• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.95-104
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• 2012

In this paper, an estimation of person height and 3D location of a moving person by using the pan/tilt-embedded stereo tracking system is suggested and implemented. In the proposed system, face coordinates of a target person is detected from the sequential input stereo image pairs by using the YCbCr color model and phase-type correlation methods and then, using this data as well as the geometric information of the stereo tracking system, distance to the target from the stereo camera and 3-dimensional location information of a target person are extracted. Basing on these extracted data the pan/tilt system embedded in the stereo camera is controlled to adaptively track a moving person and as a result, moving trajectory of a target person can be obtained. From some experiments using 780 frames of the sequential stereo image pairs, it is analyzed that standard deviation of the position displacement of the target in the horizontal and vertical directions after tracking is kept to be very low value of 1.5, 0.42 for 780 frames on average, and error ratio between the measured and computed 3D coordinate values of the target is also kept to be very low value of 0.5% on average. These good experimental results suggest a possibility of implementation of a new stereo target tracking system having a high degree of accuracy and a very fast response time with this proposed algorithm.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.640-655
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• 2003

Statement of problem : The beauty has a little different meaning according to a time, culture, and nation. Purpose : This study was undertaken to determine the Korean perception of the altered upper anterior dental esthetics including the lack of symmetry, the midline deviation, the gingival exposure, the inclination of incisal plane, the type of incisal plane, and the type of gingival line. Material and Method : 670 subjects were participated in this survey. A questionnaire accompanied by 12 sets of computer-manipulated images using 3D MAX 4.2 software was used to record the ranking of the geometric preference related to the anterior esthetic discrepancies in three or four degrees of alteration. The statistical significance of the differences between the groups was determined by a one-way ANOVA and a t-test. Results : The results obtained were as follows: 1) The Korean perception of the anterior dental esthetics according to the subjects' occupation, sex, and age was most affected by occupation. 2) The masked image emphasizing the dentition and lips appeared stranger than the non-masked image at the same alteration. 3) The lack of symmetry, which was expressed as a unilateral discoloration of the tooth, showed incongruity in any teeth of the anterior dentition. The incongruity was more severe as the degree occurred closer to the midline. 4) The deviation of midline was showed more severe strangeness as the degree of deviation increased. However, more than half of the subjects did not perceive a deviation of 5mm. 5) During smiling, the exposure of the upper gingiva showed more severe incongruity as the degree of gingival exposure increased. 77% of the subjects perceived strangeness at the gingival exposure of 4.5mm. 6) The inclination of the incisal plane appeared stranger as the degree of inclination increased. 62% of subjects perceived strangeness at the $7.5^{\circ}$ inclination of the incisal plane. 7) The type of incisal plane showed increasing strangeness in the order of convex/downward, straight/horizontal, and concave/upward. 80% of subjects perceived strangeness at concave/upward. 8) The type of gingival line was showed increasing incongruity in the order of the same, a little above, and a little under the zenith of the lateral incisor to the line joining the zenith of the central incisor and the canine. However, less than half the subjects did not perceive strangeness at any alteration of the gingival line. Conclusion : The Korean perception of the upper anterior dental esthetics was different to the westerner's perception in the some respects.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.250-257
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• 1993

The Global Positioning System(GPS) is a worldwide radio navigation system based on satellite technology. Signal availability and accuracy of GPS are subject to change due to an incomplete constellation and operational test activities. In order to analyze the signal availability and accuracy of GPS, we made an experiment on this system in Kunsan during April 6, 7, 9, 10, 1992. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. It was possible to avail the GPS system almost 24 hours per day, but sometimes it was impossible to obtain the GPS signal 2 or 3 times per day and its total time was at the most an hour. 2. By using satellite almanac, we also could calculate PDOP(HDOP) and forecast signal availability. And the mean positional error was $37.9{\sim}73.6m$ and standard deviation was $37.4{\sim}133.1m$. The positional error almost coincided with PDOP(HDOP). 3. The mean positional error of 3D was less than that of 2D. And the altitude error in 3D was about $56{\sim}74m$ and its standard deviation was about $65{\sim}93m$.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-41
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• 2016

Purpose The importance of quality control by the error to a minimum, which for the purpose of enhancing the reliability of the examination is not be emphasized excess. Currently, most nuclear medicine laboratory are conducting the internal and external quality control, and they are applying the Levey-Jennings or Westgard Multi-Rules by using the commercialized quality control materials. The reliability of the nuclear medicine blood test which affects the diagnosis of patients and the treatment policy is being secured through this quality control activity. Therefore, researchers will evaluate the utility of the statistic quality control using the population distribution of the nuclear medicine blood test conducted targeting the checkup examinees by the additional technique of the reliability improvement. Materials and Methods A statistic analysis was performed about 12 items of the nuclear medicine blood test targeting 41,341 peoples who used the health screening and promotion center in Asan Medical Center from January, 2014 to December, 2014. The results of 12 items of the nuclear medicine blood test was divided into the monthly percentage of three groups: within reference values, over reference, and under reference to analyze the average value of the population distribution, standard deviation, and standard deviation index (SDI). Results The standard deviation of the population distribution mostly showed a result within ${\pm}2SD$ in all groups. However, When the standard deviation of the population distribution represented a result over ${\pm}2SD$, it was confirmed SDI was showing a result of SDI > -2 or SDI > 2. As a result of analyzing the population distribution of 12 items(AFP, CEA, CA19-9, CA125, PSA, TSH, FT4, Anti-Tg-Ab, Anti-TPO-Ab, Calcitonin, 25-OH-VitD3, Insulin) of the nuclear medicine blood part basic test, when SDI of the monthly percentage which deviated from the reference values was over ${\pm}2.0$, CA19-9 September was 2.2, Anti-Tg-Ab may was 2.2, Insulin January was 2.3, Insulin March was 2.4. It was confirmed these cases were attributed to the abnormality of the test reagent (maximum combination rate of isotope reagent declined) and the decline of the test response time. Conclusion The population distribution includes the entire attribute which becomes the study object. It is expected the statistic quality management using the population distribution which was conducted targeting the checkup examinees by dividing into three groups: within reference values, over reference, and under reference by means of this characteristics will be able to play a role of complementing the internal quality control program which is being carried out in the laboratory.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.936-943
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• 2003

The miniaturized wireless endoscope consists of CMOS Image sensor, FPGA, LED, Battery, DC to DC Converter, Antenna and Transmitter. FSK transmitter is designed and fabricated with 10 mm(diameter)${\times}$23 mm(thickness) dimension considering the maximum permission exposure(MPE), system size, power consumption, linearity and modulation method. Experimental results is - 3.67 dBm output power level, 20 MHz frequency deviation, and - 99 dBc/Hz(@100 kHz offset) phase noise at 1.2 GHz. From the in-vivo experiment, the designed FSK transmitter has a acceptable capability for wireless endoscope.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.17 no.3 s.120
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• pp.207-212
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• 2007

Community noise has been great concerned in public. The traffic noise in seoul, especially has been growing awareness for the quiet living environment. In this paper, the effect on the noise barrier in order to reduce highway noise near on the street has been examined. First barriers have been evaluated at 5 locations in the city. The evaluation is performed before and after construction, with the reference point which does not affected on road traffic volume. Then, noise reducers mounted on the harriers also have been examined. the result shows that it reduces noise level by $3{\sim}3.5dB(A)$ with a standard deviation of 2.8 dB(A).

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.265-270
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• 2017

PURPOSE. This study is to evaluate the internal fit of the crown manufactured by CAD/CAM milling method and 3D printing method. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The master model was fabricated with stainless steel by using CNC machine and the work model was created from the vinyl-polysiloxane impression. After scanning the working model, the design software is used to design the crown. The saved STL file is used on the CAD/CAM milling method and two types of 3D printing method to produce 10 interim crowns per group. Internal discrepancy measurement uses the silicon replica method and the measured data are analyzed with One-way ANOVA to verify the statistic significance. RESULTS. The discrepancy means (standard deviation) of the 3 groups are $171.6\;(97.4){\mu}m$ for the crown manufactured by the milling system and 149.1 (65.9) and $91.1\;(36.4){\mu}m$, respectively, for the crowns manufactured with the two types of 3D printing system. There was a statistically significant difference and the 3D printing system group showed more outstanding value than the milling system group. CONCLUSION. The marginal and internal fit of the interim restoration has more outstanding 3D printing method than the CAD/CAM milling method. Therefore, the 3D printing method is considered as applicable for not only the interim restoration production, but also in the dental prosthesis production with a higher level of completion.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2009

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare patient's body posture and its position at the time of simulation with one at the treatment room using On-board Imaging (OBI) and CT (CBCT). The detected offsets are compared with position errors of Rando Phantom that are practically applied. After that, Rando Phantom's position is selected by moving couch based on detected deviations. In addition, the errors between real measured values of Rando Phantom position and theoretical ones is compared. And we will evaluate target position's accuracy of KV X-ray imaging's 2D and CBCT's 3D one. Materials and Methods: Using the Rando Phantom (Alderson Research Laboratories Inc. Stanford. CT, USA) which simulated human body's internal structure, we will set up Rando Phantom on the treatment couch after implementing simulation and RTP according to the same ways as the real radioactive treatment. We tested Rando Phantom that are assumed to have accurate position with different 3 methods. We measured setup errors on the axis of X, Y and Z, and got mean standard deviation errors by repeating tests 10 times on each tests. Results: The difference between mean detection error and standard deviation are as follows; lateral 0.4+/-0.3 mm, longitudinal 0.6+/-0.5 mm, vertical 0.4+/-0.2 mm which all within 0~10 mm. The couch shift variable after positioning that are comparable to residual errors are 0.3+/-0.1, 0.5+/-0.1, and 0.3+/-0.1 mm. The mean detection errors by longitudinal shift between 20~40 mm are 0.4+/-0.3 in lateral, 0.6+/-0.5 in longitudinal, 0.5+/-0.3 in vertical direction. The detection errors are all within range of 0.3~0.5 mm. Residual errors are within 0.2~0.5 mm. Each values are mean values based on 3 tests. Conclusion: Phantom is based on treatment couch shift and error within the average 5mm can be gained by the diminution detected by image registration based on OBI and CBCT. Therefore, the selection of target position which depends on OBI and CBCT could be considered as useful.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1997-2002
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• 2011

The nucleophilic substitution reactions of dicyclohexyl phosphinic chloride [3; $cHex_2$P(=O)Cl] with substituted anilines ($XC_6H_4NH_2$) and deuterated anilines ($XC_6H_4ND_2$) are investigated kinetically in acetonitrile at 60.0 $^{\circ}C$. The anilinolysis rate is too slow to be rationalized by the stereoelectronic effects. The rate is contrary to expectations for the electronic influence of the two ligands and exhibits exceptionally great negative deviation from the Taft's eq. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects (DKIEs) involving deuterated anilines invariably change from primary normal ($k_H/k_D$ > 1; max $k_H/k_D$ = 1.10 with X = 4-MeO) with the strongly basic anilines (X = 4-MeO, 4-Me, 3-Me) to secondary inverse ($k_H/k_D$ < 1; min $k_H/k_D$ = 0.673 with X = 3-Cl) with the weakly basic anilines (X = H, 4-F, 4-Cl, 3-Cl). A concerted $S_N2$ mechanism is proposed on the basis of both secondary inverse and primary normal DKIEs. The obtained DKIEs imply that the fraction of a frontside attack increases as the aniline becomes more basic. A hydrogen-bonded, four-center-type transition state is suggested for a frontside attack, while the trigonal bipyramidal pentacoordinate transition state is suggested for a backside attack.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.1573-1582
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the optimal conditions for 3D structure printing of alternative fats that have the textural properties of lard using beeswax (BW)-based oleogel by a statistical analysis. Products printed with over 15% BW oleogel at 50% and 75% infill level (IL) showed high printing accuracy with the lowest dimensional printing deviation for the designed model. The hardness, cohesion, and adhesion of printed samples were influenced by BW concentration and infill level. For multi-response optimization, fixed target values (hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness) were applied with lard printed at 75% IL. The preparation parameters obtained as a result of multiple reaction prediction were 58.9% IL and 16.0% BW, and printing with this oleogel achieved fixed target values similar to those of lard. In conclusion, our study shows that 3D printing based on the BW oleogel system produces complex internal structures that allow adjustment of the textural properties of the printed samples, and BW oleogels could potentially serve as an excellent replacement for fat.