• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제34권
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• pp.44.1-44.12
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• 2022

Background: Recently, use of work-related communication technology-smartphones, tablets, and laptops-is increasing rapidly by development of technology with the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Some studies have suggested that work-related communication technology has a significant link with work-family conflict (WFC) but these studies included only limited number of participants and lacked essential covariates. Therefore, this study analyzes this association using large representative data sample and selected waged workers who were married-couples with children. Methods: This study was conducted based on data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Surveys (KWCS). A total of 17,426 waged workers having a marriage partner and one or more children were selected. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether WFC was associated with communication technology use. The odds ratios (ORs) for WFC were stratified by sex and working hours. Results: In fully adjusted model, WFC was higher those who used communication technology outside regular working hours compared with those who did not use it (OR: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39-1.97). When stratified by sex and working hours, the effect was greater in women than in men (OR: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.42-2.26 vs. OR: 1.52; 95% CI: 1.17-1.97) and women who worked over 52 hours per week had the highest OR (3.40; 95% CI: 1.25-9.26). Conclusions: This study revealed that the work-related communication technology use outside regular working hours was associated with WFC. The association were greater among those having longer working hours and female workers. These results suggest that appropriate policy should be implemented to reduce working hours and right to disconnect after work, particularly in female workers.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.37-70
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• 2011

통계청의 '경제활동인구조사 부가조사'(2010년 3월)와 문화체육관광부 통계청의 '국민여가활동조사'(2010년 7월)를 분석한 결과, 주40시간 근무제가 노동자들의 근로시간과 여가생활에 미치는 영향은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 주40시간 근무제는 실 근로시간을 11.3% 단축시키고, 장시간근로 확률을 1/5로 축소시킨다. 시간당 임금에 대한 근로시간 탄력성은 -0.145로, 임금이 낮을수록 실 근로시간이 길고 장시간근로 확률이 높다. 저임금과 장시간근로는 동전의 양면이다. 둘째, 주40시간 근무제는 휴일 여가시간을 매개변수로 하여 여가비용에 영향을 미친다. 휴일 여가시간이 10% 늘면 여가비용이 3% 늘어난다. 주40시간 근무제는 스포츠 등 적극적 여가활동을 늘리고, 자원봉사, 동호회 등 사회성 여가활동에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있다. 셋째, 주40시간 근무제 이후 생활에서 나타난 가장 큰 변화로는, 10명 중 7명이 '가족과 함께 하는 여가시간 증가'(52.2%), '자기 계발을 위한 시간 증가'(15.7%) 등 긍정적 변화에 응답하고, '여가 소비지출 부담 증가'(6.3%), '수입 감소'(3.4%) 등 부정적 변화는 13.9%, '별다른 변화 없음'은 14.4% 응답했다. 긍정적 생활변화는 여가생활 만족도 증가로 이어지고 있다. 넷째, 다른 변수를 통제하더라도 주40시간 근무제는 주관적 행복수준에 직접 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라, 여가생활 만족도를 매개변수로 하여 간접적으로도 영향을 미치고 있다. 따라서 주40시간 근무제가 노동생활과 여가생활에 미친 영향이 긍정적이라는 사실을 분명히 인식하고, 빠른 시일 내에 모든 직장에 주40시간 근무제가 정착되도록 가능한 모든 노력을 기울여야 한다. 주40시간 근무제를 5인 미만 사업장으로 확대하고, 초중등학교에 주5일 수업제를 전면 실시하고, 적극적 여가활동 여건을 조성해야 한다. 근로감독 행정을 강화해서 주 52시간을 초과하는 탈법적인 장시간근로를 제한하고 저임금을 일소해야 한다.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제24권6_2호
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• pp.809-818
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to identify the influence of oral health knowledge and awareness of caregivers in charge on the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly in nursing homes. Data were collected from 115 elderly without dementia and their 115 caregivers in nursing facilities in S and C cities. The data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 22.0 program. The average score for oral health knowledge and awareness of the caregivers were 11.62, 39.22 points each and the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly was 40.62 points. Oral health knowledge, awareness of caregivers and oral health-related quality of life of the elderly showed a difference according to oral health education experience of the caregivers (𝜌<.001), the nursing facility evaluation grade (𝜌=.016), and the oral health education experience (𝜌=.008), working hours of 40 hours or less per week of caregivers (𝜌=.008) each in order. The influencing factors on the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly were the oral health education experience, the working hours per week of the caregivers and the facility evaluation grade. This findings imply that developing customized program and the work environment improvement for caregivers should be considered to improve the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly in nursing homes.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.329-339
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of job insecurity on job related depression and anxiety in large- and small-sized company employees. Methods: Data of the third Korean Working Condition Survey in 2011 were used. Subjects were 2,050 large-sized company employees and 18,924 small-sized company workers. $x^2$ test and multiple logistic regression using SAS 9.2 were conducted. Results: Large- and small-sized company employees showed significant differences in terms of demographic, health-related, and job-related characteristics. From the bivariate analysis, gender, income, self-rated health, occupation, working hours per week, job-related stress, workplace violence, and job insecurity were significantly related to job-related depression/anxiety in large-sized company employees. From the multivariate analysis, higher income (AOR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.07~0.71), better health perception (AOR: 0.05, 95%CL: 0.01~0.18), 40 or more working hours per week (AOR: 0.20, 95%CI: 0.05~0.79) showed lower risk for job-related depression/anxiety. From the bivariate and multivariate analysis, better health perception (AOR: 0.32, 95%CI: 0.20~0.53), higher job-related stress (AOR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.68~3.93, workplace violence experience (AOR: 4.26; 95%CI: 2.88~6.30), and job insecurity experience (AOR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.18~3.05) were significantly related to job-related depression/anxiety in small-sized company employees. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that job insecurity experience was significantly related to job-related depression/anxiety in small-sized company employees but not in large-sized company employees. Therefore, small-sized company workers who have experienced feeling of job insecurity are vulnerable population in terms of job-related depression/anxiety.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• 제35권
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• pp.29.1-29.10
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• 2023

Background: Lone workers are generally defined as individuals who work alone without supervision, including self-employed people. While lone workers are considered a vulnerable group in some countries, there is a lack of research on their health status in domestic studies. Globally, the number of lone workers has been increasing, and this trend has been further accelerated since the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with the rise of remote work. Methods: The study analyzed data from 44,281 participants, excluding unpaid family workers, soldiers, and those with missing data. Lone workers were defined as individuals who reported having no colleagues with the same job at their current workplace. Self-rated health status was categorized as "good" or "poor." Results: This study found a statistically significant higher number of lone workers among women compare to men. The largest occupational category for lone workers was service and sales workers, followed by agriculture and fisheries workers. A majority of non-lone workers reported working 40 hours or less per week, while the majority of lone workers reported working 53 hours or more per week. In addition, lone workers had significantly poorer health status evaluations compared to non-lone workers (odds ratio: 1.297; 95% confidence interval: 1.165-1.444). Conclusions: Further research is needed to investigate the causal relationship between lone work and health, using data collected after the COVID-19 pandemic.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2015

Background: The study was designed to assess the changes in working conditions through a comparative analysis of the characteristics of working conditions in 2006 and 2010. Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of the data related to the first Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) and the second KWCS in the categories of demographic characteristics, quality of labor, exposure to hazards, and health problems. Results: From our analysis of the demographic characteristics, we saw an increase in labor force participation rate of women and elderly people. As a result of the investigation with regards to working hours, the ratio of employees who worked for ${\geq}49$ hours per week was decreased and the ratio of employees who worked for ${\geq}40h/wk$ increased. As for exposure to hazards, exposure to tobacco smoke notably decreased in 2010 compared with 2006. With regards to health problems, there was a sharp increase in the number of people who complained of muscle pain in their arms and legs. Conclusion: KWCS data included many aspects of working conditions as a nationwide sample. In addition, because this is a periodic nationwide survey, the labor force, working hours, harmful factor exposure, and the change in health problems characteristics according to the flow of time could be investigated. The information comparing the main results of the first survey conducted in 2006 and the second survey conducted in 2010 obtained through this study can be used as an important base material for the establishment of the national policy.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.96-101
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• 2021

Background: Many studies have reported noticeable increases in the proportion of employees working either relatively short or relatively long hours. Such trends have been accompanied by an increasing concern regarding work hour mismatches defined as a discrepancy between actual and preferred work hours. The aim of this study was to investigate association between work hour mismatch and depression. Methods: Data regarding work hour mismatches for 47,551 adults were extracted from the 2017 Korean Working Conditions Survey. The World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index was used to measure depression. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association between work hour mismatch and depression. Results: Men and women workers with work hour mismatch were more likely to have depression [underemployed males: odds ratio (OR) = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-1.49, overemployed males: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.18-1.40; underemployed females: OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.20-1.56, overemployed females: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.02-1.23]. Underemployed workers, workers who worked more than 52 hours per week, and workers with a high income level, all had higher ORs for depression. The greater the discrepancy between actual and preferred work hours, the higher OR for depression among both underemployed and overemployed workers. Conclusions: A difference between actual and preferred work hours was associated with depression. Underemployed workers had a higher risk of depression than that of overemployed workers. As a work hour mismatch negatively affected workers' mental health, it is important to reduce work hours mismatches as well as shorten the absolute number of work hours.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.187-192
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• 2017

Objectives: It is difficult to identify exposure factors in the semiconductor industry due to low exposure levels to hazardous substances and because various processes take place in fabrication (FAB). Furthermore, a single worker often experiences a variety of job histories, so it is difficult to classify similar exposure groups (SEG) in the semiconductor industry. Therefore, we intend to develop a new exposure index, the period of working in FAB, that is applicable to the semiconductor industry. Methods: First, in specifying the classification of jobs, we clearly distinguished whether they were FAB workers or non-FAB workers. We checked FAB working hours per week through questionnaires administered to FAB workers. We derived an exposure index called FAB-Year that can represent the period of working in FAB. FAB-Year is an index that can quantitatively indicate the period of working in FAB, and one FAB-Year is defined as working in FAB for 40 hours per week for one year. Results: A total of 8,453 persons were surveyed, and male engineers and female operators occupied 90% of the total. The average total years of service of the subjects was 9.7 years, and the average FAB-Year value was 6.8. This means that the FAB-working ratio occupies 70% of total years of service. The average FAB-Year value for female operators was 8.4, for male facility engineers it was 7.7, and for male process engineers it was 3.5. A FAB-Year standardization value according to personal information (gender, job group, entry year, retirement year) for the survey subjects can be calculated, and standardized estimation values can be applied to workers who are not participating in the survey, such as retirees and workers on a leave of absence (LOA). Conclusions: This study suggests an alternative method for overcoming the limitations on epidemiological study of the semiconductor industry where it is difficult to classify exposure groups by developing a new exposure index called FAB-Year. Since FAB-Year is a quantitative index, we expect that various approaches will be possible in future epidemiological studies.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.113-127
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• 2021

Purpose: This study examined health behaviors, use of health services, and depression among women who perform daytime and shift work in Korea, as well as factors related to depression. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis using data from the 2018 data of the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on women, 1,493 regular daytime workers and 322 shift workers, were analyzed. Results: Women shift workers (χ²=43.97, p<.001), had a lower education level (χ²=45.56, p<.001), and lower personal income (χ²=16.85, p=.030) than their daytime counterparts. A higher proportion of shift workers were unmarried (χ²=37.47, p<.001) and they typically worked fewer than 40 hours per week (χ²=69.94, p<.001). The depression score of shift workers was higher than that of daytime workers (t=2.85, p=.005). A higher proportion of shift workers also drank alcohol (χ²=6.49, p=.032) and smoked (χ²=30.79, p<.001). Over 8% of shift workers typically slept fewer than 5 hours per night (χ²=14.17, p=.024). It was confirmed that depression in women shift workers was affected by age, personal income, marital status, health status, and smoking status, in addition to cancer screening participation, unmet medical care needs, and unmet dental care needs. Conclusion: More attention should be given to the health needs of women working shifts. Health promotion programs specific for women shift workers are needed to improve their physical and mental health, encourage use of medical care services, and improve public health policies and systems.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.339-348
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• 2004

본 연구는 부산에 거주하는 폐경전 30대, 40대 성인직장여성을 대상으로 요추와 대퇴부 3부위의 골밀도상태를 평가하고, 생리적 특성 및 1일 활동량, 주중, 주말의 옥외활동시간, 기호성 음료의 섭취 등의 생활습관을 조사하여 골밀도와의 관계를 파악함으로써 성인직장여성들의 골다공증 예방을 위한 영양교육의 기초자료를 얻고자 실시하였다. 평균 골밀도는 요추(Ll4) 1.02 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 대퇴경부 0.76 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 와드삼각부 0.69 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$, 대퇴 전자부 0.66 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$이었다. 대퇴경부와 와드삼각부 부위의 골밀도는 정상 성인 골밀도의 90%이하였으며, 대퇴경부의 골밀도는 동일 연령군의 골밀도 표준값의 90%이하였다. 대퇴경부의 골밀도는 T값으로 판정했을 때 30세군, 40세군 모두 골량감소(osteopenia)에 해당되었다 평균연령은 37세였으며, 초경나이는 14.83세, 생리주기는 30.41일, 출산횟수는 1.94회였으며, 초경연령은 와드삼각부(p<0.05)와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였으며, 출산횟수는 요추 L3, L4부위 (p<0.05, p<0.01)의 골밀도 및 Ll4(p<0.05)의 평균 골밀도와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 1일 평균 활동종류별 생활시간은 직장활동시간 7.86시간, 수면시 간 7.16시간, 기타 신변잡일 시간 6.40시간, 가사활동시간 2.55시간, 운동시간 0.14시간이었으며, 1일 평균 활동계수, 휴식 대사량, 에너지소비량은 각각 1.54, 1326.75 ㎉, 2038.81 ㎉였다. 옥외 활동시간은 1일 평균 주중에는 51.23분, 주말에는 60.74분, 주 전체적으로 53.95분으로 1시간이하였다. 기타 신변잡일 활동시간은 대퇴경부와 대퇴전자부(p<0.05, p<0.05)의 골밀도와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였으나, 주말의 옥외활동시간과 주 총 옥외활동시간은 각각 요추 L14 골밀도(p<0.05, p<0.05)와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보인 것으로 나타나 주말과 주 총 옥외활동시간이 많을수록 요추 골밀도가 유의하게 증가하였음을 알 수 있다. 월 평균 코카콜라 4.51 cup, 커피 32.66 cup, 녹차 13.87 cup, 맥주 1.84 cup, 와인 0.4 cup 섭취하였으며, 녹차섭취 횟수는 대퇴경부와 와드삼각부(p<0.05, p<0.05)의 골밀도와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였으며, 와인의 섭취횟수는 대퇴경부(p<0.05)의 골밀도와 유의한 양의 상관관계를 보였으나, 콜라섭취횟수는 요추 L1 (P<0.05) 부위의 골밀도와 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 결과에서 폐경전 성인직장여성들인 본 조사대상자들의 경우 대퇴경부 골밀도는 T값으로 판정했을 때 30세군, 40세군 모두 골량감소에 해당되어 대퇴경부의 골밀도는 이미 30대부터 우려되는 수준임을 알 수 있다 그리고 직장생활에 따른 출산횟수 감소, 옥외활동시간감소, 녹차, 와인, 콜라 등의 기호성 음료식품의 섭취기회 증가 등은 직장여성들의 골밀도에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인으로 보인다. 따라서 직장여성의 건강증진을 위해 30대부터 골다공증 예방사업을 실시할 필요가 있는 것으로 보이며, 골밀도손실을 예방하기 위해 주중에 실내 활동이 많은 성인직장여성들의 경우 정적인 기타 신변잡일 활동시간은 가능한 줄이고 주말 옥외 활동량의 증가와 더불어 골밀도의 증감과 관련이 있는 것으로 보이는 녹차, 와인, 콜라 등의 기호성 음료식품의 적절한 섭취 등 생활습관 요인에 대한 영양교육이 필요할 것으로 보인다. 비록 본 연구가 부산지 역의 적은 인원수를 대상으로 짧은 기간에 실시되어 연구결과를 일반화하기에는 제한이 있으나, 본 연구결과는 폐경전 성인직장여성들의 골밀도상태에 대한 기초자료로 제시될 수 있겠으며, 골밀도상태에 관련된 생리적 요인 및 생활습관요인들에 대한 결과는 성인직장여성들의 골다공증 예방을 위한 영양교육에 구체적인 도움이 될 수 있으리라 생각된다.