• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.26-32
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• 2022

Objective: We investigated the effect of supplementing fertilization medium and/or culture medium with astaxanthin (AST) on the two phases of in vitro fertilization: gamete fertilization and embryo development. Methods: Mouse cumulus-oocyte complexes were divided into four groups with 5 µM AST added to the fertilization medium (group 3, n=300), culture medium (group 2, n=300), or both media (group 4, n=290). No AST was added to the control group (group 1, n=300). Results: The fertilization rate was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the groups using AST supplemented fertilization medium (group 3, 79.0%; group 4, 81.4%) than those without AST (group 1, 56.3%; group 2, 52.3%). The blastocyst rate calculated from the two-cell stage was significantly lower (p<0.001) in the groups using AST-supplemented embryo culture medium (group 2, 58.0%; group 4, 62.3%) than in those without AST (group 1, 82.8%; group 3, 79.8%). The blastocyst rate calculated from the number of inseminated oocytes was highest in group 3 (189/300, 63.0%) and lowest in group 2 (91/300, 30.3%) with statistical significance compared to other groups (p<0.001). There were significantly higher numbers of cells in the inner cell mass and trophectoderm, as well as significantly higher total blastocyst cell counts, in group 3 than in the control group. Conclusion: An increased blastocyst formation rate and high-quality blastocysts were found only in the fertilization medium that had been supplemented with AST. In contrast, AST supplementation of the embryo culture medium was found to impair embryo development.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.30-46
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the anti-obesity effects of Gambi-bang 4 (GBB4) on obesity-induced mice. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups (normal, high fat diet with control, high fat diet with Reductil, high fat diet with GBB4 extract) and fed for 8 weeks. We observed body weight change, the weight change of the adipocytes in body, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, serum leptin level, expression of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue, and histological changes of adipose tissue and liver cells. Results: 1. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was significantly lower in body weight, weight of adipocytes, and amount of glucose. 2. The GBB4 group was significantly lower in the amount of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol compared with the control. 3. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was significantly lower in the amount of serum leptin. 4. The GBB4 group was significantly higher in the revelation of ${\beta}3AR$ and leptin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary adipose cells compared with the control. 5. Compared with the control group, the GBB4 group was smaller in the size of adipocytes in adipose tissue and the adipose vacuoles in liver tissue were decreased. Conclusions: These results suggested that GBB4 has inhibitory effects on obesity. GBB4 might be applied in treatment of obesity, so further studies analyzing its effects are needed.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1996

The effect of aqua-acupuncture of total saponin on the recovery of liver function in -intoxicated rats was exemined. Rats were divided into normal, control and three experimental groups (As-I group : aqua-acupuncture of saline to Gansu locus and Aa-III group : aqua-a-cupuncture of total saponin to blank locus at the thigh). Changes of some serum biochemical parameters (ALT, AST and ALP, total protein and albumin, and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio) were determined. Serum ALT activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all aqua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease of ALT activities on the 2nd (P<0.05) and 3rd (P<0.05) day, respectively. Aa-II group showed significant decrease on the 3rd day (P<0.05) day. Serum AST activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all apua-acupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease on the 1st (P<0.05), 2nd (P<0.001) and 3rd (P<0.001) day, respectively. Aa-II group showed significant decrease on the 3rd (P<0.001) day. Aa-III group showed significant decrese on the 1st (P<0.05) and 3rd (P<0.001) day, respectrvely. Serum ALP activities were increased by $CCI_{4}$T and decreased in all aqua-a-cupuncture groups compared with the control group. Aa-I group showed significant decrease on the 3rd (P<0.01) day. Total protein, albumin and A/G ratio were decreased by $CCI_{4}$T and increased in all aqua-acupuncture groups compared with control group. Aa-I group showed significant increase only on the 3rd day in albumin (P<0.01). It was thought that the aqua-acupuncture of total saponin to Gansu locus was effective on the recovery of liver function in $CCI_{4}$T-intoxicated rats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.381-386
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• 1993

새로운 25종의 Imazethapyr 유도체, (2-(4-isopropyl-4-methyl-5-oxo-2-imidazolin-2-yl)-3-(N-methyl-N-(X)치환-phenylaminooxoacetyl)-5-methylpyridine)들을 합성하여 치환기(X) 변화에 따른 발아 전 후, 피(Echinochla crus-galli.)의 제초활성에 미치는 3-(N-mothy-N-(X)치환-phenylaminoozoacetyl) group의 영향을 검토한 바, 발아 전보다 발아 후의 제초활성에 더 큰 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다. 발아 후의 제초활성은 X-치환기의 전자밀게 효과와 입체상수 $(E_s)$에 의존적이었으며 가장 큰 제초활성을 나타내는 화합물로는 $bulky(E_s<0)$하고 전자밀게$(\sigma<0)$가 치환된 화합물, 15(4-t-butyl group)와 20(3,5-dimethyl group)이었다. 그리고 높은 제초활성을 나타낼 것으로 예상되는 화합물의 조건들이 검토되었다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.471-474
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• 1995

A total of 20 patients underwent bullectomy in the spontaneous pneumothorax between October 1993 and August 1994. The patients were divided into two groups: Control group; the patients who received with mid-axillary approach[n=10 , Experimental group; the patients who received with video-assisted thoracic surgery [n = 10 . The results were as follows; 1. The total sex distribution was male predominence [M :F=6:1 . Mean age of control group was 31.6$\pm$ 10.1 age and experimental group was 24.3$\pm$ 5.5 age. 2. The operative times were 117.0 $\pm$ 32.6min in control group and 102.5$\pm$ 38.4min in experimental group [not significant . 3. The indwelling period of postoperative chest tube and hospital stay were 4.5$\pm$ 2.6 days and 8.3 $\pm$ 1.8 days in control group, $1.5\pm$ 0.5 days and 3.1 $\pm$ 0.3 days in experimental group[p=0.0018, < 0.0001 . 4. In control group, injection times of pain-killer were 1.7$\pm$ 0.7 times/day at operative day and 0.4$\pm$ 0.6times/day at postoperative 1 day. In experimental group, there were 0.3$\pm$ 0.7times/day at operative day and 0.1 $\pm$ 0.3times/day at postoperative 1 day[p=O.O002 at operative day, not significant at postoperative 1 day .

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Clopidogrel is used to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis documented by recent ischemic stroke, recent myocardial infarction (MI), or established peripheral arterial disease (secondary prevention). Clopidogrel is metabolized by CYP3A4, and the active metabolites inhibit platelet aggregation. The purpose of this study was to assess clopidogrel only versus clopidogrel + others (aspirin, CYP3A4 inhibitor, and CYPBA4 inducer) in terms of cardiovasculalr events and bleeding complications. We reviewed the charts of patients who visited between August 1, 2002 and August 31, 2003, retrospectively. Total 72 patients were included and they consisted of 5 groups; clopidogrel group (n=36), clopidogrel + aspirin group (n=11), clopidogrel + CYP3A4 inhibitor group (n=15), clopidogrel + aspirin + CYP3A4 inhibitor group (n=6), clopidorel + CYP3A4 inducer group (n=4). The primary endpoints at 6 months, 12 months were the composite of cardiovascular (CV) events. The secondary end-point was the incidence of bleeding events at 6months, and 12months. At 12months, the primary endpoint was not significantly different among the five groups (p=0.056). In comparison of two groups as clopidogrel only versus clopidogrel + others (aspirin, CYP3A4 inhibitor and CYP3A4 inducer), the primary endpoint was significantly different (p=0.02). The CV events were increased in the clopidogrel + others group. The secondary end point was not significantly different among the five groups (p=0.52). However, time to bleeding events was 230.8 in the clopidogrel group and 74.7 in the clopidogrel + others group (p = 0.046). In conclusion, clopidogrel interaction with aspirin, CYP3A4 inhibitor, and CYP3A4 inducer affected cardiovascular events and bleeding events. Drug interaction of clopidogrel with concurrent medications should be considered cautiously.

• 치과방사선
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.341-351
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to aid in the evaluation of prognosis of temporomandibular joint after open reduction of fractured mandible. The author studied the bony changes (remodelling) of 116 temporomandibular joints and facial asymmetry in 58 patients. Subjects were divided into 4 Groups according to the follow up periods after open reduction of fractured mandible. The bony changes and facial asymmetry were observed on lateral tomograms and cephalometric posteroanterior skull radiograms. The results were as follows: 1. The bony changes of condyles were observed in 56 cases (38 flattening, 14 osteophyte, 3 erosion, 1 sclerosis). Flattening was observed in 32.8% (Group Ⅰ 27.8%, Group Ⅱ 37.5%, Group Ⅲ 35.7%, Group Ⅳ 32.1%). Osteophyte was observed in 12.1% (Group Ⅰ 11.1%, Group Ⅱ 8.3%, Group Ⅲ 7.1%, Group Ⅳ 21.4%). Erosion and sclerosis were observed in 2.6%, 0.9%, respectively. 2. The bony changes of articular fossa were observed in 18 cases (15.5%). Flattening was observed in 12.1% (Group Ⅰ 2.8%, Group Ⅱ 4.2%, Group Ⅲ 10.7%, Group Ⅳ 17.9%). Sclerosis was observed in 3.4% (Group Ⅰ 5.6%, Group Ⅲ 3.6%, Group Ⅳ 3.6%). 3. The amount of facial asymmetry was 2.81±2.20㎜ (Group Ⅰ 3.06±1.93㎜, Group Ⅱ 2.38±2.44㎜, Group Ⅲ 2.74±1.19㎜, Group Ⅳ 2.93±2.93㎜). There was no significant difference between all groups according to bony changes of temporomandibular joints after open reduction of fractured mandibles (x²-Test, P>0.05).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.223-235
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• 2022

PURPOSE. To compare the clinical outcomes of two types of implant restoration for posterior edentulous area, 3-unit bridge supported by 2 implants and 3 implant-supported splinted crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The data included 127 implant-supported fixed restorations in 85 patients: 37 restorations of 3-unit bridge supported by 2 implants (2-IB), 37 restorations of 3 implant-supported splinted crowns (3-IC), and 53 single restorations (S) as controls. Peri-implantitis and mechanical complications that occurred for 14 years were analyzed by multivariable Cox regression model. Kaplan-Meier curves and the multivariable Cox regression model were used to analyze the success and survival of implants. RESULTS. Peri-implantitis occurred in 28.4% of 2-IB group, 37.8% of 3-IC group, and 28.3% of S control group with no significant difference. According to the implant position, middle implants (P2) of the 3-IC group had the highest risk of peri-implantitis. The 3-IC group showed a lower mechanical complication rate (7.2%) than the 2-IB (16.2%) and S control group (20.8%). The cumulative success rate was 52.8% in S (control) group, 62.2% in 2-IB group, and 60.4% in 3-IC group. The cumulative survival rate was 98.1% in S (control) group, 98.6% in 2-IB group, and 95.5% in 3-IC group. There was no significant difference in the success and survival rate according to the restoration type. CONCLUSION. The restoration type was not associated with the success and survival of implants. The risk of mechanical complications was reduced in 3 implant-supported splinted crowns. However, the middle implants of the 3 implant-supported splinted crowns had a higher risk of peri-implantitis.

• 국제물리치료학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.1571-1575
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of somatotype on the $VO_2max$ and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during treadmill walking. Forty healthy men participated and were randomized to four groups: Male 1 (M1) group, Male 2 (M2) group, Male 3 (M3) group, and Male 4 (M4) group. M4 group is the largest body type, and M1 group is the smaller the body type. Participants walked at a speed of 3.5 km/h for five minutes at an incline angle of $0^{\circ}$, $5^{\circ}$, and $10^{\circ}$ in the treadmill. Maximum oxygen consumption and hormone (adrenaline and noradrenaline) were measured. In the results, $VO_2max$ has significantly increased according to the degree of the treadmill inclination, and M4 group (larger body type) consumed more oxygen than the M1 group (smaller body type). In the hormone, there was a significant increase in adrenaline concentration after walking in all groups, and there was a significant difference in M1-M4, M2-M4 and M3-M4. The noradrenaline concentration significantly increased after treadmill gait in all groups, and there was no significant difference in noradrenaline between groups. This study suggests that the larger body type consumes more oxygen during walking, and treadmill walking contributes to an increase in the concentration of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 1995

For the purpose of this study, the silicoating on Ni-Cr-Be alloy surface was carried out by using the Silicoater MD. The effect of time delay after silicoating on the bond strength between the metal and resin cement was examined. The groups were divided into 4 : group 1 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, immediatly cemented group 2 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and immediatly cemented group 3 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and cemented after 7 days group 4 : Sandblasted with $250{\mu}m$ aluminium oxide, silicoated and coated with unfilled resin and cemented after 7 days Specimens were luted with Comspan, Superbond C&B or Panavia EX. The tensile bond strength between the metal and resin cement was measured by using the universal testing machine. The results were as follows : 1. The bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 was higher than that of group 1 (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference among the bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p>0.05). 2. In Comspan-cemented groups, there was no significant difference among the bond strength in groups 2, 3 and 4 (p<0.05). 3. In Panavia EX-cemented groups, the bond strength of group 3 was higher than that of group 2 (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference between groups 3 and 4. 4. In Superbond C&B-cemented groups, there was significant difference between groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05) and the bond strength of group 4 was higher than that of group 3 (p<0.05). 5. The highest tensile bond strength was obtained by using the Superbond C&B and no difference in the Panavia EX and Comspan. 6. The modes of bond failure were mainly cohesive failure. The method of storage and transport indicated in this study seems recommendable for laboratory and clinical use at least up to 7 days.