• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.1 s.78
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• pp.43-52
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• 2000

Hemifacial microsomia ( HFM ) is the second most common craniofacial abnormalies. HFM represnted a spectrum of clinical findings such as hypoplasia of the mandibular ramus and condyle, confinement of maxilla growth, external and/or middle ear defects, involvement of some cranial suture, buccal soft tissue, facial nerve, and muscles in the affected side. HFM often showed progressive facial asymmetry and occlusal plane slanting to the affected side with growth. There were several reports about asymmetry of tooth maturation, hypodontia, delayed eruption, enamel hypoplasia in HFM. Since teeth develope in close association with size and morphology of the maxillary and the mandible, it is highly likely that dental changes will be present in HFM. So the Purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of the primary and the permanent teeth dimensions in the maxillary and the mandibular dentition between the affected and the non-affected side of HFM.. The sample of this study consisted of 34 unilateral HFM Patients (18 males and 16 females, average age : 5 year 11 months old). The authors examined the mesiodistal and the faciolingual dimensions of the primary and the permanent teeth and performed statistical study by using paired t-test. The results were as follows 1. The mesiodistal dimensions of the mandibular second primary molar and the mandibular first permanent molar in the affected side of HFM were significantly smaller than those of non-affected side. But there were no significant differences in the anterior teeth and the mandibular first primary molar. It means that a gradient of severity from anterior teeth to posterior teeth was found in the mandibular dentition. 2. Although there were no significant differences in the faciolingual dimensions of the primary and the permanent teeth in the maxillary and the mandibular dentition between the affected and non-affected side of HFM, there were general trend of compensatory increase in faciolingual dimension of the mandibular primary and the permanent teeth in the affected side Therefore these results showed that HFM might affect on the abnormality of tooth dimension, especially the most posterior teeth, in the affected side of the mandible.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 2005

Objective : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) affects $5-10\%$ of children in Korea, with more boys and girls being diagnosed. Despite seriousness of ADHD, little is known about its causes. From the current genetic epidemiologic studies, ADHD is known as a heritable disorder. Till now, however, there have been very few genetic studies about ADHD in Korea. The aim of the this study is to examine the association between dopamine transporter gone type 1 and ADHD using case-control design in Korean ADHD probands and normal controls. Materials and Method : Child Psychiatric Genetic research team in Seoul National University Hospital, Clinical Research Institute recruited the ADHD probands using clinical interview/observation, diverse rating scales, and neuropsychological tests. For eliminating phenocopy or ADHD, diagnosis of ADHD was based upon clinical data, psychometric data, and parent/teacher reports. Total 85 ADHD-probands were recruited as final study subjects and independent 100 normal adults participated in this study as control group. For all the ADHD probands, and controls, the 3'-UTR-VNTR polymorphism of DAT1 was analyzed. Based on the DAT1 allele and genotype informations, Chi-square test based on case-control design was performed. Results : As for genetic study, total of 85 probands and 100 controls were included for the genetic analysis. Four different alleles, 350bp (7repeat), 440bp (9repeat), 480bp (10repeat) and 520bp (11repeat) were found in DAT1 gene of study subjects. In case-control analysis, ADHD probands and parents have significantly more 9 repeat allele and 9/10 genotype. Also, The probands with 9repeat allele have more commission errors in ADS. Conclusion : The positive association between ADHD and DAT1 gene was replicated in this report like other previous results for caucasian children and Korean children with ADHD. There are ongoing studies on other candidate genes such as DRD4 and DRD5 and it would be required to explore the association of these candidate genes in Korean children with ADHD. These ongoing genetic research will contribute to the understanding of heterogenous genetic and environmental etiologies of ADHD phenotype, which will lead to the development of more comprehensive treatment and preventive interventions for ADHD.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.73-111
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• 1997

본 논문은 1980년${\sim}$1995년의 16년동안 한국주식시장에 있어서 주식수익률의 시계열자기상관성을 확인하는 행태적 측면과 투자수익률의 경제성을 파악하는 투자성과측면으로 구분된 단계적 검증을 실시함으로써 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략의 존재 및 그 초과수익률의 크기를 연구하였는바 이 연구에서 발견된 중요한 내용은 다음 다섯가지로 요약된다. 첫째, 한국주식시장에 있어서 거래전략의 개발가능성을 평가하기 위하여 특정시점을 기준으로 투자기간수익률과 분석기간수익률간의 시계열자기상관성을 검증한 행태적 측면의 실증결과에 의하면, 시계열속성을 나타내는 베타계수가 유의적인 양(+) 혹은 음(-)을 나타내기 때문에 특정시점 이전의 주식수익률은 목표투자기간동안에 투자할 대상을 선정하는데 중요한 정보원천이 될 수 있으며, 각 투자기간에 있어서 분석기간이 길어질수록 더욱더 유의적인 음(-)의 베타계수를 나타냄에 따라 계속거래전략보다 반전거래전략의 개발가능성이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 주식시장에 전후수익률간의 시계열속성을 활용하여 투자를 하는 경우에 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략이 존재하는지를 파악하기 위하여 Loser포트폴리오와 Winner포트폴리오 초과수익률간의 차이로써 측정된 수익률을 이용한 실증결과에 의하면, 행태적 측면의 결과와 일관되게 분석기간수익률의 정보를 이용하여 투자기간에 투자하는 경우에 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과하는 거래전략이 존재하고, 또한 Loser와 Winner포트폴리오의 수익률차이값 중 유의적인 음(-)의 값보다는 유의적인 양(+)의 값이 보다 많으므로 반전거래 전략의 활용가능성이 높음을 확인하였다. 셋째, 분석기간에 기초한 투자기간에 대한 투자전략상의 유용성을 최대한 발휘할 수 있는 거래전략과 투자기간을 검증한 Loser포트폴리오와 Winner포트폴리오의 수익률차이의 1개월 평균값에 의하면, 반전거래전략을 지지하는 경우가 계속거래전략의 경우보다 약 5배이상 높은 값을 실현하였고, 반전거래전략 중에서 분석기간 4개월에 대한 투자기간 24개월의 거래전략이 가장 높은 경제적 성과를 실현하였다. 넷째, 투자종목의 선택측면에서 각 거래전략의 실질적 유용성을 확인하기 위하여 Loser포트폴리오와 Winner포트폴리오의 고유한 속성을 검증한 결과에 의하면, 각 투자기간에 있어서 분석기간의 길이가 길어질수록 Winner포트폴리오는 유의적인 양(+)의 값을, Winner포트폴리오는 유의적인 음(-)의 값을 나타내었고, 특히 투자기간보다 분석기간의 기간길이가 긴 (투자기간<분석기간)에 이러한 경향이 더욱 뚜렷했다. 따라서, Loser포트폴리오를 매수보유하는 반전거래전략이 Winner포트폴리오를 매수보유하는 계속거래전략보다 적합한 전략임을 알 수 있었다. 다섯째, Loser포트폴리오와 Winner포트폴리오를 각각 투자대상종목으로써 매수보유한 반전거래전략과 계속거래 전략에 대한 유용성을 비교검증한 Loser포트폴리오와 Winner포트폴리오 각각의 1개월 평균초과수익률에 의하면, 반전거래전략의 Loser포트폴리오가 계속거래전략의 Winner포트폴리오보다 약 5배정도의 높은 1개월 평균초과수익률을 실현하였고, 반전거래전략의 유용성을 충분히 발휘하기 위하여 장단기의 투자기간을 설정할 경우에 6개월에서 36개월로 이동함에 따라 6개월부터 24개월까지는 초과수익률이 상승하지만, 이후로는 감소하므로, 반전거래전략을 활용하는 경우 주식투자기간은 24개월이하의 중단기가 적합함을 발견하였다. 이상의 행태적 측면과 투자성과측면의 실증결과를 통하여 한국주식시장에 있어서 시장수익률을 평균적으로 초과할 수 있는 거래전략은 존재하므로 이러한 전략을 개발 및 활용할 수 있으며, 특히, 한국주식시장에 적합한 거래전략은 반전거래전략이고, 이 전략의 유용성은 투자자가 설정한 투자기간보다 더욱 긴 분석기간의 주식가격정보에 의하여 최대한 발휘될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.170-176
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to investigate the current status of calcium fortification in processed foods for obtaining basic data on nutrition fortification policy and nutrition labeling, Surveyed samples were the products fortified wish calcium among processed products sold in department store and large mart in Seoul from Aug. 1998 to Aug. 1999. But supplementary health food or special nutritious food and weaning food and infant formula were excluded from them. We examined the kinds and numbers of added nutrients except calcium and the amounts of calcium per 100 g product and nutrient labeling of calcium-fortified foods. Surveyed products were 81 foods and they were grouped in grain products, milk and milk products, processed meat and fishes, ramyuns, retort pouch foods, fruit juice and drinks. and others. Calcium fortification was found in wide food groups, especially in snack foods and carbonated beverages. In relation to surveyed products, most of them were fortified with only calcium. The number of added nutrients in the product were relatively various in comparison with each food groups. In addition to calcium, the most frequently added nutrient was DHA, and were followed vitamin, mineral, oligosacchride, fiber, etc. This result showed that the kind(s) and the number(s) of nutrient added to product did not consider nutrition balance of calcium-fortified foods. Units of calcium content were decided by companies, therefore consumers confused labelled content with mouth dose of calcium and the comparison of the amounts added calcium among products was difficult. The amounts of calcium in products were from 16.4 to 1226 mg Per 100 and from 2.5 to 27.6% RDA (recommended daily allowance) per serving size. The amounts of calcium in many products were less than 10% RDA per serving size, whole appraisal about fortified content was needed. And for nutrient labeling on calcium, they used various term whether it is approved by law or not.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1554-1559
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of single and repeated oral administration of medicinal herbal mixture (AD) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Angelica decursiva, Lycium chinense and Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara were selected by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and mixed for AD mixture. In an oral glucose tolerance test, the AD inhibited the increase in blood glucose levels at 1 hr and 2 hr and decreased incremental glycemic response area under the curve. In a single administration of AD1 (100 mg/kg) and AD2 (500 mg/kg), significant reductions by 5.3% and 12.3% were observed in fasting blood glucose level for 4 hours. During the 1 month of the experimental period, AD1 and AD2 was given to the STZ induced diabetic rats. At 4th week, the fasting blood glucose levels of AD1 and AD2 caused a fall of 25.5% and 37.9%, respectively. In addition, the body weights were decreased by 7.7% (AD1) and 1.7% (AD2), respectively, compared with diabetic control (DC, decreasing of 10.2%). This study suggests that AD could be potentially useful for fasting and post-prandial hyperglycemia treatment and all these effects concluded to the use of this plant extract to manage diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.1994-2003
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• 2013

This study is performed to evaluate the effects of purple Kohlrabi addition on the quality properties and stability characteristics of hamburger patties during storage. The patties were prepared by adding 0% (N), 3.3% (K1), 6.6% (K2), and 10% (K3) of chopped purple Kohlrabi. Each patty was tested in triplicate and assigned to one of the four storage periods: 0, 5, 10, or 15 days. Addition of Kohlrabi decreased the protein and lipid contents, however, the ash and moisture contents were significantly increased. The total amino acid contents of N, K1, K2, and K3 were $15.34{\pm}1.02$, $14.57{\pm}1.28$, $15.10{\pm}1.17$, and $16.70{\pm}1.23$ mg/100 g, respectively. Palmitic acid was the most abundant among the saturated fatty acids, while oleic acid was the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids among the four groups. The water holding capacity value and cooking loss were not significantly different among the patties. In the textural characteristics, the addition of Kohlrabi increased the cohesiveness and chewiness values, but did not affect the hardness and springiness values of the patties. In the sensory evaluation, an addition of 10% Kohlrabi had the best score in color, flavor, and total acceptability. The pH of the patties decreased longer period storage; however, the total microbial counts, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) content increased during storage. The TBA value and VBN content of the patties containing 10% Kohlrabi were lower than those of the N. Kohlrabi addition decreased the b (yellowness) and a (redness) values, and did not affect the L (lightness) value. Thus, this result suggests that adding Kohlrabi of 10% can be applied to patties for its functionality.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2001

Generally, non-aflatoxigenic fungi, such as Aspergillus oryzae, and Aspergillus are main microflora in Korean traditional fermented foods including Meju and soybean paste, but sometimes, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus can be contaminated and accumulated aflatoxins during fermentation and storage. So the screening of aflatoxigenic strains in fermented traditional food is very important to improve the sanitary quality of those foods. In this work, we screened aflatoxin producing fungi from commercial Meju and soybean paste in Western Gyeongnam by immunoassay. Samples were randomly purchased from market of the commercial Meju(10 EA) and soybean paste(20 EA) in nine areas of Western Gyeongnam. Of the samples collected,24 strains and 22 strains of Aspergillus sp. were isolated from Meju and soybean paste, respectively. The isolated strains were cultured on SLS media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. The cultured broth were extracted with ethyl acetate and were analysed to determine aflatoxin B$_1$(AFB$_1$) by direct competitive ELISA(DC-ELISA). Six strains(25%) isolated from Meju, and 2 strains(9%) isolated from saybean paste, were confined as aflatoxin producing strains. The average range of aflatoxin productivity of isolates from Meju was 54.6 $\pm$ 38.7 ng/ml and that from soybean paste was 11.1 $\pm$ 8.6 ng/ml, respectively. Among them, isolated strain No. M-5-4 produced a high level of AFBl and showed 98.26 ng/ml of AFB$_1$. Every isolates were also re-confined their AFB$_1$productivity by thin layer chromatography(TLC). The TLC results also showed same trend as DC-ELISA results. As the above results, the screening of hazard mycotoxigenic fungi from traditional fermented foods should be necessary for the safety and the application of HACCP system in the food manufactory in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.70-75
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• 2012

Purpose: It is important to acquire accurate data because the SPECT scan affected by various physical factors. The aim of this study was to compare the uniformity when both centers were matched or mismatched differed from position of heart in COR. Materials and methods: The images were acquired with cylindrical uniform phantom (6.7 cm diameter, 9 cm length) and heart insert phantom using Cardio MD SPECT system (Philips, USA). The phantoms were positioned on COR as well as four different points which were 10 cm above, below, left and right side from the COR. The counts from the both edge of cylindrical uniform phantom and those from the both wall of heart insert phantom were compared by using vertical and horizontal line profile. In addition, the qualitative evaluation was performed with heart insert phantom images and volunteer test. Results: In heart insert phantom study, the differences of counts between COR and 10 cm above, below, left and right point of COR were 1.1, 4.1, 4.9, 2.2 and 0.9% using T-A curve for horizontal view. In case of vertical view of COR 3.9, 21.9, 3.5, 23.9, 14.0% were shown. In cylindrical phantom study, the differences of counts between COR and 10 cm above, below, left and right point of COR were 4.3, 0.3, 3.3, 2.6 and 0.7% using T-A curve for horizontal view. In case of vertical view of COR 2.7, 3.0, 1.0, 0.3, 3.4% were shown. For qualitative evaluation, the images at COR were the most uniform for both of heart insert phantom and volunteer test, whereas other four positions showed somewhat distorted images. Conclusion: It showed the most uniform images when COR is matched with the heart. Therefore, we can expect that distortion which increased or decreased of myocardial perfusion will be prevented by matching the heart and COR when positioning. Furthermore, the accuracy of diagnosis will be improved as well.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.2115-2123
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to draw a general conclusion through summing up theses on parents' need for their education up to the present. The subjects of this study are 25 masters' degree theses on parents' need for their education in the kindergarten from 2001 to 2010. The results of data on parents' education method and style were conducted by frequency analysis. Also it was surveyed if in how many theses the contents of parents' education were rated over average points by Licker. The results of this study are as follows: First, the parents think that the proper frequency of their education is once or two in a semester and the favorite time is from 10 to 12 o'clock or from 2 p. m. to 4 p.m. They also want to learn on Wednesday, Friday and Saturday. And they want a professional as their lecturer the most and then a homeroom teacher. Secondly, in the survey of their education style they like more lecture or a short course than any other thing, and then they like home messenger, group council and so on. But especially they don't like the style of visiting class, book lending, ceremony/class assistance, practice (workshop), and visiting home. Thirdly, they want to know a general guide in the kindergarten of the contents of their education a lot. And they want to know some of a budget, program, and assessment of a principal and the teachers in the kindergarten. Fourthly, they want to know all parts of the parents' roles related to rearing their children in their own elements of the contents of their education above all. And they also want strongly their free time, hobby, the liberal arts, amusement and recreation. Fifthly, in the view of infant development they want strongly to know how to communicate with their children rightly, and how to adjust their children's activities and how to praise or blame their children. And they also want how to form their children's right habit and to guide their children's right acts in the infant period the most. Lastly, they want to know children's physical development and their cognitive development in the view of infant development the most. And then they want to know the development of sociology, creativity, morality, and emotion in good order.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.503-524
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• 2000

Intercomparisons between four kinds of data have been done to estimate the accuracy of satellite observations and model reanalysis for middle and lower tropospheric thermal state over regional oceans. The data include the Microwave Sounding Units (MSU) Channel 2 (Ch2) brightness temperatures of NOAA satellites and the vertically weighted corresponding temperature of ECMWF GCM (1980-93). The satellite data for midtropospheric temperatures are MSU2 (1980-98) in nadir direction and SC2 (1980-97) in multiple scans, and for lower tropospheric temperature SC2R (1980-97). MSU2 was derived in this study while SC2 and SC2R were described in Spencer and Christy (1992a, 1992b). Temporal correlations between the above data were high (r${\ge}$0.90) in the middle and high latitudes, but low(r${\sim}$0.65) over the low latitude and more convective regions. Their values with SC2R which included the noises due to hydrometeors and surface emission were conspicuously low. The reanalysis shows higher correlation with SC2 than with MSU2 partially because of the hydrometeors screening. SC2R in monthly climatological anomalies was more sensitive to surface thermal condition in northern hemisphere than MSU2 or SC2. The first EOF mode for the monthly mean data of MSU and ECMWF shows annual cycle over most regions except the tropics. The mode in MSU2 over the Pacific suggests the east-west dipole due to the Walker circulation, but this tendency is not clear in other data. In the first and second modes for the Ch2 anomalies over most regions, the MSU and ECMWF data commonly indicate interannual variability due to El Ni${\tilde{n}$o and La Ni${\tilde{n}$a. The substantial disagreement between observations and model reanalysis occurs over the equatorial upwelling region of the western Pacific, suggesting uncertainties in the model parameterization of atmosphere-ocean interaction.