• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제113권1호
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• pp.107-117
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• 2024

본 연구는 시간에 따른 산림환경의 물리환경요소 변화와 이에 따른 온열환경 쾌적성, 인체의 생리·심리적 반응의 차이를 종합적으로 규명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 9시부터 18시까지 산림환경의 물리환경요소(공기온도, 평균복사온도, 풍속, 상대습도)와 예상평균한서감지수(PMV), 예상불만족률(PPD)를 연속 측정하고, 1시간 간격으로 남자 대학생 30명(평균 연령: 21.7±1.9세)이 눈을 감고 5분 동안 안정을 취할 때의 생리·심리적 반응(심박변이도, 심박수, 구강체온, 혈압, 맥박수, 주관적 온열감과 쾌적감 및 인상)을 조사하였다. 더불어 물리환경요소와 생리적 반응 사이의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 그 결과, ① 공기온도, 평균복사온도, 풍속, 상대습도 모두 시간에 따라 유의하게 변화하였다. ② PMV와 PPD도 시간에 따라 유의하게 변화하였다. 주관적 온열감은 PMV와 일치하였으나, 주관적 쾌적감은 PPD와 일치하지 않았다. ③ 생리적 반응 중 ln(HF), ln(LF/HF), 심박수, 이완기혈압이 시간에 따라 유의하게 변화하였다. 공기온도가 가장 높았던 14~16시에 ln(HF)는 가장 낮았고, ln(LF/HF)는 가장 높았다. ④ 공기온도, 평균복사온도, 풍속은 ln(HF)와 음의 상관관계, ln(LF/HF)와 양의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 이를 통해 산림환경을 이용하는 시간대에 따라 이용객의 쾌적감과 생리·심리적 안정 효과가 달라질 수 있으며, 시간에 따른 산림환경의 물리환경요소 변화가 이러한 차이에 영향을 미친다는 사실이 밝혀졌다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 1967

In view of its prevalence in the Far East area, a more detailed knowledge on the hookworm infection is one of the very important medical problems. The present study was aimed to; determine the infectivity of the artificially hatched ancylostoma duodenale larvae in man after its oral administration, evaluate the clinical symptomatology of such infection, determine the date of first appearance of the ova in the stool, calculate the blood loss per worm per day, assess the relation-ships between the ova count, infectivity(worm load), blood loss and severity of anemia. An erythrokinetic study was also done to analyse the characteristics of hookworm anemia by means of $^{59}Fe\;and\;^{51}Cr$. Materials and Methods Ten healthy male volunteers(doctors, medical students and laboratory technicians) with the ages ranging from 21 to 40 years were selected as the experimental materials. They had no history of hookworm infection for preceding several years, and care was taken not to be exposed to reinfection. A baseline study including a through physical examinations and laboratory investigations such as complete blood counts, stool examination and estimation of the serum iron levels was done, and a vermifuge, bephenium hydroxynaphoate, was given 10 days prior to the main experiment. The ancylostoma duodenale filariform larvae were obtained in the following manner; The pure ancylostoma duodenale ova were obtained from the hookworm anemia patients and a modified filter paper method was adopted to harvest larger number of infective larvae, which were washed several times with saline. The actively moving mature larvae were put into the gelatine capsules, 150 in each, and were given to the volunteers in the fasting state with 300ml. of water. The volunteers were previously treated with intramuscular injection of 15mg. of chlorpromazine in order to prevent the eventual nausea and vomiting after the larvae intake. The clinical symptoms and signs mainly of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, appearance of the ova and occult blood in the stool etc. were checked every day for the first 20 days and then twice weekly until the end of the experiment, which usually lasted for about 3 months. Roentgenological survey of the lungs was also done. The hematological changes such as the red blood cell, white blood cell and eosinophil cell counts, hemoglobin content and serum iron levels were studied. The appearance of the ova in the stool was examined by the formalin ether method and the ova were counted in triplicate on two successive days using the Stoll's dilution method. The ferrokinetic data were calculated by the modified Huff's method and the apparent half survival time of the red blood cells by the modified Gray's method. The isotopes were simultaneously tagged and injected intravenously, and then the stool and blood samples were collected as was described by Roche et al., namely, three separate 4-day stool samples with the blood sample drawing before each 4-day stool collection. The radio-activities of the stools ashfied and the blood were separately measured by the pulse-height analyser. The daily blood loss was calculated with the following formula; daily blood loss in $ml.=\frac{cpm/g\;stool{\times}weight\;in\;g\;of\;4-day\;stool}{cpm/ml\;blood{\times}4}$ The average of these three 4-day periods was given as the daily blood loss in each patient. The blood loss per day per worm was calculated by simply dividing the daily blood loss by the number of the hookworm recovered after the vermifuge given twice a week at the termination of the experiment. The iron loss in mg. through the gastrointestinal tract was estimated with the daily iron loss in $mg=\frac{g\;Hgb/100ml{\times}ml\;daily\;blood\;loss{\times}3.40}{100}$ 3.40=mg of iron per g Hgb following formula; Results 1. The respiratory symptoms such as cough and sputum were noted in almost all cases within a week after the infection, which lasted about 2 weeks. The roentgenological findings of the chest were essentially normal. A moderate degree of febril reaction appeared within 2 weeks with a duration of 3 or 4 days. 2. The gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, epigastric fullness, abdominal pain and loose bowel appeared in all cases immediately after the larvae intake. 3. The reduction of the red blood cell count was not remarkable, however, the hemoglobin content and especially the serum iron level showed the steady decreases until the end of the experiment. 4. The white blood cells and eosinophil cells, on the contrary, showed increases in parallel and reached peaks in 20 to 30 days after the infection. A small secondary rise was noted in 2 months. 5. The ova first appeared in the stool in 40. 1 days after the infection, ranging from 29 to 51 days, during which the occult blood reaction of the stool became also positive in almost cases. 6. The number of ova recovered per day was 164, 320 on the average, ranging from 89,500 to 253,800. The number of the worm evacuated by vermifuge was in rough correlation with the number of ova recovered. 7. The infectivity of ancylostoma duodenale was 14% on the average, ranging from 7.3 to 20.0%, which is relatively lower than those reported by other workers. 8. The mean fecal blood loss was 5.78ml. per day, with a range of from 2.6 to 11.7ml., and the mean blood loss per worm per day was 0.30ml., with a range of from 0.13 to 0.73ml., which is in rough coincidence with those reported by other authors. There appeared to exist, however, no correlation between the blood loss and the number of ova recovered. 9. The mean fecal iron loss was 2.02mg. per day, with a range of from 1.20 to 3.89mg., which is less than those appeared in the literature. 10. The mean plasma iron disappearance rate was 0.80hr., with a range of from 0.62 to 0.95hr., namely, a slight accerelation. 11. The hookworm anemia appeared to be iron deficiency in origin caused by continuous intestinal blood loss.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2003

연구배경 : 원인 미상의 미만성 폐침윤이 있는 경우, 기관지폐포세척술(bronchoalveolar lavage; BAL)이 진단에 유용하나, 심한 저산소혈증이 있는 환자에서는 수기 중 저산소혈증의 악화에 대한 우려로 BAL을 시행하지 못하거나 기관내삽관 후 시행하는 경우가 많다. 이에 저자들은 심한 저산소혈증 환자에서 BAL 시행 시 안면마스크를 통한 지속성 기도양압(continuous positive airway pressure; CPAP)을 시행하여, 이 방법의 유용성 및 안정성을 평가하기 위해서 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방법 : 2001년 1월 2000년 8월까지 삼성서울병원에 입원한 환자 중, 진단적 BAL이 필요하면서 심한 저산소혈증(안면마스크로 산소 10 L/min 공급 시 $PaO_2/F_IO_2\;ratio{\leq}200$)이 있는 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 기존의 인공호흡기와 안면마스크를 이용하여 흡입산소분율 1.0로 CPAP $5{\sim}6cmH_2O$를 BAL 시행 10분 전부터 BAL 종료 30분 후까지 적용하였다. 기관지내시경은 T-튜브를 통해 구강으로 삽입하여 통상적인 방법으로 BAL을 시행하였다. 수기 전, 직후, 수기 후 30분, 90분과 24시간에 여러 생리학적 지표와 가스교환지표들을 측정하였다. 결과 : (1) 총 7명(남:여=4:3)의 환자를 대상으로 하였으며 연령 중앙값은 56세였다. (2) CPAP 적용 전 $PaO_2$는 $78{\pm}16mmHg$였으며 CPAP 적용 후 $269{\pm}116mmHg$으로 유의하게 증가하였으며(p=0.018) BAL시행 후와 30분 후 $PaO_2$의 유의한 감소는 관찰되지 않았다. 수기 중 $SpO_2$가 90% 미만으로 감소한 환자는 한 명도 없었다. (3) 수기 직후 $PaCO_2$의 유의한 증가, pH의 유의한 감소가 관찰되었으나 수기 후 30분만에 회복되었다. (5) 시행 중 출혈, 기흉, 감염, 혈역학적 합병증은 발생하지 않았으며, 세명의 환자(43%)에서 수기와 무관하게 기저 질환의 진행으로 기관내삽관을 필요로 하였다. 결론 : 심한 저산소혈증 환자에서 안면마스크를 이용한 CPAP을 적용하여 BAL을 시행하면, 수기 시 저산소혈증의 위험 없이 안전하게 검사를 시행할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제63권5호
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• pp.423-429
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• 2007

연구배경: 급성폐손상과 급성호흡곤란증후군 대상자에서 폐포모집술의 적절한 방법에 대해서는 정해진 것이 없다. 이 연구를 통해 폐포모집술들 중 압력조절환기법을 이용한 폐포모집술의 효과와 안정성을 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법: 급성폐손상 및 급성호흡곤란증후군에 해당하는 대상자들을 대상으로 압력조절환기 방식에서 $30cmH_2O$의 흡입압력과 $20cmH_2O$의 호기말양압으로 2분 동안 폐포모집술을 시행하였다. 동맥혈 산소분압, 정맥혈 산소포화도, 혈압과 맥박, 중심정맥압, 폐탄성, 호기말양압, 흉부 X-ray를 시술 전 후로 확인하였다. 결 과: 16명의 대상자들 중에서, 3명은 폐외 급성폐손상 및 급성호흡곤란증후군 대상자였고 나머지 13명은 폐내 급성폐손상 및 급성호흡곤란증후군 대상자였다. 평균 나이는 $61.0{\pm}11.8$세였고, 평균 APACHE II score는 $21.6{\pm}11.9$이었으며, SAPS score는 $44.6{\pm}14$이었다. 폐포모집술 시행 전, 평균 호기말양압은 $11.3{\pm}1.5mmHg$이었으며 평균 동맥혈산소분압/흡입산소분율은 $130.3{\pm}60.2$이었다. 폐포모집술 시행 20분 후, 동맥혈산소분압/흡입산소분율의 비를 측정하여 50% 이상 상승한 경우를 반응군으로 50% 이하로 상승하거나 감소한 경우를 비반응군으로 분류하였다. 8명의 대상자들은 반응군이었고 8명의 대상자들은 비반응군이었다. 두 군간의 인구학적인 특성과 기계호흡의 패턴, APACHE II score, SAPS score, 동맥혈산소분압/흡입산소분율과 혈역동학적 특성 사이에는 차이가 없었다. 폐포모집술 이후, 동맥혈산소분압/흡입산소분율의 비는 상승하였다(p<0.001). 그 최대치는 폐포모집술 이후 60분에서 관찰되었다. 동맥혈 이산화탄소분압은 상승하는 경향을 보였다(p=0.05). 폐포모집술 전 후의 평균동맥압의 차이는 없었다(p=0.08). 기흉 등의 압력 손상에 의한 합병증은 없었으며, 단 한 예에서만 혈압 저하로 인해 폐포모집술을 중단하였으나 수액 공급 후 바로 회복되었다. 결 론: 본 연구를 통해서, 압력조절환기를 이용한 폐포모집술은 급성폐손상 및 급성호흡곤란증후군 대상자에서 산소화의 개선을 보였다. 또한 혈역학적 부작용은 거의 없었으며 고압력에 의한 합병증은 없었다. 따라서 압력조절환기를 이용한 폐포모집술은 폐보호전략과 더불어 임상적인 유용성과 안전성이 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.379-388
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• 1994

연구배경 : 수면 무호흡증후군은 수면시 반복적인 무호흡이 발생하여 일련의 심폐계통의 변화가 초래되는 질환으로 이중 동맥혈 산소포화도(arterial oxygen saturation, 이하 $SaO_2$)의 감소와 심부정맥의 발생이 임상적으로 중요한 소견이다. 무호흡시 $SaO_2$의 감소양상은 환자마다 다양하며 이는 호흡정지 기간, 호흡정지시의 산소공급원인 폐용량 및 개체의 산소소모율에 따라 결정될 것으로 예상된다. 방법 : 호흡정지와 재개시에 수반되는 $SaO_2$ 및 심박수(heart rate, 이하 HR)의 변동양상을 관찰하고, 그 변동에 관련되는 생리학적 인자들을 알아보고자 정상 남자 8명 및 정상 여자 9명 등 총 17명을 대상을 폐용량 측정, 동맥혈 가스분석을 시행하고 Harris-Benedict 식에 의거한 기초대사율을 산출한 뒤 총폐용량(total lung capacity, 이하 TLC), 기능적 잔기량(functional residual capacity, 이하 FRC) 및 잔기량(residual volume, 이하 RV) 상태에서 호흡정지를 시킨 후, $SaO_2$의 변동과 심전도를 측정기록하였다. 결과 : 호흡정지시 $SaO_2$가 기저치로부터 2% 감소하는데 걸린 시간(T2%)은 TLC, FRC 및 RV 에서 각각 $70.1{\pm}14.2$초 $44.0{\pm}11.6$초 및 $33.2{\pm}11.1$초로 TLC보다는 FRC 에서(p<0.05), FRC보다는 RV에서(p<0.05) 유의하게 단축되었다. T2%까지 호흡정지한 뒤 호흡재개시 $SaO_2$의 추가 감소는 RV에서 $4.3{\pm}2.1%$로서, TLC의 $1.4{\pm}1.0%$나 FRC의 $1.9{\pm}1.4%$ 보다 감소량이 컸고(각각 p<0.05), 최저 $SaO_2$치에서 기저치로의 회복에 걸린 시간은 TLC, FRC 및 RV에서 유의한 차이가 없었다. T2%는 각각의 폐용량 혹은 기초대사율과 유의한 상관관계는 없었으나, TLC/BMR(r=0.693, p<0.001) 및 FRC/BMR(r=0.615, p<0.025)과는 각각 유의한 상관관계를 보였고, RV/BMR(r=0.027, p>0.05)과는 유의한 상관관계가 없었다. 호흡정지와 재개의 전 과정에서 생긴 최대심박수와 최초심박수의 차이는 TLC에서 $27.5{\pm}9.2$회/분, FRC 에서 $19.1{\pm}6.0$회/분, RV에서 $26.4{\pm}14.0$회/분으로 FRC에서의 심박수 변화량이 TLC나 RV에서의 변화량보다 유의하게 적었고(각각 p<0.05), 기록상 호흡재개 시점을 전후한 5개씩의 p-p간격의 평균치는 TLC에서 $0.84{\pm}0.10$초와 $0.72{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.025), FRC에서 $0.82{\pm}0.11$초와 $0.73{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.025), RV에서 $0.77{\pm}0.09$초와 $0.72{\pm}0.09$초(p<0.05)로 모두 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론 : 정상인에서 FRC이상에서 호흡정지시 $SaO_2$의 감소속도는 폐용량/기초대사율과 밀접한 상관관계를 보이고, 호흡정지-재개의 과정에서 생기는 동성부정맥은 FRC상태가 제일 작고 미주신경활성도의 변화가 관여하는 것으로 추정되며, RV에서의 실험결과로 미루어 수면 무호흡증후군 환자들에서 체위, 혹은 복부비만에 기인하는 기능적 잔기량의 감소가 저산소혈증의 정도나 심부정맥의 발생에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 필요하고, 수면시의 기능적잔기량을 증가시키는 것이 치료적 유용성이 있는지에 대한 검증도 필요하리라고 사료된다.

• 제3의학
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.35-54
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• 1997

We tried to observe the features of ancient medical practice by analysing the records related to medicine in the book, ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdom${\lrcorner}$ of which content includes the features of medicine in mythology, plague, delivery of twins, drugs, medical system, shamanism, constitutional medicine, psychiatry, forensic medicine, deformity, a spa, medical phrase, health and welfare work, religion, death. physiological anatomy, Taoist medicine, acupuncture, the occult af of transformation and etc. Our initial concern was about where to draw line as of medical field and we defined medicine in more broad meaning. The book ${\ulcorner}$the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms${\lrcorner}$ describes the world of mythology by way of medicine which is not clearly a conventional one. There appears records of birth of multiple offsprings 7 times in which cases are of triplets or more. Delivering multiple offsprings were rare phenomenon though such fertility was highly admired. This shows one aspect of ancient country having more population meant more power of the nation. Of those medical records conveyed in that book includes stories of childbirth such as giving birth to a son after praying, giving birth to Kim Yoo-shin after 20 months after mother's dream of conception, and a song longing for getting a laudable child. Plagues were prevalent throughout winter to spring season and one can observe various symptoms of plagues in the record. Of these epidemic diseases, cold type might have been more common than the heat one. Appearance of epidemic diseases frequently coincided with that of natural disasters that this suggests a linkage between plague and underlying doctrine on five elements' motion and six kinds of natural factors. There exists only a few names of diseases such as epidemic disease, wind disease, and syndrome characterized by dyspnea. Otherwise there appeared only afflictions that were not specified therefore it remains cluless to keep track of certain diseases of prevalence. Since this ${\ulcorner}$Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms'${\lrcorner}$ wasn't any sort of medical book, words and terms used were not technical kind and most were the ones used generally among lay people. Therefore any mechanisms of the diseases were hardly mentioned. Some of medicinal substances such as Calculus Bovis, Radix Ginseng, Gaboderma Luciderm, magnetitum were also in use in those days. 53 kinds of dietary supplies appears in the records and some of these might have been used as medicinal purpose. Records concerning dicipline of one's body includes activities such as hunting, archery, horseback riding etc. In Shilla dynasty there were positions such as professor of medicine, Naekongbong(內供奉), Kongbong's doctor(供奉醫師), Kongbong's diviner(供奉卜師). As an educational facility, medical school was built at the first year of King Hyoso's reign and it's curricula included various subjects as ${\ulcorner}$Shin Nong's Herbal classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Kabeul classic of acupuncture and moxbustion${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Plain Questions of the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Acupuncturer${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$The Pulse Classic${\lrcorner}$, ${\ulcorner}$Classic of Channels and Acupuncture Points${\lrcorner}$ and ${\ulcorner}$Difficult Classic${\lrcorner}$. There were 2 medical professors who were in charge of education. To establish pharmacopoeia, 2 Shaji(舍知), 6 Sha(史), 2 Jongshaji(從舍知) were appointed. In Baekje dynasty, Department of Herb was maintained. Doing praying for the sake of health, doing phrenology also can be extended to medical arena. Those who survived over 100 years of age appear 3 times in the record, while 98 appears once. The earliest psychiatrist Nokjin differentiated symptoms to apply either therapies using acupuncture and drug or psychotherapy. There appears a case of rape, a case of burying alive with the dead, 8 cases of suicide that can characterize a prototype of forensic medicine. Deformity-related records include phrases as follow: 'there seems protrudent bone behind the head', 'a body which has two heads, two trunks, four arms.', 'a body equipped with two heads' In those times spa can be said to be used as a place for he리ing, convalescence, and relaxation seeing the records describing a person pretended illness and went to spa to enjoy with his friends. Priest doctors and millitary surgeons were in charge of the medical sevice in the period of the Three Kingdoms by the record written by Mookhoja(墨胡子) and Hoonkyeom(訓謙). Poor diet and regimen makes people more vulnerable to diseases. So there existed charity services for those poor people who couldn't live with one's own capacity such as single parents, orphans, the aged people no one to take care and those who are ill. The cause of affliction was frequently coined with human relation. There appeared the phenomenon of releasing prisoners and allowing people to become priests at the time of king's suffering. Besides, as a healing procedure, sutra-chanting was peformed. There appears 10 cases of death related records which varies from death by drowning, or by freezing, death from animals, death from war, death from wightloss and killing oneself at the moment of spouse's death and etc. There also exist certain records which suggest the knowledge of physiology and anatomy in those times. Since the taoist books such as ${\ulcorner}$Book of the Way and Its Power(老子道德經)${\lrcorner}$ were introduced in the period of Three Kingdoms, it can be considered that medicine was also influenced by taoism. Records of higher level of acupuncture, records which links the medicine and occult art of transformation existed. Although limited, we could figure out the medical state of ancient society.