• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.209-215
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release of conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs) and resin-modified GICs. Materials and Methods: The cements were grouped as follows: G1 (Vidrion R, SS White), G2 (Vitro Fil, DFL), G3 (Vitro Molar, DFL), G4 (Bioglass R, Biodinamica), and G5 (Ketac Fil, 3M ESPE), as conventional GICs, and G6 (Vitremer, 3M ESPE), G7 (Vitro Fil LC, DFL), and G8 (Resiglass, Biodinamica) as resin-modified GICs. Six specimens (8.60 mm in diameter; 1.65 mm in thickness) of each material were prepared using a stainless steel mold. The specimens were immersed in a demineralizing solution (pH 4.3) for 6 hr and a remineralizing solution (pH 7.0) for 18 hr a day. The fluoride ions were measured for 15 days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test with 5% significance were applied. Results: The highest amounts of fluoride release were found during the first 24 hr for all cements, decreasing abruptly on day 2, and reaching gradually decreasing levels on day 7. Based on these results, the decreasing scale of fluoride release was as follows: G2 > G3 > G8 = G4 = G7 > G6 = G1 > G5 (p < 0.05). Conclusions: There were wide variations among the materials in terms of the cumulative amount of fluoride ion released, and the amount of fluoride release could not be attributed to the category of cement, that is, conventional GICs or resin-modified GICs.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2011

This study was conducted to develop an artificial diet for the mugwort looper, Ascotis selenaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), which is an insect pest to leaves of citrus (Citrus unshiu). Corn and soybean powder were selected as main nutrient sources for larvae of A. selenaria after several diets consisted of wheat germ, corn, kidney bean and/or soybean were tested for larval development and survival. A higher amount of the main nutrients in the diet increased the larval survivorship. Addition of yeast and cholesterol in diet increased the larval survivorship. Finally the composition of diet was decided as followings; corn 100 g, soybean 100 g agar 25 g, Brewers' yeast 30 g, cholesterol 0.5 g, Vanderzant vitamin mixture 2 g, Wesson's salt mixture 2 g, sorbic acid 2 g, ascorbic acid 2 g, and methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate 2.5 g, and distilled water 1 liter. Development periods of larvae and pupae, survival rate and fecundity of A. selenaria reared on the diet were not significantly different with those on the host plant, citrus leaves. Larvae of early instars were reared in a group, while larvae of later instars (5-6th) were reared individually. Adult mating was conducted in a plastic cage and an oilpaper covered with a gauze was provided as an oviposition site.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.663-667
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• 1992

The production of vinegar containing 16.0-18.0% of acetic acid was examined in two stage fermentation consisting of semi-continuous and fed-batch type. The optimum conditions were obtained when the fermentation was carried out at agitation of 600 rpm, aeration of 0.1 vvm and temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. The initial and residual ethanol concentration in 1st stage were $50.0g/{\ell}$ and $5.0g/{\ell}$, respectively, and the ethanol concentration in 2nd stage was maintained from 5.0 to $10.0g/{\ell}$. The maximum productivity was 3.3 gll-hr and the acidity was 17.6% after the two days of acetic acid fermentation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.259-267
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• 1998

Typical characteristics of Mejus must be understood to get the basic data for setting up mass production system of traditional fermented soybean products. One hundred and twenty one Mejus were collected from various places and analyed. Most of shapes were rectangular and some were spherical, conical, cylindrical and doughnut types. The weight of Mejus was 0.4~4.2kg. Chemical analysis showed: moisture content, 9.73~58.22% ; pH, 4.95~8.15; acidity, 0.6~3.8% ; soluble protein content, 4.45~12.31%; soluble sugar content, 0.82~10.95%. Enzyme assay showed: $\alpha$-amylase activity, 5.0~874.2 units/g; $\beta$-amylase activity, 0.02~27.74units/g; acidic protease activity, 31.3~225.1unts/g; lipase activity 1.0~53.0units/g. Total viable cells were 3.72$\times$107~1.35$\times$1010cfu/g, and yeast and mold count 6.46$\times$104~8.91$\times$106cfu/g. respectively. $\alpha$-Amylase activity of a traditional Meju from Incheon showed the highest activity of 732.8 units/g(interior section) and 823.2units/g (exterior section). $\beta$-Amylase activity was the highest{3.57 units/g (interior sectin) and 4.25units/g (exterior section)} in Meju from Chunbuk. Acidic protease activity was the highest in sample from Seoul, whereas traditional Meju from Kyongnam showed the highest activity of 21.5units/g(interior section) and 37.5units/g(exterior sectin).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.894-901
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• 2010

To measure the heavy metal contents of marine invertebrates, we collected 239 individuals representing 52 species from the eastern (Pohang), western (Gunsan), and southern (Tongyeong) coasts of Korea: 34 species of molluscan shellfish (Gastropoda and Bivalvia), 6 species of Cephalopoda, 8 species of Crustacea, and 4 other species. The mean levels of the heavy metals in the samples taken from the edible portion of each Gastropoda were high in the order of Zn ($21.471\;{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($4.115\;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($0.868\;{\mu}g/g$), Ni ($0.254\;{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.238\;{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.154\;{\mu}g/g$), and Cr ($0.110\;{\mu}g/g$). The heavy metals in the Bivalvia were high in the order of Zn ($35.655\;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($5.500\;{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($3.129\;{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.423\;{\mu}g/g$), Ni ($0.402\;{\mu}g/g$), Cr ($0.233\;{\mu}g/g$), and Pb ($0.232\;{\mu}g/g$). The heavy metals in the Cephalopoda were high in the order of Zn ($18.380\;{\mu}g/g$), Cu ($3.594\;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($0.630\;{\mu}g/g$), Cr ($0.150\;{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.068\;{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.034\;{\mu}g/g$), and Ni ($0.030\;{\mu}g/g$). The heavy metals in the Crustacea were high in the order of Zn ($25.333\;{\mu}g$/g), Cu ($9.042\;{\mu}g/g$), Mn ($0.659\;{\mu}g/g$), Cr ($0.592\;{\mu}g/g$), Cd ($0.207\;{\mu}g/g$), Pb ($0.126\;{\mu}g/g$), and Ni ($0.094\;{\mu}g/g$). Therefore, the mean levels of the harmful heavy metals (Cd and Pb) in marine invertebrates were high in the order of Bivalvia>Crustacea＝Gastropoda>Cephalopoda. The average daily intakes of the heavy metals from the fisheries products were as follows: Cd ($6.88\;{\mu}g$), Cr ($19.13\;{\mu}g$), Cu ($137.02\;{\mu}g$), Mn ($156.13\;{\mu}g$), Ni ($11.39\;{\mu}g$), Pb ($7.01\;{\mu}g$) and Zn ($1,025.94\;{\mu}g$). The average weekly intakes of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn from the fisheries products were 11.47%, 0.46%, 3.27% and 1.71% respectively, as compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) established by FAO/WHO Expert Committee for Food Safety Evaluation.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 2022

This study explored plant-derived natural antioxidants by evaluating the antioxidant activity of Lamiaceae plant seed extracts. Plants with the percentage of filled seeds at or above 90% and seed germination at or above 50% were selected. Of the ten species studied, the total phenolic content of the seeds was high in the species Phlomis umbrosa Turcz. (6.2 mg GAEs/g of seeds) and Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. (4.5 mg GAEs/g of seeds). The total flavonoid content of the seeds was high in E. ciliata (1.0 mg QEs/g of seeds) and P. umbrosa (0.6 mg QEs/g of seeds). Based on the EC₅₀ value of the seed extracts, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was high in the seeds of the plants E. ciliata (27.5 ㎍/mL), Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. (29.2 ㎍/mL), and Prunella vulgaris var. lilacina Nakai (33.3 ㎍/mL). In addition, 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was high in P. vulgaris var. lilacina (25.6 ㎍/mL), E. ciliata (25.9 ㎍/mL), and M. dianthera (27.6 ㎍/mL) seeds. The ferric reducing antioxidant power of the seed extracts was high in P. vulgaris var. lilacina (2910.4 µM Fe(II)/g of extract), E. ciliata (2836.2 µM Fe(II)/g of extract), and M. dianthera (2754.4 µM Fe(II)/g of extract). According to the cluster analysis based on antioxidant activity, the seeds of the ten species were classified into three groups, from group 1 with low antioxidant activity to group 3 with high antioxidant activity; E. ciliata, M. dianthera, and P. vulgaris var. lilacina were classified as group 3.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.443-446
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to analyze mineral contents of brown and milled rice of five varieties (Kwangan, Daean, Daejin, Sura, Hwaseong) and to compare those with Korean recommended dietary allowance. The ash contents of brown rice ranged from 1.28 to 1.45% and those of milled rice ranged from 0.51 to 0.62% The mineral contents of brown rices were P, 270.8∼327.2 mg/100 g; K, 216.0∼ 249.0 mg/100 g: Mg, 102.0∼111.0 mg/100 g, Ca, 11.8∼13.2 mg/100 g. The major minerals of milled rices were P, 125.3∼153.2 mg/100 g; K, 96.5∼118.6 mg/100g; Mg, 34.7∼40.0 mg/100 g; Ca, 6.0∼9.4 mg/100 g. Contents of phosphorus from average daily rice consumption (215.9 g) correspond to 90.7% of Korean RDA of phosphorus in brown rice while 42.3% in milled rice.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.385-390
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• 2009

This survey was conducted to monitor the total sugar, sodium, and artificial sweetener contents of light meals from the school zone in Gwangju, from November, 2008 to April, 2009. A total of 100 samples were tested. HPLC/ELSD was used for the determination of total sugar contents and AAS for sodium contents. Total sugar amounts were the sum of both mono-and disaccharide according to nutritional information standard defined by the Korea Food and Drug Administration. The results were as follows by the form of total sugar content(sodium content): $5.7\;{\pm}\;1.9%$($4.6\;{\pm}\;1.6\;mg/g$) for Tteokbokki, $7.6\;{\pm}\;5.1%$($5.4\;{\pm}\;2.7\;mg/g$) for Chicken(skewed), $15.4\;{\pm}\;3.2%$($3.0\;{\pm}\;0.9\;mg/g$) for Bun(fish-shaped), $0.6\;{\pm}\;0.3%$($3.7\;{\pm}\;1.0\;mg/g$) for Sundae, $0.9\;{\pm}\;0.3%$($7.4\;{\pm}\;1.4\;mg/g$) for Oden(with broth), $20.5\;{\pm}\;6.2%$($2.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Waffle, $6.8\;{\pm}\;2.2%$($4.7\;{\pm}\;1.0\;mg/g$) for Hotdog, $14.2\;{\pm}\;2.8%$($3.1\;{\pm}\;1.6\;mg/g$) for Hotteok, $6.6\;{\pm}\;2.1%$($3.9\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Toast, $10.1\;{\pm}\;3.7%$($2.3\;{\pm}\;0.7\;mg/g$) for Fry(sweet potato), $1.6\;{\pm}\;0.7%$($4.0\;{\pm}\;0.7\;mg/g$) for Fry(etc), and $9.3\;{\pm}\;2.4%$($4.0\;{\pm}\;0.6\;mg/g$) for Doughnut. In addition, sodium saccharin, one of the artificial sweeteners, was tested. Among 60 samples from February to April, 2009, 11 samples had sodium saccharin(6.7~101.0 mg/kg).

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.383-389
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• 2002

Pb and Cd concentrations and reproductive progress of feral pigeons were investigated in urban (Seoul) and industrial complex (Ansan) areas from November 2000 to May 2001. Results of the Pb analysis for the feral pigeons from the Ansan industrial complex (egg contents: 1.13 $\mu$g/wet g, bones of adult: 10.5 $\mu$g/wet g) and Seoul (1.64 $\mu$g/wet g, 29.5 $\mu$g/wet g, respectively) indicated that the Pb level of eggs and bones of adults were significantly different between the two colonies (p<0.05). Cd concentrations in liver and kidney of adult pigeons were also significantly different between the Ansan (liver: 0.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$/wet g, kidney: 0.43 $\mu$g/wet g) and Seoul (liver. 0.24 $\mu$g/wet g, kidney: 1.05 $\mu$g/wet g) colonies. (p<0.05). However, egg size and thickness, incubation period and nestling growth rates did not differ between the study areas. Also, clutch size, number of young hatched per nest and number of young fledglings per nest did not significantly different in the noted areas. Considering the lead and cadmium concentrations of pigeons, these were not as high as those considered as results in toxic effects in other species, and the biological significance from these level differences is uncertain.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2013

Butanol-resistant bacteria were isolated from butanol solvent. The cell growth of isolated strains declined with increasing concentrations of butanol, and isolated strain BRS02 displayed more resistance to 12.5 g/L of butanol than other isolated strains. In addition, strain BRS251, which was resistant to even higher concentrations of butanol, was developed by the mutation of BRS02 using UV. BRS251 could grow in LB medium containing up to 17.5 g/L of butanol, 32.5 g/L of propanol, or 6 g/L of pentanol, whereas the control strain Escherichia coli was found to be tolerant to 7.5 g/L of butanol, 20 g/L of propanol, or 2 g/L of pentanol. The isolated BRS02, a Gram(+) bacterium seen to have a cocci form under the microscope, grew in 6.5% NaCl. According to biochemical tests, BRS02 can metabolize and produce acid with D-galactose, D-maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, methyl-${\beta}$-Dglucopyranoside, D-ribose, sucrose, or D-trehalose, as carbon sources. Also, this strain showed resistance to bacitracin, vibriostatic agent O/129, and optochin, alongside positive activities for arginine dihydrolase, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, and urease. The BRS02 strain was identified as Staphylococcus sp. by analyses of the 16S rRNA gene, phylogenetic tree, and biochemical tests.