• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.111-116
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• 2018

Recently, shape manufacturing method has been changed to a 3D printer. Since lamination type manufacturing method is the basis for forming a three-dimensional shape by repeated lamination, the horizontal accuracy of the lamination layer is very important. In the current paper, we have proposed a new leveling system to be installed in a large 3D printer. The light source was reflected from the water surface contained in the measuring device, and the inclination of the measuring device was measured from the light that entered into four regions of a quarter photodetector. The electrical signals generated differently according to the position of the beam spot incident on the quarter photodetector was acquired and compensated to be horizontal by using a motor mounted at the corner. Compared to a digital leveler, the newly developed leveling system gave errors of only 2 to 3%. This new device can be applied to various fields including the 3D printer in future.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.595-607
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to identify the phenomena of school health nursing at schools in Korea and to contribute to building a school health domain of International Classification for Nursing Practice. A retrospective method was used in this study to develop ICNP during the period from July to October 200l. The procedure of the study involved choosing nursing phenomena using preliminary terms from the reports on the field of school health nursing practice documented by nursing students in 10 different nursing colleges. The detail procedures of the study were as follows. 1) Choosing nursing phenomena by using preliminary terms 2) Choosing the characteristics of school health nursing practice from the selected nursing phenomena 3) In order to make a consensus regarding the appropriate characteristics of phenomena. 15 study group members re-categorized the nursing phenomena through 5 times of cyber meetings and 3 times of formal meetings. 4) To verify each characteristic, 5 community nursing faculties and 25 school health nurses participated in the procedure to give scores on nursing characteristics. 5) Classification of the definite nursing phenomena and characteristics. Following the 5 step procedures, school health nursing phenomena were categorized into human and environmental domains. Human domains were classified into human behavioral and functional domains. Environmental domains were classified into physical and psychosocial domains. The essential characteristics of each phenomena were selected when it obtains the mean score of 3.0 or over at the related characteristics. The human behavioral domain consisted of 7 phenomena including risk for spinal disorder, inadequate dietary habit, inadequate weight control, smoking and substance abuse, inadequate stress management, inadequate sex related coping strategies and inadequate accident management. The human functional domain consisted of 6 phenomena including inadequate eye care and visual management, risk for respiratory disorder, inadequate dental health care, inappropriate infectious disease control, risk for gastrointestinal disorder, and lack of sexual identity. The physical environmental domain consisted of 6 phenomena including risk for incident at inside classroom, risk for incident at outside classroom, risk for incident around school, risk for exposure to hazardous facilities around school. inadequate garbage and disposal management, and inadequate physical environment for learning. The psychosocial domain included impaired social interaction at school. Each phenomenon was composed of 2 to 8 characteristics and all phenomena will include a total number of 85 characteristics. The phenomena of school health nursing in Korea partially confirmed school health architecture of ICNP. Further study on verification of school health nursing phenomena in Korea needs to be done to support the findings of this study through review of literature on nursing classifications or field studies.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.210-228
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• 2002

Background: The purpose of this research was to examine the fall incidence rate and its related factors of fall in inpatients. Methods: The data were collected from the 138 fall incident reports in one tertiary hospital in Seoul from April 1st 1999 to September 30th 2001. The Fall Incident Report Form was originally developed based on that of Massachusetts General Hospital revised in 1995. And this was modified for this survey by the collaborating work of QI team including researcher and department of nursing service of this particular hospital. The contents of Fall Incident Form were general characteristics of patient. factors related to fall. types and places of fall. circumstances, nursing interventions. and outcome. Results: 1) The incidence rate of fall was 0.08% of total discharged patients and 0.081 per 1000 patient-day. This incidence rate is much lower than that of several hospitals in USA. This finding might result from the different incidence report system of each hospital. 2) The characteristics of fall-prone patient were found as follows. They were mostly over 60 years old, in alert mental status, ambulatory with some assistance, and dependent on ambulatory device. The types of diseases related high incidence rate were cerebrovascular disease(3.2), hypertension(1.6), cardiovascular disease(1.4), diabetes(1.3) and liver disease(0.6). 3) The majority of fall events usually occurred m bed. bedside(walking or standing) and bathroom in patient room. Usually they were up on their own when they fell. And there were more falls of elderly occurred during night time than day or evening. 4) 63.8% of fall events resulted in physical injuries such as fracture and usually the patients had diagnostic procedures and some treatment(ex. suture) which caused additional cost to the patients and their families. 5) The found risk factors of fall were drugs(antihypertensive drug, diuretics) and environmental factors like too high bed height, long distance of bedside table and lamp switch, and slippery tile of bathroom floor. Conclusion: Considering these results, every medical and nursing staff should be aware of the risk factors of patients in hospital, and should intervene more actively the preventive managements, specially for the elderly patients during night. Therefore, it is recommended that the development of Fall Prevention Programs based on these results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.97-112
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• 2021

This study introduces lessons learned from investigation and analysis of major domestic and overseas cases of marine chemical incidents involving hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) during maritime transportation by chemical tankers carrying petrochemical products in bulk. The study then suggests plans to improve domestic marine HNS training curricula based on these lessons. Lessons learned from six incident cases are classified into the following six categories: 1) incident-related information, 2) safety, 3) pollution, 4) response, 5) salvage and 6) others. Based on these six categories, it is suggested that the curriculum provided by the Marine Environment Research & Training Institute for marine pollution prevention managers aboard noxious liquid substance carriers should be changed from the existing two-day training of eight subjects (16 h) to a three-day training of sixteen subjects (24 h). In addition, it is proposed that the marine chemical incident response course of the Korea Coast Guard Academy should be changed from the existing five-day training of fifteen subjects (35 h) to a six-day training of thirty-two subjects (48 h). These results are expected to contribute to sharing experiences and lessons learned about response to marine chemical incidents and to be used as basic data for improving the education and training courses for response personnel in preparedness for marine HNS incidents.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.35-47
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• 2009

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to investigate incidence and related factors of the MS in a university hospital Methods: This survey was conducted from January in 1997 to March in 2008. This study is a cohort study. The baseline subjects were 529 men and 609 women without metabolic syndrome(MS) who visited the health promotion center of Chungnam National University Hospital for general health check-up. The MS was diagnosed according to the definition by the NCEP ATP III. The abdominal obesity guidelines for waist circumference applied the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity Guideline Results: The survey exhibited that baseline risk factors that mainly affect odds ratio(OR) of the MS at follow-up were sex, ages, heavy drinking, uric acid and transpeptidase(GGT) in women. Incidence of the MS was 10.6% in total cases, 18.1% in men and 4.0% in women. The risk of the MS was significantly lower in women than men(OR=0.4, 95% confidence interval(CI: 0.2-0.9), significantly higher 50-59 Ages than < 40 ages(OR=3.4, 95% CI: 1.9-6.4), significantly high in women with heavy drinkers(OR=14.3, 95% CI: 1.2-177.5), significantly high in whole, men and women with high uric acid group(whole, OR=2.6, 95% CI: 1.6-4.2. men, OR=2.1, 95% CI: 1.3-3.5. women, OR=14.2, 95% CI: 3.0-68.3) and significantly high in women with high GGT(OR=1.8, 95% CI: 2.4-12.6). Conclusion: Risk factors of incident MS were baseline sex, ages, heavy drinking in women, uric acid and GGT in women. These can be utilized as an important index to determine risk factors of incident MS and will be basic data in part of management, education, countermeasure and selection test of the MS.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.738-742
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• 1998

A new polyamide was prepared from 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)di-aniline and 4-[NN-bis(2-carboxyethyl)] amino-4'-nitrostilbene. This polymer was cast into thin films by spin coating cyclohexanone solution. After being poled, the electro-optic coefficients of electrode poled polymer films were measured by the reflection measurement technique using an incident laser beam of 1.3 Jim. The film poled at the field strength of 1.2 V/μm exhibited the electro-optic coefficient (r33) of 5.9 pm/V. The relaxation behavior of the poled polymer film was compared with other reported polymers bearing the same NLO chromophores. Due to stiff and highly polar nature of the backbone and also due to formation of interchain hydrogen bonds, this polymer reveals a slower relaxation characteristics. The polymer is amorphous and soluble in various organic solvents.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1953-1958
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• 2015

Background: In India, cancer accounts for 7.3% of DALY's, 14.3% of mortality with an age-standardized incident rate of 92.4/100,000 in men and 97.4/100,000 in women and yet there are no nationwide screening programs. Materials and Methods: We calculated age-standardized and age-truncated (30-69 years) detection rates for men and women who attended the Indian Cancer Society detection centre, New Delhi from 2011-12. All participants were registered with socio-demographic, medical, family and risk factors history questionnaires, administered clinical examinations to screen for breast, oral, gynecological and other cancers through a comprehensive physical examination and complete blood count. Patients with an abnormal clinical exam or blood result were referred to collaborating institutes for further investigations and follow-up. Results: A total of n=3503 were screened during 2011-12 (47.8% men, 51.6% women and 0.6% children <15 years) with a mean age of 47.8 yrs (${\pm}15.1yrs$); 80.5% were aged 30-69 years and 77.1% had at least a secondary education. Tobacco use was reported by 15.8%, alcohol consumption by 11.9% and family history of cancer by 9.9% of participants. Follow-up of suspicious cases yielded 45 incident cancers (51.1% in men, 48.9% in women), consisting of 55.5% head and neck (72.0% oral), 28.9% breast, 6.7% gynecological and 8.9% other cancer sites. The age-standardized detection rate for all cancer sites was 340.8/100,000 men and 329.8/100,000 women. Conclusions: Cancer screening centres are an effective means of attracting high-risk persons in low-resource settings. Opportunistic screening is one feasible pathway to address the rising cancer burden in urban India through early detection.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.656-662
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• 2013

The flexible patterned cover film was made by a simple solution coating process using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) solution with glass beads. The effect of patterned cover film on the efficiency of solar cell has been investigated. It was found that the relative solar cell efficiency increased up to 3.4% with the incident light angle between $0-90^{\circ}$ by the sphere shape of glass bead coated on the film surface. This was understood that the loss of transmittance and scattering due to the light directional dependency on solar cell were minimized because the light entered glass beads normal to its surface regardless of incident light angle. The maximum relative solar cell efficiency was achieved when glass bead shape on the film is hemisphere and the relative efficiency increased with increasing the amount of glass bead on the film surface. However, too much glass beads on the film surface resulted in the lower relative solar cell efficiency due to the lowering of transmittance as well as the occurring of light interference.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.401-412
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• 2008

Simulations of three-dimensional numerical wave tank are performed to investigate wave force acting on a large cylindrical structure and consequent wave deformation, which are induced by bore after breaking waves. The numerical model is based on the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a finite-difference method combined with a volume of fluid(VOF) method, which is capable of tracking the complex free surface, including wave breaking. In order to promote wave breaking of the incident wave, the approach slope was built seaward of the structure with a constant slope and a large cylindrical structure was installed on a flat bed. The incident waves were broken on the approach slope or flat bed by its wave height. In the present study, all waves acting on the large cylindrical structure were limited to breaking bore after wave breaking. The effects of the position of the structure and the incident wave height on the wave force and wave transformations were mainly investigated with the concern of wave breaking. Further, the relations between the variation of wave energy by wave propagation after wave breaking and wave force acting on the structure were discussed to give the understanding of the full-linear wave-structure interactions in three-dimensional wave fields.

• Biomedical Engineering Letters
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.383-392
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• 2018

For prompt gamma ray imaging for biomedical applications and environmental radiation monitoring, we propose herein a multiple-scattering Compton camera (MSCC). MSCC consists of three or more semiconductor layers with good energy resolution, and has potential for simultaneous detection and differentiation of multiple radio-isotopes based on the measured energies, as well as three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the radio-isotope distribution. In this study, we developed an analytic simulator and a 3D image generator for a MSCC, including the physical models of the radiation source emission and detection processes that can be utilized for geometry and performance prediction prior to the construction of a real system. The analytic simulator for a MSCC records coincidence detections of successive interactions in multiple detector layers. In the successive interaction processes, the emission direction of the incident gamma ray, the scattering angle, and the changed traveling path after the Compton scattering interaction in each detector, were determined by a conical surface uniform random number generator (RNG), and by a Klein-Nishina RNG. The 3D image generator has two functions: the recovery of the initial source energy spectrum and the 3D spatial distribution of the source. We evaluated the analytic simulator and image generator with two different energetic point radiation sources (Cs-137 and Co-60) and with an MSCC comprising three detector layers. The recovered initial energies of the incident radiations were well differentiated from the generated MSCC events. Correspondingly, we could obtain a multi-tracer image that combined the two differentiated images. The developed analytic simulator in this study emulated the randomness of the detection process of a multiple-scattering Compton camera, including the inherent degradation factors of the detectors, such as the limited spatial and energy resolutions. The Doppler-broadening effect owing to the momentum distribution of electrons in Compton scattering was not considered in the detection process because most interested isotopes for biomedical and environmental applications have high energies that are less sensitive to Doppler broadening. The analytic simulator and image generator for MSCC can be utilized to determine the optimal geometrical parameters, such as the distances between detectors and detector size, thus affecting the imaging performance of the Compton camera prior to the development of a real system.