• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.255-261
• /
• 2005

Gami-Samhwang-San, a herbal prescription for obesity treatment, is composed of seven crude herbs such as Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Ephedrae Herba, Scutellariae Radix, Acori Gramineri Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Typhae Pollen, Armeniacae Semen, Menthae Herba. In this study, marker substances in n-butanol fraction (SH-21-B) from Gami-Samhwang-San were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and acute toxicity of standardized SH-21-B was evaluated by good laboratory practices (GLP) guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Therefore we confirmed that there were baicalin of 15.92%, amygdalin of 6.57% and ephedrine of 2.49% in SH-21-B. SH-21-B was administered in rats at dose of 0 mg/kg, 2,000 mg/kg, and 5,000mg/kg. Clinical signs of both sexes of rats were observed daily for 14 days after single oral administration. Two female rats one administered at 2,000 mg/kg and the other administered at 5,000 mg/kg, died, but no dead animal was observed among male rats. Therefore $LD_{50}$ in the female rat is observed to be 8,710 mg/kg, and MLD (Minimun Lethal Dose) of the male rat is observed to be more than 5,000 mg/kg.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.86-91
• /
• 1984

A ginseng preparation (GP) consisting of ginseng ex., lycium fructus ex., four kinds of vitamines and caffein was evaluated for acute toxicity and general pharmacology. Average lethal doses $(LD_{50})$ of GP in male mice were 2,988mg/kg (i.p.) and more than 3g/kg (p.o.). In dosage of 300 and 900mg/kg (p.o.) showed no analgesic activity in both tests of the writhing method induced by acetic acid and of tail pressure method and no effect on the pentetrazole-induced convulsion. However, it appeared to have a hypothermic action only in dose of 900mg/kg. The duration of hypnosis induced by hexobarbital sodium in mice was shortened by GP, being probably due to caffein. GP Produced no marked contraction of isolated ileum and uterus in high concentrations of up to $1{\pm}10^{-3}g/ml$. These results suggested that GP did not show any considerable central nervous depressant activity and exhibited very weak actue toxicity in mice.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.209-214
• /
• 1982

Acute toxicities of purified ginseng saponin (PGS) in mice, and sbacute toxicities of PGS in rats were investigated. Average lethal doses ($LD_{50}$) of PGS in male mice were 270mg/kg (i.v.), 342mg/kg (i.p.), 505mg/kg (i.m.), 950mg/kg (s.c.), and more than 5,000mg/kg (p.o.), respectively. Results of subacute toxicity of PGS was as follows. Body weight was markedly increased by administration of PGS 7.7mg/kg but side effects were shown by administration of 77mg/kg and above dose. Especially administration of PGS 240mg/kg caused a marked decrease of albumin/globulin ratio, and 28% increase of urea nitrogen in serum, as well as 33% increase of liver weight/body weight ratio.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.376-382
• /
• 2013

[6]-Gingerol, a major polyphenol of ginger (Zingiber officinale), exhibits a variety of biological properties including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity. However, the radioprotective effect of [6]-gingerol is still unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the radioprotective effect of [6]-gingerol against radiation-induced cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. [6]-Gingerol pretreatment attenuated radiation-induced cell cytotoxicity caused by 5Gy (half lethal dose, $LD_{50}$ of HepG2 cells). The measurements of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also performed. The results showed that [6]-gingerol pretreatment reduced increasing SOD and CAT activity after exposure of IR, indicating that [6]-gingerol protected oxidative stress by regulating cellular antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity. These findings suggest that [6]-gingerol acts as a radioprotector by attenuating cell cytotoxicity and oxidative stress.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.36-39
• /
• 1978

With the current advances in insect toxicant bioassay, the need for easy methods of estimating the dosage-mortality regression equation has become vital. The Probit analysis seems to be not convenient for estimating the dosage-mortality regression equation and median lethal dose(LD50) because of its complexity in calculation. This study presents a comparision between Probit and Losit transformation for the estimation from bioassay results. Validation of the two methods is presented for the pathogenecity of nuclear polyhedrosis virus to the larva of fall web worm, Hyphantria cunea D.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.73-78
• /
• 2023

Currently, Hyphantira cunea Drury, the fall webworms (FWW), is one of the most severe insect pest for various landscaping trees and mulberry trees. In this study, we investigated whether FWW might be managed by Sodium saccharin (SAC) which is a food additive and not toxic to humans and environment. We found that FWW larvae treated with various concentrations of SAC showed dose-dependent delayed development and low survival rates. The lethal-concentration 50% of FWW larvae to SAC was 0.03 M. We also confirmed that SAC can be used to control FWW larvae attacking mulberry trees in the field. Compared to not-treated or tap-water-spraying control groups, SAC-spraying groups showed significantly higher mortality rates of FWW larvae (56.2%). Thus, SAC can be used for control FWW larvae in mulberry trees.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.89-95
• /
• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of gamma-ray on the growth and nucleus DNA damage for mutation breeding in licorice. Gamma-rays irradiated to dry seeds with various doses (0 to 1000 Gy). Significant decreases in germination rate (%), survival rate (%) and growth characteristics (plant height, number of leaves, root length and fresh weight) were observed by dose of increased. $LD_{50}$ (lethal dose) was approximately 400 Gy to 500 Gy. Also, reduction doses ($RD_{50}$) of plant height, number of leaves, root length and flash weight were 428 Gy, 760 Gy, 363 Gy and 334 Gy, respectively. It is supplest that the optimal dose of gamma irradiation for licorice mutation induction might be about 400 Gy in this study. We also conducted comet assay to observe nucleus DNA damage due to gamma irradiation. In comet assay, a clear difference was identified over 300 Gy treatments. With increasing doses of gamma-ray in the range of 100 to 1000 Gy, the rate of head DNA was decreased significantly from 92.88% to 73.09%. Tail length(${\mu}m$) was increased as the dose of increased over 300 Gy. Growth characteristics (Germination rate, Survival rate, plant height, number of leaves, root length and fresh weight) were highly negatively ($P{\leq}0.01$) correlated with dose. While the tail length was highly positively ($P{\leq}0.01$) correlated with dose.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.71-77
• /
• 1991

Parathion is widely used in agriculture, but it is highly toxic and now clear that parathion behaves like a cholinergic drug by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase. In order to know acute toxicity and the changes of cholinesterase activity according to time lapsed in Sprague-Dawley rats injected single with half dose to LD$_{50}$ of parathion, cholinesterase activities in serum, spinal cord, whole brain and median lethal dose between sex difference were investigated. The results obtained were summerized as follows ; 1. 4LD_{50}$ values of parathion given intraperitoneally to male and female rats were 10.5mg / kg(95% confidence limits, 6.6-16.8mg/ kg) and 3.3mg/ kg(95% confidence limits, 1.9-5.6mg/ kg). 2. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in serum of parathion-injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 35.4%(male) and 32.4%(female) after 1 hour in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 3. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in spinal cord of parathion-injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 31.1% (male) and 36.3% (female) after 30 minutes in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours. 4. The inhibition rate of cholinesterase activities in whole brain of parathion -injected rats according to time lapsed were peakly decreased to 32.2%(male) and 42.6%(female) after 1 hour in comparison to control group, but cholinesterase activities were completely recovered after 48 hours.s.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2012

Toxicity of $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were investigated via FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol using domestic frog embryos. Embryos of Black-spotted pond frog, Rana nigromaculata, were incubated and toxic effects of $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were investigated by probit analysis. As a result, mortality and malformation rates were increased and larval body length was decreased in a dose dependant manner of $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole. The half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 0.07, $12.7mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively and the half maximal lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole were 4.2, 39.1, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) were 61.4 in $Ni^{2+}$ and 3.1 in Tebuconazole, respectively. These results reveals that $Ni^{2+}$ and Tebuconazole suppress the development of Black-spotted pond frog embryos at the low concentration as showing teratogenic effects in other assay system. Therefore, teratogen assay system using the Rana nigromaculata embryos could be useful as a tool to evaluate the toxicity of the pollutants in environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.706-714
• /
• 2017

An investigation of the effects of Pb for domestic anuran embryos were evaluated with the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay; Xenopus (FETAX). Depending on the species, the difference between the embryo size and the embryonic development time was determined. As a result, mortality and malformation rates were increased, malformation patterns were changed and larval body length were decreased in a dose dependent manner of the Pb. The half maximal lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.58, 0.49, 0.52, $0.54mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The half maximal effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) of the Bufo gargarizans, Hyla japonica, Rana nigromaculata and Bombina orientalis were 0.35, 0.74, 0.30, $0.29mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The teratogenic index (TI) were 1.66 in the Bufo gargarizans, 1.81 in the Hyla japonica, 1.73 in the Rana nigromaculata and 1.86 in the Bombina orientalis, respectively. Therefore, the Pb seems likely to have a teratogenic effect in all four species' embryonic development. The Bombina orientalis was the most sensitive to the Pb. This means that the difference between the different species, even if they have all been exposed to the same concentration of pollutants depending on the species. The result above show that the Pb acts as a teratogenic agent in the development of the four domestic frog species.