• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.80-80
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• 2018

Chlorogenic acid is a phenolic compound found in Cudrania tricuspidata fruits. In the present study, the effect of chlorogenic acid on the inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes was investigated. Cells were stained with Oil red O reagent to detect lipid droplets in adipocytes. The 3T3-L1 cells were lysed and measured for intracellular triglyceride and adipokine by ELISA kit. The protein expression of adipogenesis-related gene was evaluated by Western blot analysis. Chlorogenic suppressed lipid droplet and intracellular triglyceride accumulation in a concentration manner and also decreased secretion of adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, compared with fully differentiated adipocytes. Treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with chlorogenic acid reduced the protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and, CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$). This indicates that chlrogenic acid was effective as an anti-obesity agent by repressing the differentiation of 3T3-L1 into adipocytes and inhibiting triglyceridef formation in adipocyte and that it exerts its role mainly through the significant down-regulation of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.161-167
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• 2022

Obesity is a complex metabolic disorder that increases the risk for type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we evaluated the anti-obesity effects of Nelumbo nucifera leaf (NL) extract in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and obese db/db mice. NL extract among various parts (leaf, seed, and root) of N. nucifera most effectively reduced adipogenesis via inhibiting CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of NL extract enhanced the protein expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) as compared to untreated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The oral administration of NL extract (100 mg/kg BW) significantly reduced food efficacy ratio, body weight, and face or total cholesterol level in obese db /db mice. Also, administration of NL extract significantly decreased adipocyte size and C/EBPα or PPARγ expression in the adipose tissues as compared with control (obese db/db mice). Therefore, our results suggest that NL extract among various parts of N. nucifera could be used as a functional food ingredient for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases including obesity and diabetes.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Objectives This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Dai-saiko-to (DSH) on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and body weight, serum lipid levels in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Materials and Methods Cells were incubated with DSH at an indicated concentration (0.01-1 mg/ml) for 24h, then the growth rate was assessed by MTS assay. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were incubated in DMEM for 2 days with the indicated concentrations of DSH. On Day 6, the cells were fixed and the cellular lipid contents were assessed by Oil-Red-O staining. The expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and cytidine-cytidine-adenosine-adenosine-thymine (CCAAT)/enhancer-binding proteins ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) as adipocyte-specific proteins were determined by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. Four-weeks old mice (wild-type C57BL/6) were used for all experiments. Body weight gain and serum lipid levels were measured in the obesity-induced mice. Results DSH did not show toxicity even at the concentration of 1 mg/ml and DSH significantly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Also, DSH significantly reduced the expressions of $PPAR{\gamma}$ and $C/EBP{\alpha}$ in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DSH significantly reduced body weight gain, serum glucose, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol contents in obesity-induced mice. Conclusions These results demonstrated that DSH inhibited 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiations and high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

Changes in luteinizing hormone (LH), serum testosterone (T), and salivary T levels with age were examined in Korean men. Serum was obtained from 167 Korean men of different ages ($20{\sim}69\;y$), and the serum LH and T levels were measured. Saliva samples were also obtained, and the salivary T level was determined. The LH levels did not change considerably until 40 y of age (20s, $2.5{\pm}1.0$; 30s, $2.7{\pm}1.5$; and 40s, $2.5{\pm}1.8\;mIU/mL$) but increased significantly around 50 y (50s, $3.7{\pm}1.8$ and 60s, $3.1{\pm}1.7\;mIU/mL$). Further, the serum T levels also did not change until 40 y of age (20s, $5.3{\pm}2.6$, 30s, $4.4{\pm}1.4$, 40s, $4.1{\pm}1.5\;ng/mL$) but decreased significantly at 50 y (50s, $3.4{\pm}1.5$; 60s, $2.6{\pm}0.8\;ng/mL$). The salivary T levels also showed small changes until the age of 40 y ($20s{\sim}40s$, $0.11{\pm}0.015\;ng/mL$) but decreased significantly at 50 y ($0.08{\pm}0.03\;ng/mL$). Thus, the relative ratio of salivary T to serum T levels did not change significantly in all the ages examined ($2.4{\pm}0.9%$). Linear regression analysis predicted that the LH levels increased 1.5%/y while the serum and salivary T levels decreased 1%/y and 0.8%/y, respectively. The serum T/LH ratio did not change considerably until the age of 40 y ($20s{\sim}40s$, $2.27{\pm}0.14$) but decreased significantly ($1.2{\pm}1.0$) at 50 y. Age-related changes in the salivary T/LH ratio were very similar to those in the serum T/LH ratio. These results demonstrated that LH and T levels in serum or saliva did not change considerably until 40 y of age; instead, in Korean men, from 50 y of age, the LH level increased, while the T level decreased. This suggests that primary testicular failure that occurred due to aging (approximately 50 y) and caused this phenomenon. The present study also shows that the salivary T level can be an indicator of the free T level in serum although the salivary T level correlates weakly with the total T level in serum (r=0.53). Thus, information regarding salivary T levels may be useful for studying the age-related changes occurring in male testicular physiology.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2019

Cymbopogon citratus, commonly know as lemongrass, prossesses strong antioxidant, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Howerver, its anti-obesity activity remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the effect of ethanol extract of Cymbopogon citratus on adipogenesis, and its underlying mechanism, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The results demonstrated that ethanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus effectively suppressed intercellular lipid accumulation at non-toxic concentrations, and was associated with the down-regulation of adipocyte-specific transcription factors, including $C/EBP{\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\gamma}$, and phosphorylation of $AMPK{\alpha}$. Furthermore, ethanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus increased p21 and p21 expression, while the expression of CDK2, cyclin A and cyclin B1 was reduced. As a result, ethanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus seems to induce G0/G1 cell cycle arrest of 3T3-L1 cells. On the other hand, ERK and Akt signaling pathways were not involved in anti-adipogenesis by ethanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus. Taken together, theses results suggest that ethanol extracts of Cymbopogon citratus inhibits adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and can be used as a safe and efficient natural substance to manage anti-obesity.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.263-272
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of chromium propionate (Cr-P) and lysophopholipid (LPL) in diet on blood parameters and meat quality of Hanwoo steer. Feeding trial was performed from late fattening period to slaughter and blood parameters (insulin, blood glucose and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration) and meat quality were examined. Total 4 experimental groups including control (no addition), T1 (Cr-P 0.2%), T2 (LPL 0.2%) and T3 (Cr-P 0.1% + LPL 0.1%) were employed. For blood parameters, insulin concentration in T1 and T3 showed an elevating patterns from $3.13{\mu}U/mL$ to $3.35{\mu}U/mL$ (T1) and from $4.38{\mu}U/mL$ to $5.23{\mu}U/mL$ (T3). The changes of NEFA in all groups were detected as a decreasing patterns according to days of feeding. However, significant difference was not found. In growth performance, T2 showed greater daily gain and T1 showed greater carcass yield compared to others. However, there were no significance in difference. In meat quality, T1 showed greater yield and intra-muscular fat levels and lower sharing force compared to others. However, significant differences were not detected.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2019

Objectives: We investigated whether membrane free stem cell extract from adipose tissue (MFSCE) has anti-diabetic effect. Methods: To determine glucose uptake effect of MFSCE, we carried out glucose uptake assay in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The regulatory mechanisms of MFSCE on glucose uptake were examined by Western blot analysis. Results: When MFSCE was treated to adipocytes at the concentration of 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 ㎍/mL, 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate uptake was elevated approximately 1.8-fold compared to cells not treated with MFSCE. It indicated that MFSCE enhances glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In addition, MFSCE reduced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate-1 at serine 307 and induced Akt and glucose transporter 4 protein expressions that were related to insulin signaling. Furthermore, MFSCE regulated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway by increases of increase phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase that were related to AMPK pathway. Conclusions: These results indicated that MFSCE promotes glucose uptake via modulation of insulin signaling and AMPK pathway. Therefore, MFSCE could be a promising agent for treatment of diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.127-133
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• 2019

The ami of our study was on the anti-obesity effect of ethanol extract from Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim root (TKM) in murine adipocytes, 3T3-L1 cells. This study focused on anti-adipogenic activity through inhibition of cell differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells treated TKM. 100 ug/ml of non-cytotoxic TEM remarkablely inhibited content of triglycerol and suppressed expressions of $C/EBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}a$ and SREBP-1c related with lipogenic transcription factors in theres 3T3-L1 cells compared to (-)control cells. As phosphorylations of AMPK and ACC were incerased, HSL and CPT-1 mRNA expression increased upon TKM treatment, which involved in inhibition of fatty acid synthase expression. In conclusion, these results indicate that TKM can inhibit mRNA and protein expression of lipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our study suggests that TKM has potential anti-obesity effects and is a convergence therapeutic functional agent with anti-adipogenic activity via hypolipogenesis.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effects of commonly consumed vegetables in Korea on lipid accumulation and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines related to obesity/metabolic syndrome. Using KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) raw data ($1^{st}$; 1998, $5^{th}$; 2010, 2011) and a literature search, we selected vegetables for study. Edible portions of samples were prepared, ethanol-extracted, and then freeze-dried. 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HepG2 hepatocytes cells were used as in vitro models. Lipid accumulation determined by Oil-red O staining showed that all samples except bracken had inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Especially, crown daisy and mugwort effectively reduced accumulation of lipids, and their inhibition rates were more than 60% of the control group. Young pumpkin, leeks, crown daisy, and mugwort showed significantly decreased MCP-1 levels compared to the control group. However, adiponectin protein level did not increase in the vegetables experimental group. In HepG2 hepatocytes, all samples showed inhibitory effects on lipid accumulation at one of the two concentrations. Although adiponectin protein levels did not increase, MCP-1 protein levels decreased in adipocytes. Further, lipid accumulation in adipocytes and hepatocytes decreased. In conclusion, all samples showed one or more improved obesity/metabolic syndrome indicators. Among them, young pumpkin, leeks, crown daisy, and mugwort were selected as the most effective portions of vegetables based on improvement of obesity/metabolic syndrome-related indicators.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 2015

Citrus peel (CP) is used as a traditional herb with diverse beneficial pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-allergic effects. However, the anti-obesity effects of citrus peel are poorly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate ethanol extracts of citrus peel (EECP) for its adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. The aim of this study was to evaluate an EECP for its adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment with EECP significantly suppressed the terminal differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by a decrease in lipid droplet number and lipid content and an accumulation of cellular triglyceride. EECP exhibited potential adipogenesis inhibition and downregulated the expression of pro-adipogenic transcription factors, such as sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancerbinding proteins α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ, and adipocyte expressed genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (aP2) and Leptin. In addition, EECP treatment effectively activated the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway; however, compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, significantly reduced the EECP-induced inhibition of adipogenesis. Taken together, these results indicate EECP showed strong anti-obesity effects through the AMPK signaling pathway, and further studies will be needed to identify the active compounds that confer the anti-obesity activity of EECP.