effects on experimentally induced atherosclerosis in rabbits.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Gagamdokhwalgisang-Tang on the morphometric changes of femur, and on the hormones and cytokines associated with bone metabolism in overiectomized rats. Methods : Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham operated group(normal) ovariectomized group(control), and treated with extract of GD group(treated). Each group was evaluated the changes of body weight at 0, 3, 6, 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Morphometric analysis(femur weight, femur/body weight ratio, femur ash weight femur ash/body weight ratio cross sectional area of compact bone and concellous bone of femur) and histopathological examination were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Estrogen, Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP) and cytokine(Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$, $Interleukin-l{\beta}$, Inerleukin-6) assay were performed at 8 weeks after ovariectomy. Results : 1. The body weight of control and treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.001) compared with the normal group at 8 weeks. 2. The femur weight and femur/body weight ratio of treated group were significantly increased(p<<0.05, p<<0.01) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 3. The femur ash weight showed no significantly different changes, but femur ash/body weight ratio of treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.05) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 4. In the cross sectional area of cancellous bone of femoral body, the treated group was significantly increased(p<<0.001) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 5. The serum estrogen level of treated group showed no significantly different changes compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 6. The serum ALP activity of treated group was significantly decreased(p<<0.01) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 7. The serum Tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ level of treated group was significantly decreased(p<<0.05) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 8. The serum $Interleukin-l{\beta}(IL-1{\beta})$ level of treated group was significantly decreased(n<<0.001) compared with the control group at 8 weeks. 9. The serum Interleukin-6(IL-6) level of treated group was significantly decreased(P<<0.01)compared with the control group at 8 weeks. Conclusion : These results indicate that GD inhibits bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. And the major inhibitory mechanism may be related to the inhibitory effects of GD on the secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in estrogen deficient rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1985

This study was conducted in order to observe the changes in cellular associations of seminiferous tubules from 8 to 20 weeks of age and to obtain the cycle and relative duration of the seminiferous epithelia from 24 to 32 weeks of age. Twenty-eight Korean native male goats were used in the experiment and divided into 7 groups, consisting of 4 goats each, with four weeks intervals from 8 to 32 weeks of age. The results were summarized as follows; 1. Gonocytes were seen at 8 weeks of age, however they were not observed as from 12 weeks. Both type A-spermatogonia and type B-spermatogonia occurred from 8 weeks, while primary spermatocytes were found from 12 weeks. Secondary spermatocytes and spermatids appeared from 16 weeks, and increased in numbers sequentially until 32 weeks of age. Spermatozoa were observed at first at 20 weeks of age. 2. Type A-spermatogonia appeared approximately twice as many at stage 2 as compared to stage 1, while the same numbers of cells were seen in both stages 1 and 8, showing the least number among 8 stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia. The type B-spermatogonia were found during the stage 5 to 8, not to be detactable during stage 1 to 4. The number of primary spermatocytes of the leptotene phase increased markedly during stage 1 to 4, and decreased afterwards. The primary spermatocytes of the pachytene phase were shown the least in number at stage 4. The secondary spermatocytes could be seen only at stage 4 and the largest number of spermatids was seen at the stage 4 among 8 stages. 3. The relative frequencies of each stage among stages 1 to 8 of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia were 27.5, 17.5, 12.8, 5.8, 8.9, 8.3, 12.0 and 7.2% respectively. 4. Some of the nuclei of Sertoli cells transformed from the "parallel" type to the "perpendicular" type. This evolution took place from stage 1 to 6, when the number of "perpendicular" type nuclei reached a peak and the number was decreased in the rest of the stages. Thus, establishment of spermatogenesis in Korean native goats was completed at the age of 20 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 1985

This study was conducted in order to obtain the number and size of Leydig cell in the testis in accordance with the growth of Korean native goat. Twenty-one Korean native male goats were examied, and was divided into seven groups by 4 weeks interval from 8 to 32 weeks of age. The results were as follows: 1. The number of Leydig cells in the interstitial tissue were increased in accordance with age. The number of cells were increased twice from 1.3 cells at 8 weeks to 2.6 cells at 12 weeks of age, from 2.6 cells at 12 weeks to 5.5 cells at 24 weeks, respectively. And the cells were slightly increased from 5.5 cells at 16 weeks to 6.7 cells at 32 weeks. 2. The smallest cells were found in goats at 8 weeks of age, being 8.2${\mu}$m, and it showed noncontinual growth among groups of 12, 16 and 20 weeks of age, recording 9.18, 8.82 and 9.05${\mu}$m respectively. Leyding cells in 24, 28 and 32 weeks of age showed matured size being 10.42, 10.81 and 10.67${\mu}$m respectively. 3. Rows or clusters of Leydig cells were scattered in the loose connective tissue around lymphatic simusoids and blood vessels. Nuclei of Leydig cells were found to have 2 types, one type was stained pale and the other were stained dark. As a result of this study, Leydig cells found in the interstitial tissue were considered to grow until 20 weeks of age after birth, and reached to almost full maturated form by 24 weeks of ages.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.397-406
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to observe the titanium implant osseointegration in the osteoporosis-induced animal model. Seventy rats, 11 weeks of age, were divided into two groups : an ovariectomized group and a control group. Titanium screw implants(diameter, 2.0mm; length, 3.5mm) were placed into left tibias of 70 rats, 35 in the control group and 35 in the experimental group. The rats were sacrificed at different time interval (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation) for histopathologic observation, histomorphometric analysis and immunohistochemistry with fibronectin and CD34 antibody. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. Histopathologically findings, newly formed bone was seen at 3 weeks and became lamellar bone at 8 weeks, and mature trabecullar bone was seen at 12 weeks control group. In experimental group, thickness of regenerated bone increased till 8 weeks gradually and mature trabecullar bone was seen at 12 weeks. 2. By histomorphometric analysis, marrow bone density and contact ratio of marrow bone to implant decreased significantly from 8 to 12 weeks in experimental group compared to control group and also total bone to implant contact ratio decreased significantly from 8 to 12 weeks in experimental group. 3. Fibronectin immunoreactivity was strong at 3 weeks control group and reduced after 8weeks gradually. But it was continuously strong from 3 to 8 weeks in experimental group. 4. CD34 immunoreactivity was very strong in the newly formed osteoblasts from 3 to 8 weeks control group. But it reacted minimally later. While in experimental group, it reacted continuously strong from 3 to 12 weeks. The results of this study suggest that osteoporosis is not an absolute contraindication to dental implantation if sufficient period suggested after fixture installation till second stage surgery.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.227-233
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• 2012

Circadian timing system plays a major role in a wide range of reproductive function. However it is plausible idea that other environmental and/or internal cue might be simultaneously participated in the optimal regulation of reproductive system. In the present study we extended the reverse feeding (RF) time regimen up to 8 weeks, then measured the general and reproductive indices of the animals. The animals of ad libitum feeding group (Control, CON) have free access to food for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. The day feeding animals (reverse feeding, RF group) have restricted access to food during daytime (09:00-18:00) for 4, 6 and 8 weeks, respectively. When the feeding schedules were over, key indices were measured. After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of feeding, body weights of animals were not significantly different. However, body weights of 6 weeks RF animals were significantly smaller than those of control animals (CON : RF = $333.46{\pm}12.71$ g : $289.91{\pm}8.31$ g, p<0.01). The blood glucose levels of 4 weeks RF animals were significantly decreased compared to the levels of control animals (CON : RF = $161.4{\pm}2.7$ mg/dL : $176.7{\pm}5$ mg/dL, p<0.01) while the levels of 6 weeks RF and 8 weeks RF animals were not different form those of control animals. Reproductive and non-reproductive tissue weights from 6 weeks RF group were significantly lowered than those from CON group (testis, CON : RF = $1.4714{\pm}0.0174$ g : $1.3724{\pm}0.0168$ g, p<0.001; epididymis, CON : RF = $0.3574{\pm}0.0059$ g : $0.3243{\pm}0.0068$ g, p<0.001; seminal vesicle, CON : RF = $0.1655{\pm}0.0068$ g : $0.1328{\pm}0.0054$ g, p<0.001; prostate, CON : RF = $0.3350{\pm}0.0231$ g : $0.2528{\pm}0.0143$ g, p<0.01). After 4 weeks and 8 weeks of reverse feeding, sperm counts in RF animals were markedly reduced than those in control animals[CON 4W : RF 4W = $121.17{\pm}9.96\;({\times}10^6)$ : $50.86{\pm}9\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001; CON 8W : RF 8W= $138.69{\pm}9.8\;({\times}10^6)$ : $108.94{\pm}4.22\;({\times}10^6)$, p<0.001]. Present study indicates that RF may induce an adaptable metabolic stress and cause impairment of androgen-dependent reproductive tissues. On-going longitudinal studies will allow a better understanding of the how does mealtime shift affect the reproductive function and exact nature of adaptation.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.99-108
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to research the clinical of cerebral palsy taking physical therapy at the department of physical therapy of various clinics at Kyungnam${\cdot}$Pusan. Among the subjects that was born from January, 1985 to June, 2000, 226 parents was answered to questionary of this study. The results of the study were as follows: 1) During the embryonic period, the cerebral palsied children above 37weeks were 114 subjects(50.9%) and there was 51 subjects(22.8%) between 28weeks to 31weeks and 32weeks to 36weeks. The children below 28weeks were 8 subjects(3.6%) and showed the lowest rate. As compared to the delievery methods, the normal delievery, cesserian section delievery, and forceps delievery was 124 subjects(55.1%), 81(36.0%), 16(7.1%), nad 4(1.8%). Among them the mormal delievery indicated the highest percentage. 2) Compared to the weight during birth time, the above 2500g of 121 subjects(55.3%) showed the highest rate and the 28 subjects(12.8%) had the birth weight of 1000to 1499g. There was 4 subjects(1.8%) below the 1000g. 3) Compared to the birth weight of the pregnancy period, the weight of the cerebral palsied children below 28weeks were 1000g to 1499g and showed the highest rate of 4 subjects(50%). The children between 28weeks to 31weeks and 32weeks to 36weeks were 1500 to 2499g, each 23(47.9%), and 28(54.9%) subject. The weight of the children of the above 37weeks were above 2500g and 94 subjects(87.4%). Therefore, if the period of pregnancy is short, the weight birth would indicate the lower weight than the weight of the other times(p<0.05). 4) The spastic type of the pregnant period had the highest rate and the period was the below 28weeks to 31weeks. The cerebral palsied children of athetoid and mixed type were 6 subjects(13.3%) and 5 subjects(31.9%) between 28 and 31weeks. The mixed type of them was each 15 (31.9%) and 33 (30.6%) subjects between 32 to 36 weeks and the above 37weeks. The mixed type showed a slightly high rate (p<0.05). 5) The spastic type indicated the highest rate in the weight of birth time and especially showed the high rate in the case of 1000 to 1499g. The mixed type indicated a slightly high rate of 17 subjects (25.8%) and 32 subjects (29.1%) in case of 1500 to 2499g and the above 2500g (p<0.05).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.226-234
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• 2011

We investigated the clinical effects of Korean red ginseng on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. Eighteen subjects aged between 6 and 14 diagnosed with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition diagnosis criteria were enrolled. Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) at 1,000 mg b.i.d. was administered to the subjects for 8 weeks. Eighteen children completed the questionnaire and clinical assessment by visiting the hospital at baseline, then in the first, fourth and eighth weeks. Clinical assessments were performed by using the ADHD Diagnostic System (ADS, a computerized attention assessment program), the abbreviated Conners' rating scale in addition to psychiatric interviews. After 8 weeks, significant differences were found in the omisssion errors of ADS ($78.56{\pm}43.33$ at baseline, $55.17{\pm}21.44$ at 8 weeks, p<0.023), Conners ADHD Rating Scale ($13.78{\pm}6.32$ at baseline, $9.50{\pm}4.80$ at 8 weeks, p<0.042) and Spielberger State Anxiety Scale ($30.94{\pm}6.25$ at baseline, $28.83{\pm}6.23$ at 8 weeks, p<0.024). In the Korean Personality Inventory for Children, a significant reduction of score was found in the physical development scale ($56.44{\pm}9.63$ at baseline, $50.94{\pm}8.91$ at 8 weeks, p<0.017) and social dysfunction scale ($56.33{\pm}6.82$ at baseline, $51.94{\pm}7.13$ at 8 weeks, p<0.025). These results suggest that Korean red ginseng may be effective in improving inattentiveness in ADHD children, but it remains uncertain if it improves the general severity of ADHD, depression, anxiety personality and behavioral changes.