• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.114-121
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• 1981

Starch was isolated from 4-year-old and 6-year-old ginseng roots and its physical and chemical characteristics were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The shape of ginseng starch granules was polygonal and rounded with its granule size ranging from 2.0 to 7.5$\mu$. The swelling power of 4-year-old ginseng starch was much greater than that of 6-year old ginseng starch. Gelatinization pattern showed that 6-year-old ginseng starch gelatinized rapidly at $65^{\circ}C$, whereas 4-year-old starch continued to gelatinize, without having a definite gelatinization temperature as temperature increased 3. Amylogram of ginseng starch showed that gelatinization initiated at 61$^{\circ}C$ and was completed at 88$^{\circ}C$ with its viscosity reaching at 810 B.U. 4. The amylose contents were 32% and 9% for 4-year-old and 6-year-old ginseng starch, respectively. 5. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that there were some structural differences between 4-year-old and 6-year-old ginseng starch.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.179-191
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• 2004

An emotion inference task was used to investigate children's cognitive cuing by age, cue type, and situation-emotion fit. Subjects were 41 of 3-, and 5-year-old children from two different day-care centers in Seoul and Kyonggi province. Each child was individually interviewed with pictorial tasks. 5-year-old children demonstrated more cuing, thinking, and application responses than 3-year-old children. Particularly, they showed more situation and thinking responses in situation-emotion match than in situation-emotion mismatch. 3-year-old children showed more past-oriented responses than 5-year-old children. In the interpersonal cue story, there were more situation, past-oriented and thinking responses than in the interobjective ones. The interpersonal cue story produced more situation responses in situation-emotion match than in situation-emotion mismatch.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.405-411
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• 2014

Wild Korean ginseng has been recognized as highly precious medicine since ancient times. Nowadays, the population of wild ginseng in the forest of Korean peninsula is very rare due to indiscreet harvest. In this work, we investigated the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis from embryogenic callus of old wild ginseng (more than 50 years-old) and compared the features of plants regenerated from 5-years old and 50 years-old ginseng. Induction of embryogenic callus from adventitious roots of 50 year-old wild ginseng required 83 weeks of culture, but only 10 weeks were sufficient for 5 year-old ginseng. Height and width of plants derived from the old wild ginseng was smaller and slender compared to the plantlets derived from 5 year-old ginseng. Total chlorophyll contents was 2-6 time lower in plantlets regenerated from 50 year-old wild ginseng than those from 5 year-old ginseng, but anthocyanin content was higher in 50 year-old ginseng. Our results revealed that plants regenerated from old wild ginseng have different morphological and physiological characters probably due to age-dependent phenomenon.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.189-205
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• 1994

Formerly, adult-tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes with ova caught in the sea, were used for seedling production. But it was difficult to secure naturally-ripened adults. For the purpose of adult tiger puffer in captivity, this study was carried out. To determine the growth 220 tiger puffers hatched in 1990 (3-year-old) and 1991 (2-year-old) were used. For spawning and egg incubation leading to fry development, eggs were stripped from tiger puffers hatched in 1988 (5-year-old) and 1990 (3-year-old) through human chorionic gonadotropin (BCG) treatments. In May, 1993, mean body length and mean body weight of 2-year-old tiger puffer were $30.72\pm1.35cm\;and\;1,048\pm228 g,$ and that of 3-year-old tiger puffers were $36.02\pm1.17cm$ and $1,402\pm66g$ respectively. The relationship between body length (L) and body weight (W) of 2-year-old the tiger puffers during the experiment period was represented as $W\;=\;1.7892L^{31524}\times10^5$ (r= 0.9436) and that of 3-year-old, $W=\;3.2840L^{36099}\times10^6$ (r= 0.9070) respectively. The GSI in female 2-year-old-fish changed from $0.23\times0.l2\;to\;0.74\pm0.08$, during the experiment period, and in male it didn't change remarkably until November, but thereafter it increased and showed a peak of $8.69\pm5.09$. The GSI of 3-year-old-fish showed a peak of $8.05\pm5.58$ in April in female and $12.65\pm4.60$ in May in male. The change of HSI in 3-year-old-fish was correlative to the change of GSI, but in 2-year-old-fish it was little correlative. In female gonad of 2-year-old tiger puffer, the mature oocytes reached $350{\mu}m$ in April, but thereafter they didn't spawn and became atrophied. But in male gonad, a great number of spermatozoa were crowded in the testicular lobuli in April. Female gonad of 3-year-old tiger puffer had the mature oocytes of 650 pm in March and the ripe oocytes, $900{\mu}m$ in April. Male testis development was similar to that of 2-year-old-fish. Egg-stripping after hormone treatments was possible past 139 hours and 142 hours from each of two 5-year-old-fish (500IU/kg, BW), and after 114 hour from a 3-year-old-fish (1,000 IU/kg, BW) under water temperature $16.3\~17.8^{\circ}C$. Eggs stripped amounted was 650 g and 400 g from two 5-year-old-fish and 610 g from the 3-year-old-fish, and fertilization rates were $98.0\%,\;97.4\%\;and\;96.5\%$ respectively. All the hatched larvae devloped into normal fry.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the sensitivity to environmental stress, and changes in the photosynthesis capacity in Abies koreana seedlings by age and to suggest the most effective age for restoration. To identify these physiological characteristics of A. koreana, the chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic capacity of 1-, 2-, 3-, 5- and 6-year-old A. koreana seedlings were observed from June 2020 to June 2021. The maximum quantum efficiency of Photosystem II (Fv/Fm), a chlorophyll fluorescence measurement parameter, was strongly positively correlated with the monthly average temperature (1-year-old seedling: r=0.8779, 2-year-old seedling: r=0.8605, 3-year-old seedling: r=0.8697, 5-year-old seedlings: r=0.8085, and 6-year-old seedlings: r=0.8316). The Fv/Fm values were the lowest in winter (November 2020-March 2021). In addition, the Fv/Fm values of 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings in winter were lower than that of 5- and 6-year-old seedlings, while the Fv/Fm values in summer were relatively higher than those in winter. Further, the Fv/Fm values of seedlings of all ages decreased in August 2020, when the monthly average temperature was the highest. In particular, 1-year-old to 3-year-old seedlings showed Fv/Fm values less than 0.8. Further, the photosynthetic capacity measured in August 2020 increased with increasing seedling age. The analysis of variance results for summer Fv/Fm values showed significant differences in age-specific averages (p<0.05), and Duncan's multiple range test showed significant differences between 5- and 6-year-old seedlings and 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings (p<0.05). These results suggested that the 5- and 6-year-old seedlings were less sensitive to environmental stress and showed better photosynthetic capacity than the 1-, 2-, and 3-year-old seedlings. Therefore, 5-year-old or older A. koreana seedlings can be used as restoration materials because they can show increased adaptability and stable growth during transplantation due to their relatively high environmental resistance and photosynthetic capacity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.149-153
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• 1982

To investigate the effect of light intensity on the growth of shoots and roots, water and chlorophyll contents in the ginseng leaf were determined at 5%, l0%, 20%, 30% light transmittance rate (LTR) with 1,2 and 4 year-old ginseng plants in the field. Stem length, size of the leaf, water and chlorophyll contents were decreased as the increase of the light intensity in all ages of ginseng plants. The degree of decrease was severe in the one year-old ginseng compared to that of 2, or 4 year-old ginseng, while there was no difference between the 2 and 4 year-old plants. Root weight per plant was highest at 5% LTR in the one year-old plants, while it was at 20% LTR in the 2 and 4 year-old plants. Generally, demand of light for the growth of one year-old ginseng was lower than those of 2 or 4 year-old plants there was no difference of it among the ginseng plants older than 2 years.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.84-102
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• 2005

Objectives The purpose of this study was to objectify the diagnosis of Sasang constitution. It was analyzed the adult female voices into 44 factors with PSSC-2004. Methods The study was conducted on the subjects inputted /a/ 2.5-3 sec of 217 adult women voices to PSSC-2004. The statistical analyses are applied to three groups: total group, under 55 year-old group, over 55 year-old group. The group of total 216 was composed with 8 Taeyangins, 60 Soyangins, 66 Taeumins and 83 Soeumins. The under 55 year-old group was composed with 6 Taeyangins, 53 Soyangins, 55 Taeumins and 76 Soeumins. The over 55 year-old group was composed with 2 Taeyangins, 7 Soyangins, 11 Taeumins and 7 Soeumins. Results 1. In total group and under 55 year-old one, Soeumin's center pitch were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.005)(P=0.019). It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem. 2. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(total) and center freq.(1) were significantly high compared with the others(P=0.024)(P=0.016). In under 55 year-old group, Soeumin's center freq.(4) was significantly high(P=0.025). While Taeumin's center freq.(3) in under 55 year-old group and center freq.(4) in over 55 year-old group were significantly high(P=0.049)(P=0.043). 3. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(center), APQ(2/5), APQ(3/5), APQ(4/5) and APQ(2/3) were significantly high compared with the others. It was significant for distinction between Taeumin and Soeumin at the result of post mortem(P=0.004) (P=0.003) (P=0.004) (P=0.013) (P=0.004). 4. In over 55 year-old group, Soeumin's APQ(1/3), APQ(1/2), APQ(2/2) and zeroover APQ were significantly high compared with the others (P=0.013) (P=0.003) (P=0.008) (P=0.012). 5. In over 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's octave 3 shimmer was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.000). 6. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's total energy was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.040). 7. In under 55 year-old group, Taeyangin's zeroover energy sum was significantly high compared with the others(P=0.038). Conclusions From above result, there is the possibility of efficiency standard guide for constitutional diagnosis by analyzation of the voices.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-49
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of three factors - children's age, sex and parental feeding styles - on children's self-help skills. The subjects were 213 children and their parents who lived in Kwanak-ku, Seoul. The three-way analysis of variance was employed. The main results were as follows: 1. Children's autonomy was varied significantly according to their sex. Girls do better by themselves than boys do in toileting, washing and drying hands, putting on and buttoning up a coat, putting on clothes, washing and drying their faces. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to age. A majority of the autonomy subsets increased as the children's ages increased. However, drying their hands with a towel, removing their coats, and drinking water did not vary by age. 2. Children's autonomy also varied significantly according to their parents' feeding style. A responsive feeding style encouraged children to drink water by themselves. 3. The group with the highest score in self-help skills in toileting was 6-year-old girls, and the group with the lowest score was 3-year-old boys. Additionally, the groups with the highest scores in toileting were 4-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritative feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style, 3-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a responsive feeding style and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style. Conversely, the groups with the lowest scores in toileting were 3-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style, 5-year-old girls whose parents demonstrated a neglective feeding style, and 3-year-old and 6-year-old boys whose parents demonstrated an authoritarian feeding style. 4. The group with the highest score in removing their coats was girls whose parnets demonstrated authoritative, responsive or neglective feeding styles. The group with the lowest score in removing their coats was boys whose parents demonstrated authoritative or neglective feeding styles.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.355-361
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• 2017

Pediatrics are more sensibility to radiation than adults and because they are organs that are not completely grown, they have a life expectancy that can be adversely affected by exposure. Therefore, the management of exposure dose is more important than the case of adult. The purpose of this study was to determine the suitability of the 10 year old phantom for the 5 year old pediatric's recommendation and the incident surface dose, and to measure the organ absorbed dose. This study is compared the organ absorbed dose and the entrance surface dose in the clinical conditions at 5 and 10 years old pediatric. Clinical 5 year old condition was slightly higher than recommendation condition and 10 year old condition was very high. In addition, recommendation condition ESD was found to be 43% higher than the ESD of the 5 year old group and the ESD of the 10 year old group was 126% higher than that of the 5 year old group. The recommended ESD at 5 years old and the ESD according to clinical imaging conditions were 31.6%. There was no significant difference between the 5 year old recommended exposure conditions and the organ absorbed dose due to clinical exposure conditions, but there was a large difference between the Chest and Pelvic. However, it was found that there was a remarkable difference when comparing the organ absorbed dose by 10 year clinical exposure conditions. Therefore, more detailed standard exposure dose for the recommended dose of pediatric should be studied.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2018

Introduction: This study evaluated whether body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) cut-offs for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) were different according to Sasang constitutional type. Methods: Data were obtained from 3,117 South Koreans (20-90 years old), and MetS was defined according to the revised NCEP-ATPIII criteria. Age-adjusted BMI and WC cut-offs were calculated according to Sasang constitutional type (Soyangin [SY], Taeeumin [TE], and Soeumin [SE]), sex, and age (men: ${\geq}40$ vs. <40 years, women: ${\geq}50$ vs. <50 years). Results: The prevalences of MetS were 29.9% (<40-year-old men), 35.1% (${\geq}40$-year-old men), 14.8% (<50-year-old women), and 47.7% (${\geq}50$-year-old women). The BMI ($kg/m^2$) and WC (cm) cut-offs for <40-year-old men were 25.9 and 89.9 (SY), 25.5 and 90.5 (TE), and 21.8 and 86.2 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}40$-year-old men were 23.1 and 88.9 (SY), 25.0 and 89.9 (TE), and 22.2 and 87.5 (SE). The BMI and WC cut-offs for <50-year-old women were 22.5 and 81.2 (SY), 25.1 and 83.0 (TE), and 21.5 and 79.8 (SE). The cut-offs for ${\geq}50$-year-old women were 22.2 and 80.5 (SY), and 25.2 and 89.1 (TE), and 21.9 and 80.3 (SE). Conclusions: The BMI and WC cut-offs for identifying MetS varied according to Sasang constitution type.