• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 2013

목적: 소아에서 24시간 소변 수집의 단점을 대체하기 위해 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔을 통한 신기능을 측정하여, 크레아티닌 청소율과 혈청 cystatin C과 크레아티닌에 의한 사구체 여과율 추정식을 비교하여 연관성을 확인하였다. 방법: 2011년 7월부터 2012년 8월까지 101명의 18세 미만의 환자들을 대상으로 의무기록 후향적 조사로 실시하였고 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔을 시행하여 사구체 여과율을 측정하였다. 24시간 소변과 혈액을 체취하여 크레아티닌 청소율을 측정하였고 5개의 추정식을 통해 사구체 여과율을 측정하였다. 결과: 크레아티닌 청소율과 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔을 이용한 사구체 여과율의 Pearson 상관 계수는 0.389(P<0.001)이었다. $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔과 Schwartz 식, Counahan-Barratt 식, MDRD 식, Cockcroft-Gault 식, Filler and Lepage 식, Bokencamp 식에 의한 사구체 여과율의 Pearson 상관 계수는 각각 0.265 (P=0.007), 0.128(P=0.044), 0.216 (P=0.030), 0.230 (P=0.021), 0.356 (P<0.001), 0.355 (P<0.001) 로 확인되었다. 사구체 및 비사구체 신질환의 비교에서 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔에 의한 사구체 여과율은 모두 유의한 상관성을 가졌고, 신기능의 저하 유무에 상관없이 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔에 의한 사구체 여과율은 크레아티닌 청소율과 유의한 연관성을 보였다. 결론: 크레아티닌 청소율과 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔에 의한 사구체 여과율 간에는 유의한 상관성이 있으며 $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔에 의한 사구체 여과율은 신질환의 기원과 신기능의 정상 여부 모두에서 크레아티닌 청소율을 대체할 수 있는 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다. $^{99m}Tc$-MAG3 신장 스캔 이용 시 정확하고 빠른 결과를 얻을 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권7호
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• pp.764-771
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• 2016

개똥쑥 추출물은 항박테리아, 항바이러스 그리고 항산화효과를 포함한 다양한 기능을 가지고 있는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 그러나, 개똥쑥 항증식 작용기전은 알려지지 않았다. 따라서, 우리는 Hep3B 간암 세포에서 AAE추출물의 apoptotic 효과를 알아보고자 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 AAE가 인체 간암 세포주(Hep3B)의 증식에 미치는 효과를 분석하고 이에 대한 apoptosis의 효과를 조사하는데 있다. 인산화에 의해 활성화된 Akt는 TSC2, mTOR 그리고 GSK-3β의 인산화를 유도하여 세포증식을 유도한다. 본 연구에서, 우리는 AAE가Akt-mTOR-GSK3β 신호 경로와 mitochondria를 매개하는 apoptotic 단백질을 통한 암세포의 apoptosis 유도할 것이라고 추측하였다. 이를 위해, 먼저 AAE가 처리농도에 따라 세포증식에 미치는 효과를 분석하였다. AAE처리는 세포증식을 억제시켰을 뿐만 아니라 젖산 탈수소 효소의 방출을 유도하였다. 이러한 결과는 MTT assay, LDH assay로 확인하였다. 또한 Hoechst 33342 staining, Annexin Ⅴ- PI staining, JC-1 staining 그리고 Western blotting을 통해 apoptosis 효과를 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 간암세포에 AAE의 처리가 Akt, TSC2, GSK-3β-phosphorylated, Bim, Bcl-2, pro-caspase 3의 억제와 Bak, Bax 활성을 유도한다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 AAE가 Akt-mTOR-GSK-3β 신호 경로를 통해 intrinsic apoptosis를 유도한다는 것을 나타낸다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1351-1359
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• 2013

${\beta}$-Ionone의 인체 비소폐암세포 A-549 cells (human non-small lung cancer A-549 cell)에 대한 anti-proliferative effect에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. A-549 cell에 다양한 농도의 ${\beta}$-ionone (1, 5, 10, and 15 ${\mu}M$)을 2, 4, 6일 간 처리하고, 배양 2일에 A-549 cell의 생육억제와 관련되는 biochemical marker를 측정하였다. ${\beta}$-Ionone은 A-549 cell 생육을 dose와 time 의존적으로 저해하였다. ${\beta}$-Ionone 배양 2일의 $IC_{50}$은 5.0 ${\mu}g/ml$이었다. ${\beta}$-Ionone은 농도 의존적으로 apoptosis를 유도하였다. ${\beta}$-Ionone은 p53, p21 및 Bax protein 수준을 증가시켰으나, Bcl-2 protein 발현은 억제시켰다. ${\beta}$-ionone은 cytosol cytochrome c 함량을 증가시켰고, caspase-9과 caspase-3 효소 활성증가를 유도하였다. 또한, ${\beta}$-ionone은 $cPLA_2$와 COX-2 protein level을 감소시켰다. 이와 같은 결과는 ${\beta}$-ionone의 A-549 cell에 대한 생육억제효과는 Bax와 Bcl-2 gene 발현을 reciprocal regulation하여 유도한 apoptosis와 $cPLA_2$ 및 COX-2 protein 발현 억제에 기인함을 의미한다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.228-236
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• 2013

변비는 일상생활에서 식욕저하와 복부 팽만을 일으키며 더 나아가서 피부 노화, 두통, 피부 질환, 그리고 대장암을 일으킨다고 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 정상식이에 비해 약선효소 분말식이가 loperamide로 유도된 변비 쥐의 장 운동과 간 기능, 지질상태, 그리고 혈액학적 성분에 개선에 대한 효능을 검증하고자 실시하였다. 3일 동안 loperamide 투여로 유발된 변비 쥐의 일일 체중증가와 사료효율은 높았으며, 이때 효소식이의 공급으로 일일 체중 증가량이 조절되었다. 또한 변비 쥐의 변 개수, 변 중량 및 수분함량, 그리고 장 운동은 정상 쥐에 비해서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 효소식이를 공급시켰을 때 장 운동이 증가되었다. 간 기능 지표인 GOT와 GPT 활성도는 정상식이 섭취군에서는 변비로 인하여 유의적으로 낮은 활성도를 보였다. 그러나 효소식이 섭취군에서는 변비유도로 GOT 활성도는 증가 된 반면에, GPT 활성도는 감소되었다. 변비 쥐의 혈액 내 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤 농도는 효소식이에 의한 저하효과는 없었으나, HDL-콜레스테롤과 동맥경화 및 심혈관계 지수에 대해서는 효소식이가 보호효과를 보였다. 혈액학적 성분으로 단백질 농도는 변비와 식이에 의한 영향을 받지 않았으나, 변비로 인하여 저하된 헤모글로빈 농도와 헤마토크리트치는 효소식이 공급으로 증가시킬 수 있었다. 이상의 실험 결과에서는 loperamide로 유도한 변비 쥐에서 장 운동성 저하, 동맥경화와 심혈관계지수, 그리고 헤모글로빈농도와 헤마토크리트치 등에 대해서 약선효소 식이가 다소 효과를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 향후 만성적 변비에 대한 약선효소 식이효과에 대한 보다 심층적이 연구가 필요하며, 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 변비에 대한 약선효소 분말과 같은 천연물질의 기능성식품으로 연결된 산업화로 경제적 이익 창출과 변비의 예방으로 심혈관계 질환과 암의 발병률을 줄이고 변비 대한 식단개발을 위한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.52-62
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• 2006

In previous reports we demonstrated that ginsenosides, active ingredients of Panax ginseng, affect some subsets of voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ channels in neuronal cells expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. However, the major component(s) of ginseng that affect cloned $Ca^{2+}$ channel subtypes such as ${\alpha}_{1C}$(L)-, ${\alpha}_{1B}$(N)-, ${\alpha}_{1A}$(P/Q)-, ${\alpha}_{1E}$(R)- and ${\alpha}_{1G}$(T) have not been identified. Here, we used the two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique to characterize the effects of ginsenosides and ginsenoside metabolites on $Ba^{2+}$ currents ($I_{Ba}$) in Xenopus oocytes expressing five different $Ca^{2+}$ channel subtypes. Exposure to ginseng total saponins (GTS) induced voltage-dependent, dose-dependent and reversible inhibition of the five channel subtypes, with particularly strong inhibition of the ${\alpha}_{1G}$-type. Of the various ginsenosides, $Rb_1$, Rc, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_3$, and $Rh_2$, ginsenoside $Rg_3$ also inhibited all five channel subtypes and ginsenoside $Rh_2$ had most effect on the ${\alpha}_{1C}$- and ${\alpha}_{1E}$-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels. Compound K (CK), a protopanaxadiol ginsenoside metabolite, strongly inhibited only the ${\alpha}_{1G}$-type of $Ca^{2+}$ channel, whereas M4, a protopanaxatriol ginsenoside metabolite, had almost no effect on any of the channels. $Rg_3$, $Rh_2$, and CK shifted the steady-state activation curves but not the inactivation curves in the depolarizing direction in the ${\alpha}_{1B}$- and ${\alpha}_{1A}$-types. These results reveal that $Rg_3$, $Rh_2$ and CK are the major inhibitors of $Ca^{2+}$ channels in Panax ginseng, and that they show some $Ca^{2+}$ channel selectivity.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.90-103
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to compare two approach to assessment of coping patterns. The sampling method was a purposive sampling technique. The study participants were out patients 113 of rheumatoid arthritis center of one University hospitals in Seoul. Datas were collected from Nov. 13 to Nov. 24, 1995. The instruments used for this study were Graphic Rating Scales of pain, The Beck Depression Inventory and Coping Patterns tool. The collected data were analyzed for frequency, means, SD, factor analysis., Pearsons' correlations and ANOVA. The results were summerized as follows ; 1. When raw scores were used : there were not correlation in all three coping patterns. 2. When relative scores were used : there were significantly correlated in all three coping patterns. 1) Active coping and Positive-cognitive coping (r=-0.352, p< 0.0001) 2) Positive-cognitive coping and Negative-cognitive coping (r=-0.594, p< 0.0001) 3) Active coping and Negative-cognitive coping(r=-0.544, p< 0.0001) The results of this research with relative scales provided more insight into the correlation in all three coping patterns. 3. Pearsons' Correlations were computed for each coping pattern, age, pain level, duration of pain and BDI. 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.268, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.266, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r=-0.252, p< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r= -0.244, p< 0.05) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression level (r=0.312 p< 0.0001). 2) Using relative score (1) Active coping was significantly related to pain level(sensory score ; r=0.299, p<0.05, affective score ; r=0.246, p< 0.05) (2) Positive-cognitive coping was significantly related to age (r= -0.187, P< 0.05), pain level (sensory score ; r=-0.317, p<0.0001, affective score : r=-0.305, p<0.0001) and depression level(-0.339, p<0.0001)) (3) Negative-cognitive coping was significantly related to depression. level(r=0.313, p<0.0001). 4. When raw and realtive coping scores were compared to those of age groups, religious groups and BDI level(high, middle, low) ; 1) Using raw score : (1) Active coping : there were not significantly difference (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 20-39 age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping : 20-39age group and over 60age group had significantly higher scores than 40-49age group. Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. 2) Using relative score : (1) Active coping : over 60 age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group and 40-49age group had significantly higher scores than 20-39 age group (2) Positive-cognitive coping ; 40-49age group, 20-39age group and 50-59age group had significantly higher scores than over 60age group. Christian group had significantly higher scores than non-religious group. BDI-low level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. (3) Negative-cognitive coping ; Non-religious group had significantly higher scores than christian group and buddhistic group. BDI-high level group had significantly higher scores than other groups. The current data suggest that relative scores may yield a different perspective on coping patters than raw scores. The use of relative scores reveals the relation clearly, without its being blurred statistically by the effect of other coping strategies or being relegated to a partial correlation. The use of relative scores holds promise for delineating the relations between ways of coping and health-related behavior.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2007

목 적 : 다운증후군과 에드워드증후군의 빠른 진단에 있어 FISH 검사의 임상적 유용성과 한계성을 보고하고자 한다. 방 법 : 유전질환이 의심되는 고위험임신 309예에서 양수 검사를 통해 미배양 양수세포에서 18번과 21번 염색체의 probes를 이용한 FISH 검사를 시행하고 이들의 결과를 염색체 핵형분석 결과와 비교하였다. 결 과 : 평균연령은 34.18세, 평균임신주수는 18주(126.12 일)의 309예에서 FISH 검사는 모두 성공하였다. 각각 1예씩의 다운증후군과 에드워드증후군이 FISH로 신속한 진단이 가능했으며 이들은 염색체 핵형 검사에서 확인하였다. 그러나 18번과 21번 이외의 염색체의 이수성과 구조적 이상은 발견하지 못했는데 모두 12예(3.9%)로 상당부분을 차지했다. 앞으로 산전 선별검사에 있어 FISH검사과정의 자동화 기계화로 더 시간을 단축하고 가격을 낮추는 방안이 계속 개발되어야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Genetic Medicine
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2007

목 적 : 패브리병은 X-linked 지질 축적 질환으로 ${\alpha}$-galactosidase A (${\alpha}$-Gal A)의 결손으로 인해 스핑고당지질인 Gb3의 세포내 축적을 일으키는 병이다. 혈장 중 Gb3 측정은 패브리병 환자의 효소대체요법 후의 모니터링이나 진단에 임상적 의의가 크므로 ESI-MS/MS를 이용한 시료 전처리를 위한 노동력이 덜 들면서 간단, 신속, 고감도로 정량할 수 있는 혈장 중 Gb3분석법을 개발하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 혈장을 디옥산으로 50배 희석하여 vortex-mix 및 원심분리를 거쳐 Gb3의 추출 및 분리를 수행한다. 이 때 내부표준액인 C17:0 Gb3를 혈장에 처음부터 첨가한다. 희석과 원심분리된 혈장은 가드컬럼을 통하여 ESI-MS/MS의 다중성분 모니터링 모드에서 분석하여 내부표준액에 대한 8종 Gb3 isoform의 피크면적비를 이용하여 정량한다. 결 과 : 혈장의 바탕성분 하에서 8종의 Gb3 isoform이 완전히 잘 분리됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 혈장 중의 8종의 Gb3 isoform 중 50% 이상 차지하는 종류는 C16:0 Gb3 임이 확인되었다. Gb3 isoform이 직선성을 이루는 농도 범위는 0.001-1.0 ${\mu}g$/mL이었다. 검출한계(S/N=3)는 C16:0 Gb3의 경우 0.001 ${\mu}g$/mL 이었고 정량한계는 0.01 ${\mu}g$/mL 이었으며 회수율의 일내재현성(정확도 87-108%와 정밀도 7% 이하)과 일간재현성(정확도 87-110%와 정밀도 13% 이하)은 매우 양호 하였다. 결 론 : 본 연구에서 개발된 Gb3 분석법은 신속, 정확, 간편하게 패브리병의 1차 스크리닝이나 효소대체요법 전후의 모니터링 및 진단에 유용하게 적용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.177-200
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• 2009

AIn the advanced - economy, the services industry hasbecome a dominant sector. Evidently, the services sector has grown at a much faster rate than any other. For instance, in such developed countries as the U.S., the proportion of the services sector in its GDP is greater than 75%. Even in the developing countries including India and China, the magnitude of the services sector in their GDPs is rapidly growing. The increasing dependence on service gives rise to new initiatives including service science and service-dominant logic. These new initiatives propose a new theoretical prism to promote the better understanding of the changing economic structure. From the new perspectives, service is no longer regarded as a transaction or exchange, but rather co-creation of value through the interaction among service users, providers, and other stakeholders including partners, external environments, and customer communities. The purpose of this study is the following. First, we review previous literature on service, service innovation, and service systems and integrate the studies based on service dominant logic. Second, we categorize the ten propositions of service dominant logic into conceptual propositions and the ones that are directly related to service provision. Conceptual propositions are left out to form the research model. With the selected propositions, we define the research constructs for this study. Third, we develop measurement items for the new service concepts including service provider network, customer network, value co-creation, and convergence of service with product. We then propose a research model to explain the relationship among the factors that affect the value creation mechanism. Finally, we empirically investigate the effects of the factors on firm performance. Through the process of this research study, we want to show the value creation mechanism of service systems in which various participants in service provision interact with related parties in a joint effort to create values. To test the proposed hypotheses, we developed measurement items and distributed survey questionnaires to domestic companies. 500 survey questionnaires were distributed and 180 were returned among which 171 were usable. The results of the empirical test can be summarized as the following. First, service providers' network which is to help offer required services to customers is found to affect customer network, while it does not have a significant effect on value co-creation and product-service convergence. Second, customer network, on the other hand, appears to influence both value co-creation and product-service convergence. Third, value co-creation accomplished through the collaboration of service providers and customers is found to have a significant effect on both product-service convergence and firm performance. Finally, product-service convergence appears to affect firm performance. To interpret the results from the value creation mechanism perspective, service provider network well established to support customer network is found to have significant effect on customer network which in turn facilitates value co-creation in service provision and product-service convergence to lead to greater firm performance. The results have some enlightening implications for practitioners. If companies want to transform themselves into service-centered business enterprises, they have to consider the four factors suggested in this study: service provider network, customer network, value co-creation, and product-service convergence. That is, companies becoming a service-oriented organization need to understand what the four factors are and how the factors interact with one another in their business context. They then may want to devise a better tool to analyze the value creation mechanism and apply the four factors to their own environment. This research study contributes to the literature in following ways. First, this study is one of the very first empirical studies on the service dominant logic as it has categorized the fundamental propositions into conceptual and empirically testable ones and tested the proposed hypotheses against the data collected through the survey method. Most of the propositions are found to work as Vargo and Lusch have suggested. Second, by providing a testable set of relationships among the research variables, this study may provide policy makers and decision makers with some theoretical grounds for their decision making on what to do with service innovation and management. Finally, this study incorporates the concepts of value co-creation through the interaction between customers and service providers into the proposed research model and empirically tests the validity of the concepts. The results of this study will help establish a value creation mechanism in the service-based economy, which can be used to develop and implement new service provision.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.47-75
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• 2009

Recently, researches on Management Information Systems (MIS) have laid out theoretical foundation and academic paradigms by introducing diverse theories, themes, and methodologies. Especially, academic paradigms of MIS encourage a user-friendly approach by developing the technologies from the users' perspectives, which reflects the existence of strong causal relationships between information systems and user's behavior. As in other areas in social science the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) has rapidly increased in recent years especially in the MIS area. The SEM technique is important because it provides powerful ways to address key IS research problems. It also has a unique ability to simultaneously examine a series of casual relationships while analyzing multiple independent and dependent variables all at the same time. In spite of providing many benefits to the MIS researchers, there are some potential pitfalls with the analytical technique. The research objective of this study is to provide some guidelines for an appropriate use of SEM based on the assessment of current practice of using SEM in the MIS research. This study focuses on several statistical issues related to the use of SEM in the MIS research. Selected articles are assessed in three parts through the meta analysis. The first part is related to the initial specification of theoretical model of interest. The second is about data screening prior to model estimation and testing. And the last part concerns estimation and testing of theoretical models based on empirical data. This study reviewed the use of SEM in 164 empirical research articles published in four major MIS journals in Korea (APJIS, ISR, JIS and JITAM) from 1991 to 2007. APJIS, ISR, JIS and JITAM accounted for 73, 17, 58, and 16 of the total number of applications, respectively. The number of published applications has been increased over time. LISREL was the most frequently used SEM software among MIS researchers (97 studies (59.15%)), followed by AMOS (45 studies (27.44%)). In the first part, regarding issues related to the initial specification of theoretical model of interest, all of the studies have used cross-sectional data. The studies that use cross-sectional data may be able to better explain their structural model as a set of relationships. Most of SEM studies, meanwhile, have employed. confirmatory-type analysis (146 articles (89%)). For the model specification issue about model formulation, 159 (96.9%) of the studies were the full structural equation model. For only 5 researches, SEM was used for the measurement model with a set of observed variables. The average sample size for all models was 365.41, with some models retaining a sample as small as 50 and as large as 500. The second part of the issue is related to data screening prior to model estimation and testing. Data screening is important for researchers particularly in defining how they deal with missing values. Overall, discussion of data screening was reported in 118 (71.95%) of the studies while there was no study discussing evidence of multivariate normality for the models. On the third part, issues related to the estimation and testing of theoretical models on empirical data, assessing model fit is one of most important issues because it provides adequate statistical power for research models. There were multiple fit indices used in the SEM applications. The test was reported in the most of studies (146 (89%)), whereas normed-test was reported less frequently (65 studies (39.64%)). It is important that normed- of 3 or lower is required for adequate model fit. The most popular model fit indices were GFI (109 (66.46%)), AGFI (84 (51.22%)), NFI (44 (47.56%)), RMR (42 (25.61%)), CFI (59 (35.98%)), RMSEA (62 (37.80)), and NNFI (48 (29.27%)). Regarding the test of construct validity, convergent validity has been examined in 109 studies (66.46%) and discriminant validity in 98 (59.76%). 81 studies (49.39%) have reported the average variance extracted (AVE). However, there was little discussion of direct (47 (28.66%)), indirect, and total effect in the SEM models. Based on these findings, we suggest general guidelines for the use of SEM and propose some recommendations on concerning issues of latent variables models, raw data, sample size, data screening, reporting parameter estimated, model fit statistics, multivariate normality, confirmatory factor analysis, reliabilities and the decomposition of effects.