• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.261-271
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• 2011

Osteoarthritis in patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) induces pain, limitation of mouth opening, occlusal problems, and most commonly affects their life quality. Control method and progressive process of osteoarthritis are being extensively researched. The researchers focus on histologic changes, synovial changes, muscular and ligamental changes and observed reaction to pain. Therefore most of them developed the animal model for osteoarthritis in TMD patients. In this study, we applied several methods which induces osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint(TMJ) in rats or mice. For locally induce osteoarthritis in TMJ, Monosodium iodoacetate(MIA) or interleukin-$1{\alpha}$(IL-$1{\alpha}$) were injected into TMJ joint space for 5 or 3 weeks. Other groups are chosen for osteoarthritis under systemic control including hormonal changes and aging. To observe cellular change, increased collagen, degenerative bony destruction and distribution of proteoglycans (PGs), safranin-O staining and Masson's trichrome staining were used.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1030-1036
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• 2008

In Korea, many types of traditional grape wine have existed starting from seven hundred years ago and horse-blossom-like-grape (mayu-podo) was mainly cultivated. Korean traditional wine (KTW) was manufactured by a unique method in which grape juice-added porridge made from glutinous rice was fermented by nuruk as a starter for brewing. Unfortunately, KTW making was discontinued in 20th century; thus, restoration of Korean wine culture is needed. KTWs were prepared by four traditional methods, and their qualities were compared to commercial wine made by sugaring grape juice. Ethyl alcohol contents, total acidity, pH and amino acid of the four KTWs were $9.2{\sim}11.2%$, $0.93{\sim}1.20\;mg$/100 mL, $3.02{\sim}3.48$ and $0.80{\sim}0.88\;mg$/100 mL respectively. The KTWs showed higher values in total acidity and amino acid than those of commercial grape wine. KTWs were rich in maltose, acetic acid and lactic acid. L, a and b value in Hunter's color value ranged $3.59{\sim}3.69$, $20.63{\sim}38.06$, and $1.20{\sim}1.56$, respectively. Sensory quality properties in color, flavor, taste and overall of KTWs were not different from commercial dry wine. Contents of total phenolic compounds and free radical scavenging activity using DPPH of KTWs were $599.6{\sim}652.2\;mg$/100 mL and $50.59{\sim}56.75%$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.227-253
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• 2006

It seems common for students living at a small county and islands to experience psychological conflicts and be unaccustomed in the peer society because they are not familiar with peer interaction and social skills. This is a case study of L (hereinafter called L) who was grown up in the sheltered school at a small county. L was psychologically disturbed because he couldn't get along well in the transferred school. It is the reason why he had lived in the sheltered school at a small county, so he had not enough exposure to interact with peer and social skills. Sometimes he was obstinate irrationally and when he had trouble with friends, he threw something out or went out of school and tricked juniors dangerously. The fact of disperse with families, parent's indifference, and hate of older brother made L to have ill feeling against family. He had low motivation and low self confident in learning because of short attention time and accumulated poor learning progress. In this study, he was evaluated at various area, such as, intelligent, affective, personal and inter-personal, before counselling. To evaluated the effect of the counselling, K-WISC-III, KPRC, sentence filling test, social adaptation ability test, etc, were administered right after the counselling was over and 8 weeks later. For specific information gathering and analysing, observation diary and deepen counselling were accomplished by homeroom teacher, his mother, and his peers. To correct his problematic behaviors, 13 counseling sessions were accomplished for 6 months and those counselling sessions were recorded and analysed definitely. Followings are the result of this case study. First, he was recovered from the anxiety of inter-personal interaction and he started to interact with peers. The result of sac scale score of KPRC profile was lower than before as much as average student after counseling and 8 weeks later. This reveals that the distress against interpersonal relation have settled. Especially, through the result of sentence filing test, he seemed to feel attachment to peers and be positive, active in the relation of peer. For instance, he was active in the open class lesson and interacted well with peers. It could be said that he overcame the psychological distress comparing with previous time. Second, he could apologize to his peer and juniors for his fault. His attitude were well shown in the letter from an old friend at the sheltered school, average KPRC profiling score comparing with previous counseling time, and remarkable decrease of attack scale score of teacher and peer. Third, his view toward family turn out positive. He recognized his situation that he lived apart from family and even worried about his parent's financial difficulty. Through solving the confliction with his older brother, he could acquire the feeling of family reunion. Fourth, his learning motivation and self-confidence were increased. He confirmed his future positively and he might be judged more attentive because his intelligence index was higher than before as much as average student. With the main goal of this study, verification for effectiveness of counseling. understanding and helping problematic students such as L who lives at a small county and island through investigation of their real situation and problems with the method of counseling and socio-cultural analysis is worthwhile. Identification of ideal relationship with peer is related with positive self-conception, harmonic social adaptation and development of child. It is time to investigate easy adaptive in classroom and well-organised program to acquire general social skills for sheltered school students at a small county and islands.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.397-403
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• 2006

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) is categorized by the percentage of the predicted $FEV_1$(Forced expiratory volume in 1 second) result which is highly correlated with disease severity(morbidity and mortality). In COPD patients, dyspnea seems to be different from disease severity. We investigated whether dyspnea is correlated with disease severity, as measured by $FEV_1$, quality of life(QoL), occupation, and supporting level of family members and neighbors. Method: Thirty-six clinically stable patients with chronically irreversible airflow limitation were enrolled. We used the Medical Research Council(MRC) dyspnea scale to assess the level of dyspnea and the Korean St. Goerge's respiratory questionnaire(SGRQ) as measure the QoL. Result: The mean percentage of the predicted $FEV_1$ was 32.0%. Dyspnea was not correlated with GOLD stage using $FEV_1$(p=0.114). With deteriorating level of dyspnea the scores of symptoms(p=0.041), activity(p=0.004), impact(p=0.001), and total SGRQ score(p<0.001) were significantly increased. Dyspnea was not correlated with the level of occupation(p=0.259). The supporting level of family members and neighbors was significantly negatively correlated with dyspnea scale(p=0.011). Conclusion: In the management of COPD patients, we have to remember that the level of subjective dyspnea is correlated with QoL(symptom, activity and impact on society) and social supporting level as well as GOLD stage($FEV_1$).

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the growth characteristics of cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock under different levels of light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux, PPF) and plug cell size in a closed transplant production system with artificial lighting. Cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock seedlings were grown under the combinations of three levels of PPF (PPF 165, 248, and $313{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and five types of plug tray (50, 72, 105, 128, and 200 cells in the tray) for nine days. The shoot dry weight and relative growth rate increased with increasing PPF and plug cell size. As PPF increased, cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock seedlings had higher dry matter, lower specific leaf area, and lower hypocotyl length. The first true leaf of cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock unfolded at eight and seven days after sowing, respectively, except the treatment using 200-cell plug tray. The unfolding of first true leaf of seedlings grown in 200-cell plug tray was delayed by one day. Accordingly, it was considered that the use of small cell size such as 200-cell plug tray would require more time for the production of scion and rootstock. Based on the results, we suggest that cucumber scion and pumpkin rootstock be grown in 105-cell to 128-cell plug tray for eight days and 72-cell to 105-cell plug tray for seven days, respectively, when using splice grafting method with root-removed rootstock. Additionally, higher PPF is suggested to improve the growth and quality of scion and rootstock.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.44-47
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• 2013

Purpose: There are several methods of measuring SUV in PET/CT imaging including $SUV_{bw}$ which uses the body weight, $SUV_{bsa}$ which that uses body surface area and $SUV_{lbm}$ which uses lean body mass. Currently, Seoul National University Hospital uses $SUV_{bw}$ method which minimizes the variability. In this study, we compared and analyzed the correlation between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ according to patients' body mass index. Materials and Methods: Using Biograph mCT40 (Siemens, Germany), we conducted $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT imaging on 70 patients (41 males, 29 females; ages $58.04{\pm}12.44$). We classified the patients as underweight (BMI<20), normal weight (20$${\leq_-}$$BMI<25), overweight (25$${\leq_-}$$BMI<30), obese (30$${\leq_-}$$BMI<35) and severely obese (35$${\leq_-}$$BMI) according to the patient's sex, age and BIM. Then, bone, liver and lungs were set as ROI for calculation of maximum values of $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$, through Syngo.via VA11A analysis program. Results: Comparing the five groups divided according to the BMI by the standard differences between $SUV_{bw}$ to $SUV_{bsa}$, $SUV_{max}$ was measured to be $0.66{\pm}0.15$, $0.78{\pm}0.35$, $0.77{\pm}0.21$, $1.00{\pm}0.44$, $1.53{\pm}0.38$ for bones in underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese and severely obese groups, respectively. For liver, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $1.64{\pm}0.16$, $2.06{\pm}0.34$, $2.19{\pm}0.21$, $2.52{\pm}0.21$ and $2.74{\pm}0.40$ in the same order. And for lung, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $0.69{\pm}0.33$, $0.54{\pm}0.17$, $0.62{\pm}0.23$, $0.83{\pm0.29}$, $1.03{\pm}0.30$. Conclusion: By comparing and analyzing the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ in this study, it was found that the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ increased as patient's BMI increased. Thus, there is room for error in the values of SUV depending on the methods of calculations, and appropriate methods must be applied according to the circumstances in clinical settings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1985

According to the records that all the people in our country were taught the way of braiding the hair and hatting in the first year of 'Tangun' (the founding father of the Korean nation) and that the discipline between sovereign and subject, man and woman, and the standard of food, drink and dwelling were originated from that year, it seems that all the people in our country had lived with keeping a certain standard of food, clothing and shelter, and with maintaining the order in life from ancient times. So, our country have been called 'the Eastern Land of Courtesy' and also regarded as 'the country of the true gentle-man' which was characterized as the custom of a humane, and as the country that had the immortality since a benevolent person lived to a great age. Thus, all the people in our country have lived with keeping and maintaining a certain standard of all aspects in life, and the philosophy in life that we have today was established by the influences of our characteristic thought, Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and Christianity, especially the life style in the Chosun Dynasty Period have strong influence on our today life. Thus, the contents concerned with the standard of custume life among those of all life in the Chosun Dynasty Period was studied, and clothes itself is unable to give expression to its ends but when the relationship that is, the inter-harmony among clothes, the body which will be dressed in, and the inherent psyche in that body is formed, then the ends, the complete beauty will be expressed. Though there were many studies dealt with clothes itself, no one was concerned with the all kinds of standard in activities that the dresser should keep, so the purpose of this article is that as above. The literature search is used as the research method. The eight books, 'Noneo' (the Analects of Confucius), 'Yeogi' (the Book of Courtesy), 'Sohak' (the book of Precepts for child-ren), 'Yeosaseo'(the Women's Four Books), 'Sasojeol'(Korean Scholars' Minor Principles) 'Eonhaenaehoon' (Private Moral Instructions for Women), 'Woo-am seonsaeng kyenyeoseo' (Master Woo-am's Cautions for Girls) and 'Kyoobangkasa' (the Lyric Lines of the Boudoir) that had influenced the whole field of life in the Chosun Dynasty Period are analyzed, selected and finally arranged for studyilng the foundation of culture of the clothing and for helping to that culture in modern and future life. The results are as follows: 1. The standard of the clothing life in the Chosun Dynasty Period had deeply rooted in the teaching of confucianism, but also had been influenced by the custom which rooted in our people. 2. There is the emphasis upon the trinity among mind, clothes and activities in the clothing life. 3. The clothing and hat have to be dressed symmetrically in full of all required elements, 4. There is the harmony between the clothing with hat and environments or surroundings. 5. The true elegance in the clothing life will be realized not by the exterior outfit but by the interior outfit with the attitude of chastiny. In conclusion, as the material of clothing life in the Chosun Dynasty Period has the characteristics of the simplicity, the cleanliness, the elegance and the refinement, our clothing life is to be mastered with the simplicity, the cleanliness and the elegance in that life and with the harmony between the inside and the outside.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.9 s.266
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• pp.659-667
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• 2006

Background: Experimental studies of vascular remodeling in the pulmonary arteries have been performed actively. These models required a persistent vascular insult for intimal injury induced by chronic hypoxia, monocrotaline intoxication or chronic air embolism and characterized medial hypertrophy and neointimal formation by active synthesis of the extracellular matrix protein. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of pulmonary vascular remodeling after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Material and Method: Obstruction of the right pulmonary vein with a metal clip was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats $(352{\pm}18g,\;n=10)$ to cause pulmonary vascular disease. Fifteen days later, experimental studies were done and finally the both lungs and hearts were extirpated for experimental measurement. Pulmonary arterial pressure, weight ratio of right ventricle (RV) to left ventricle (LV) and ventricular septum (S) (RV/LV +S weight ratio), and pulmonary artery morphology (percent wall thickness, %WT) were evaluated and compared with normal control groups. Result: Pulmonary hypertension $(38{\pm}12mmHg\;vs\;13{\pm}4mmHg;\;p<0.05)$ and right ventricular hypertrophy (right ventricular/left ventricular and septal weight ratio, $0.52{\pm}0.07\;vs\;0.35{\pm}0.04;\;p<0.05$) with hypertrophy of the muscular layer of the pulmonary arterial wall (percent wall thickness, $22.4{\pm}6.7%\;vs\;6.7{\pm}3.4%;\;p<0.05$) were developed by 15 days after obstruction of the pulmonary vein. Conclusion: Obstruction of the pulmonary vein developed elevation of pulmonary blood pressure and medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary artery. These results are a part of the characteristic vascular remodeling. Theses results demonstrate that obstruction of the pulmonary vein can develope not only high pulmoanry blood flow of contralateral lung but also intima injury inducing vascular remodeling.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.464-472
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density in young Korean collage women. Thirty subjects were recruited; the mean age was 22.1 years and the mean age at menarche was 12.6 years. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), ward's triangle (WT), and femoral trochanter (FT) by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA), and physical activity was assessed by a questionnaire. Dietary intake data were obtained 8 times by using a 24 hour recall method to evaluate the subjects' usual diet. Bone mineral densities of lumbar spine, femoral neck, ward's triangle and femoral trochanter were 1.149 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 0.980 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 0.936 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ and 0.759 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ respectively. The met energy intake of subjects was 1,790 kcal, and calcium and iron intakes were found to be inadequate compared to the Korean RDA. The BMD of the lumbar spine was significantly and positively related to the BMI and intake of vitamin C, carbohydrate, potatoes, fruits and plant food. The BMD of the femur (FN, WT, FT) was positively related to the BMI, to carbohydrate and fruit intake, and to the percentage of plant food in total food intake. Multiple recession analysis showed that fruit intake was significantly related to the BMD of the LS. The subjects'ages and fruit intakes were significantly related to the BMD of the femur (FN, WT, FT). These results indicate that higher fruit intakes may have a beneficial effect on bone mineral density.