• 한국작물학회지
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2012

In this study, ${\beta}$-carotene concentrations was determined in soybean cultivar according to seed size, usage, seed coat color and cotyledon color as well as the process of seed germination. The total average concentration of ${\beta}$-carotene was $6.6{\mu}g/g$ in soybean seed, $33.3{\mu}g/g$ in soybean sprout. According to seed size, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration of soybean was $6.9{\mu}g/g$ in large soybean seed, $6.7{\mu}g/g$ in medium soybean seed, and $6.31{\mu}g/g$ in small soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration was $21.4{\mu}g/g$ in large soybean sprout, $30.5{\mu}g/g$ in medium soybean sprout, and $43.5{\mu}g/g$ in small soybean sprout. According to the utilization of seed, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration of soybean seed was $7.2{\mu}g/g$ in cooked with rice soybean seed, $6.1{\mu}g/g$ in paste and curd soybean seed, and $6.3{\mu}g/g$ in sprout soybean seed. In soybean sprout, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration was $25.9{\mu}g/g$ in cooked with rice soybean sprout, $32.4{\mu}g/g$ in paste and curd soybean sprout, and $41.9{\mu}g/g$ in sprout soybean sprout. When comparison with seed coat color, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration of soybean with brown seed coat ($8.8{\mu}g/g$) was slightly higher than those of soybean with yellow ($6.1{\mu}g/g$). In soybean sprout, the total ${\beta}$-carotene concentration was $21.8{\mu}g/g$ in black seed coat sprout, $38.7{\mu}g/g$ in brown seed coat sprout, $34.1{\mu}g/g$ in green seed coat sprout, $39.5{\mu}g/g$ in yellow seed coat sprout, and $30.5{\mu}g/g$ in mottle seed coat sprout. The results of this study suggested the functional characteristics of soybean through quantitative analysis of ${\beta}$-carotene.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.17-27
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• 1987

조리서를 통하여 염류를 제외한 나물 양념의 분량을 조사하여 사용하고, 염류배합에만 변동을 주어 관능검사로 최적 염분농도 및 최적의 배합조건을 구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 재료 300g에 대하여 숙채는 파 15.5g, 마늘 7.9g, 참기름 9.0g, 깨소금 5.0g을, 생채는 파 11.5g, 마늘 7.0g, 참기름 6.0g, 깨소금 3.3g, 설탕 13.9g, 식초 10.6g, 고추가루 5.6g을 사용하였다. 2. 나물의 최적 염분농도는 숙채가 1.412%, 생채가 1.368%였다. 3. 소금과 새우젓으로 간을 한 나물에서는 염분농도 0.84%∼l.89%사이에서 염분농도가 질감에 영향을 주지 않았다. 4. 색의 기호성은 간장의 양을 증가시켜 첨가할수록 낮아졌으며, 색의 기호에 영향을 주지 않고 사용할 수 있는 간장의 양은 오이나물과 도라지나물같이 색이 옅은 경우는 중량의 0.8%∼l.0%였고, 시금치나물같이 색이 진한 경우는 중량의 4.8%였다. 5. 전체적인 맛이 좋은 염분농도는 숙채가 1.223%∼l.513%, 생채가 1.183%∼l.373%로 짠맛의 결과와 일치하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.358-364
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 ITU-T 표준으로 채택된 G.723.1을 기본 계층으로 하고 G.723.1의 합성 에러 신호를 추가적인 부호화 과정을 통하여 부호화하는 비트율 scalable 코덱을 제안하였다. 그리고 제안된 scalable 음성 코덱을 ITU-T 표준 음질 측정 소프트웨어인 P.862 (PESQ)를 이용하여 성능 분석을 하였다. 제안된 비트율 scalable 코덱을 적용함으로써 G.723.1 5.3kbps와 개선 계층 6.7kbps가 함께 동작할 경우 G.723.1 5.3kbps 보다 MOS값이 0.372 향상되었으며, G.723.1 6.3kbps와 개선 계층 5.7kbps가 함께 동작할 경우 G.723.1 6.3kbps 보다 0.267 향상되었다.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.69-81
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• 2021

While the fifth generation (5G) and beyond 5G (B5G) mobile communication networks are being rolled over the globe, several world-wide companies have already started to prepare the sixth generation (6G). Such 6G mobile networks targets ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC). In this paper, we challenge to reduce the inherent latency of existing non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in 5G networks of massive connectivity. First, we propose the novel unipodal binary pulse amplitude modulation (2PAM) NOMA, especially without SIC, which greatly reduce the latency in existing NOMA. Then, the achievable data rates for the unipodal 2PAM NOMA are derived. It is shown that for unequal gain channels, the sum rate of the unipodal 2PAM NOMA is comparable to that of the standard 2PAM NOMA, whereas for equal gain channels, the sum rate of the unipodal 2PAM NOMA is superior to that of the standard 2PAM NOMA. In result, the unipodal 2PAM could be a promising modulation scheme for NOMA systems toward 6G.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.1028-1041
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the potential of school meals in South Korea as a sustainable tool to reduce carbon emissions by focusing on animal- vs. plant-based protein foods. MATERIALS/METHODS: By using a stratified proportional allocation method, 536 out of the 11,082 schools nationwide were selected including 21 kindergartens, 287 elementary-, 120 middle- and 108 high schools. A total of 2,680 meals served for 5 consecutive days (June 21-25, 2021) were collected. We analyzed the average serving amounts of protein foods (animal- vs. plant-based) per meal and then, calculated the estimated average amounts of carbon emission equivalents per meal by applying the conversion coefficients. The t-test and analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The average serving amount of animal-based protein foods per meal was 12.5 g, which was approximately 3 times higher than that of plant-based ones (3.8 g) (P < 0.001); the Meat-group had the highest average amount of 17.0 g, followed by Egg-group (9.6 g), Fish-group (7.6 g), and Beans-and-Nuts-group (3.8 g) (P < 0.05). Specifically, pork (25.1 g) was ranked first, followed by poultry (19.6 g), processed meat products (18.0 g). The estimated average amount of carbon emission equivalents of animal-based protein foods per meal was 80.1 g CO₂e, which was approximately 31 times higher than that of plant-based ones (2.6 g CO₂e) (P < 0.001); the Meat-group had the highest average amount of 120.3 g CO₂e, followed by Fish-group (44.5 g CO₂e), Egg-group (25.9 g CO₂e), and Beans-and-Nuts-group (2.6 g CO₂e) (P < 0.05). Specifically, processed meat products (270.8 g CO₂e) were ranked first, followed by pork (91.7 g CO₂e), and processed fish products (86.6 g CO₂e). CONCLUSIONS: The results implied that school meals with plant-based alternatives could be a sustainable tool to improve carbon footprint.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.161-164
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• 1990

Ninety six Rambouillet ${\times}$ Kaghani intact male lambs of 18 months of age were divided into 6 groups of 16 lambs each, groups being G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5 and G-6. Average liveweight of animals on different treatments at day 0 of the experiment was G-1 (24.68 S.D 3.35), G-2 (24.56 S.D 2.55), G-3 (24.53 S.D 2.90), G-4 (24.51 S.D 3.38), G-5 (24.58 S.D 3.58) and G-6 (24.81 S.D 3.43). Animals on treatment G-1 were fed only maize silage ad libitum, G-2 had been offered maize silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of commercial concentrate (Sona Vanda) per group, G-3 maize silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of crushed maize grain per group. G-4 lambs were fed oat silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of crushed maize per group, G-5 oat silage plus 4.8 kg of commercial concentrate per group and G-6 only oat silage ad libitum. The results showed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among treatment groups in silage intake throughout the feeding trial. G-2 group showed the highest silage intake while treatment G-4 showed the lowest silage intake for the first two months and treatment G-6 for the last two months. The results of growth rates (g/d/animal) showed that treatments G-1 and G-6, where no supplementation was given, had a weight loss throughout the feeding trial. However, weight loss in treatment G-6 was more severe than treatment G-1. Treatments G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 all showed weight gain however, treatment G-2 had the most gain. G-2 group also showed the highest wool production while G-6 the lowest. These results indicated that silage when made from full bloom crops of oats and silage fed alone without any supplementation causes weight loss in sheep. Supplementation with concentrates having 19% CP is far better than the crushed maize grain and maize silage is better than oats silage. Maize silage is superior than oat silage however, better performance could be expected if silages were made at the early bloom (dough) stage of plant maturity. The results indicate that treatment G-2 shows highest response while treatment G-6 the lowest. So the response of different treatments on both the parameters of weight gain and wool production is almost similar.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.75-80
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• 2004

In a variety of animal species, the perinatal exposure of experimental animals to the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo­p-dioxin (TCDD) leads to the immune dysfunction, which is more severe and persistent than that caused by adult exposure. We report here the changes of gene expression and the identification of the marker-genes representing the dioxin exposure. The expressions of the transcripts were analyzed using the 11 K oligonucleotide­microarray from the bone marrow cells of male C57BL/6J mice after an intraperitoneal injection of $1{\mu}g$ TCDD/kg body weight at various time intervals: gestational 6.5 day(G6.5), 13.5 day(G13.5), 18.5 day(G18.5), and postnatal 3 (P3W)and 6 week (P6W). The type of self-organizing maps(SOM) representing the specific exposure dioxin could be identified as follows; G6.5D(C14), G13.5D(C0, C5, C10, C18), G18.5D(7): P3W(C2, C21), and P6W(C4, C15, C20). The candidate marker-genes were restricted to the transcripts, which could be consistently expressed greater than $\pm$2-fold in three experiments. The resulting candidates were 85 genes, the characteristics of that were involved in cell physiology and cell functions such as cell proliferation and immune function. We identified the biomarker-genes for dioxin exposure: smc -like 2 from SOM C14 for the dioxin exposure at G6.5D, focal adhesion kinase and 6 other genes from C0, and protein tyrosine phosphatase 4a2 and 3 other genes from C5 for G13.5D, platelet factor 4 from C7 for G18.5D, fos from C2 for P3W.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 3G WCDMA (1.91 ~ 2.17 GHz), 4G LTE (2.17 ~ 2.67 GHz), 3.5 GHz 5G (3.42 ~ 3.7 GHz) 및 Wi-Fi 이중대역 (2.4 ~ 2.484 GHz / 5.15 ~ 5.825 GHz)에서 사용이 가능한 수정된 폴디드 모노폴 슬롯 안테나를 처음으로 제시하였다. 제안된 안테나의 크기는 35×60 mm², 두께는 1.6 mm, 유전상수가 4.3인 FR-4 기판에 설계 및 제작 되었다. 측정결과 임피던스 대역폭은 2910 MHz(1.84 ~ 4.75 GHz) 및 930 MHz (5.11 ~ 6.04 GHz) 이고, 각각의 주파수 대역에서 안테나 이득은 1.811 ~ 3.450 dBi 이다. 특히 관심 있는 모든 주파수 대역에서 상업용으로 적합한 무지향성 방사패턴을 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.225-231
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• 1996

본 연구는 한국인이 사용하는 식이성 단백질의 소화 흡수율 체내 평형에 관한 자료를 얻기 위하여 국민학교 남자아동 8명, 여자아동 7명을 대상으로 4주간 평상시와 유사한 식단과 생활양식을 유지시키면서 각 대상자들이 섭취하는 동량의 모든 음식물과 배설한 대변 및 소변을 수거하여 질소 함량을 측정하므로서 1일 1인당 단백질 섭취량과 배설량을 측정하였고 이로부터 외견적 소화흡수율과 체내 평형상태를 구하였다. 단백질 섭취량은 남자아동은 43.6~61.6g 범위로 평균 $52.3\pm1.2g이었으며$ 여자아동은 34.6~50.6g 범위로 평균 $43.1\pm1.3g이었다.$ 대변중 단백질 배설량은 남자아동은 7.3~11.1g 범위로 평균 $9.2\pm0.3g이었으며$ 여자아동은 6.7~8.9g 범위로 평균 $7.8\pm0.2g이었다.$ 단백질 흡수율은 남자아동은 79.2~85.6%범위로 평균 $81.9\pm0.6%이었으며$ 여자아동은 79.6~84.5% 범위로 평균 $81.3\pm0.4%로$ 상호 유사하였으며 이들은 다른 연령층을 대상으로한 단백질 흡수율(80~85%)과 비슷하였다. 소변으로의 1일 질소 배설량은 남자아동은 4.4~5.0g 범위로 평균 $5.3\pm0.1g이었으며,$ 여자아동은 3.1~5.3g 범위로 평균 $3.9\pm0.2g이었으며$ 대변 및 소변으로의 질소 배설량을 감안한 질소 평형 상태는 남자아동은 +1.0~2.6g의 범위로 $1.60\pm0.1g의$ 양의 평형이었으며 여자아동은 1.4~2.1g의 범위로 평균 $1.7\pm0.1g의$ 양의 평형이었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1990

The contents of benzo(a)pyrene (Bap.), Pyrene(Py) and Perylene(Pery) were determined by one-dimensional dual band thinlayer chromatogragphy and spectrofluorophotometer in soil samples from road at 36 places of Ulsan and 6 places of Seoul from April to May, 1984. The concents were as follows: 1. Ulsan city : Bap. 0.05-3.66 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.07 $\mu$g/g Py. 0.60-11.01 $\mu$g/g ; mean 4.34 $\mu$g/g Pery. 0.94-5.48 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.83 $\mu$g/g 1) Industrial area : Bap. 0.03-3.66 $\mu$g/g ; mean 5.28 $\mu$g/g Py. 2.34-9.07 $\mu$g/g ; mean 5.28 $\mu$g/g Pery. 1.01-3.69 $\mu$g/g ; mean 2.09 $\mu$g/g 2) Commercial area : Bap. 0.15-2.27 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.29 $\mu$g/g Py. 0.06-11.0 $\mu$g/g ; mean 4.04 $\mu$g/g Pery. 1.03-5.48 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.84 $\mu$g/g 3) Residential area : Bap. 0.05-0.05 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.29 $\mu$g/g Py. 1.34-5.53 $\mu$g/g ; mean 2.74 $\mu$g/g Pery. 0.94-2.15 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.18 $\mu$g/g 2. Commerical area in Seoul : Bap. 0.35-1.01 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.74 $\mu$g/g Py. 9.37-24,44 $\mu$g/g ; mean 18.64 $\mu$g/g Peay. 1.47-2.24 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.87 $\mu$g/g 3. The areas that had high contents of Benzo(a)pyrene had also high contents of Pyrene and Perylene. 4. The industrial area had the highest contents of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by commercial area and residential area. 5. The contents of Bap. and Pery. in the commercial area were similar in Seoul and Ulsan, while the content of Py. in Seoul was 4 times higher than in Ulsan.