• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.447-451
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• 2012

The objective of this research was to determine the prevalence, risk factors and consequent effect of dystocia on lactation performance in Holstein dairy cows in Iran. The data set consisted of 55,577 calving records on 30,879 Holstein cows in 30 dairy herds for the period March 2000 to April 2009. Factors affecting dystocia were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models through the maximum likelihood method in the GENMOD procedure. The effect of dystocia on lactation performance and factors affecting calf birth weight were analyzed using mixed linear model in the MIXED procedure. The average incidence of dystocia was 10.8% and the mean (SD) calf birth weight was 42.13 (5.42) kg. Primiparous cows had calves with lower body weight and were more likely to require assistance at parturition (p<0.05). Female calves had lower body weight, and had a lower odds ratio for dystocia than male calves (p<0.05). Twins had lower birth weight, and had a higher odds ratio for dystocia than singletons (p<0.05). Cows which gave birth to a calf with higher weight at birth experienced more calving difficulty (OR (95% CI) = 1.1(1.08-1.11). Total 305-d milk, fat and protein yield was 135 (23), 3.16 (0.80) and 6.52 (1.01) kg less, in cows that experienced dystocia at calving compared with those that did not (p<0.05).

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.614-623
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to develop a wedding dress basic torso pattern and sleeve pattern considering good fit and aesthetic for figures of Korean brides in their 20s. For the research method, 3 women in their 20s who has the body size of ${\pm}$ S.D range of average figure and dress form suggested by 'the 5th human body measurement' of Size Korea were selected as the test group. The evaluators are 8 clothing construction majors, and the evaluation items included total 22 questions related to torso and total 10 questions related to sleeves. The evaluation was made using 5 Likert point scale. 4 prototypes for basic dress pattern were selected through the literature search. After compare analyzing design methods of prototypes, the real wedding dresses were made in the average size of women in their 20s and the dresses were tried on for the assessment. The data was analyzed using SPSS 18.0 Program to examine average, standard deviation and significant differences between basic patterns. Based on the results of the first and the second try-on assessments, a new wedding dress basic pattern with maximized strengths of compared prototypes was completed. The details of result follows. As for dress torso basic pattern, A pattern, which had the highest overall silhouette satisfaction and scores in basic pattern analysis and try-on assessments, was selected as the prototype, and a research basic pattern reflecting strengths of each basic pattern was developed. As for dress sleeve basic pattern, B pattern, which had the highest overall silhouette satisfaction and scores in basic pattern analysis and try-on assessments, was selected as the prototype, and a research basic pattern reflecting strengths of each basic pattern was developed. In this study, a wedding dress basic pattern considering good fit and aesthetic for figures of Korean brides in their 20s was suggested. It is expected that the basic pattern will be used by continuously developing dress market and ready-made wedding dress manufacturers as well as in educational institutes.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.663-669
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 런닝 턴 동작시 많은 정확한 턴을 위한 방법으로 발의 움직임을 역학적으로 분석하기 위함이다. 런닝 턴 동작에 대한 많은 역학적인 요인들 중 정확한 턴을 위해서는 감속이 발생되고 이런 감속은 진행하고자 하는 방향으로 턴을 할 수 있게 해준다. 턴이 시작되는 시점인 발의 회전각과 이로 발생되는 몸통의 각을 3차원 영상분석과 지면반력 분석을 하였다. 따라서, 여러 매개변수들 중 수직축(z축)에서 발의 총 회전각($\theta_f$)/몸통 총 회전각($\theta_d$)= 발의 효과($\varepsilon$)로 단순화 시켜 간단한 방정식을 만들어서 설명했으며, 자료 산출을 위해 평균 속력 4.5m/s에서 진행 방향 $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$ 턴에 대한 분석을 통해 턴의 각이 커지면 커질수록 입각기 시간, 발 변위, 좌 우힘이 증가했음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제32권8호
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• pp.1190-1201
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• 2008

The objective of this study is to compare and analyze middle and high school boys' and girls' uniform wearing conditions. The survey was conducted online and data were obtained from 907 middle and high school boys and girls. The results of this study are as follows. First, most boys and girls did not know their body sizes other than their height and weight. Second, when purchasing the school uniforms, over 70% of the boys and girls chose to try on the uniforms before their purchase and over 60% of the boys and girls had trouble selecting their sizes just by reading the labels. Third, both boys and girls considered the fit as the most important factor. When purchasing jackets, both middle and high school boys considered the shoulder width as most important. Middle school girls considered the jacket and sleeve length as most important, whereas high school girls considered the shoulder width, waist, and bust as most important. When purchasing skirts or slacks, waist girth was considered as most important. Fourth, boys repurchased more school uniforms than girls. Boys have outgrown their uniforms usually in the length categories, whereas girls have outgrown in the girth categories. Fifth, more girls(72.7%) modified their uniforms than the boys(56.8%). Boys usually bought bigger uniforms, modified them to fit and when they grow out of their uniforms they planned to modify their uniforms again whereas girls modified their uniforms to follow the trend. Sixth, the online shopping mall survey has revealed that both boys and girls liked the idea of 3D model that reflect their own body shapes, but they had low preference to purchase school uniforms online. Online purchase has been more attractive to the boys than to the girls, while the way of fashioning uniforms has been more attractive to the girls than to the boys.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.87-99
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• 2016

This paper describes an implementation method and the results of numerical mobile phone models representing real phone models that have been released on the Korean market since 2002. The aim is to estimate the electromagnetic absorption in the human brain for case-control studies to investigate health risks related to mobile phone use. Specific absorption rate (SAR) compliance test reports about commercial phone models were collected and classified in terms of elements such as the external body shape, the antenna, and the frequency band. The design criteria of a numerical phone model representing each type of phone group are as follows. The outer dimensions of the phone body are equal to the average dimensions of all commercial models with the same shape. The distance and direction of the maximum SAR from the earpiece and the area above -3 dB of the maximum SAR are fitted to achieve the average obtained by measuring the SAR distributions of the corresponding commercial models in a flat phantom. Spatial peak 1-g SAR values in the cheek and tilt positions against the specific anthropomorphic mannequin phantom agree with average data on all of the same type of commercial models. Second criterion was applied to only a few types of models because not many commercial models were available. The results show that, with the exception of one model, the implemented numerical phone models meet criteria within 30%.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.441-452
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• 2020

In vivo animal models are limited in their ability to mimic the extremely complex systems of the human body, and there is increasing disquiet about the ethics of animal research. Many authorities in different geographical areas are considering implementing a ban on animal testing, including testing for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, there is a need for research into systems that can replicate the responses of laboratory animals and simulate environments similar to the human body in a laboratory. An in vitro two-dimensional cell culture model is widely used, because such a system is relatively inexpensive, easy to implement, and can gather considerable amounts of reference data. However, these models lack a real physiological extracellular environment. Recent advances in stem cell biology, tissue engineering, and microfabrication techniques have facilitated the development of various 3D cell culture models. These include multicellular spheroids, organoids, and organs-on-chips, each of which has its own advantages and limitations. Organoids are organ-specific cell clusters created by aggregating cells derived from pluripotent, adult, and cancer stem cells. Patient-derived organoids can be used as models of human disease in a culture dish. Biomimetic organ chips are models that replicate the physiological and mechanical functions of human organs. Many organoids and organ-on-a-chips have been developed for drug screening and testing, so competition for patents between countries is also intensifying. We analyzed the scientific and technological trends underlying these cutting-edge models, which are developed for use as non-animal models for testing safety and efficacy at the nonclinical stages of drug development.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.291-302
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• 2008

국내에서 사육되는 유색육용계 성장에 적합한 에너지와 단백질 수준을 구명하여 사료 급여 체계 확립에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자 두 차례의 사양 실험을 수행하였다. 공시동물은 유색육용계 1일령 암, 수컷 1,404수를 사용하였고, 펜당 26수씩 배치하였다. 사료내 에너지 수준은 사육전기 5주간 3,000, 3,100 kg/kcal이며, 단백질 함량은 $0{\sim}2$주에 20, 21, 22%를 급여하였으며, $3{\sim}5$주에 18, 19, 20, 21, 22%로 처리하였다. 조사 항목은 체중, 사료 섭취량을 측정하여 생산성을 계산하였으며, 실험 종료시 혈액을 채취하여 분석하였다. 실험 1 : $0{\sim}2$주간 사료 ME 함량 차이에 따른 생산 능력은 처리구간에 차이가 없으며 CP 함량 차이에 기인한 증체량과 사료 섭취량도 차이가 없었지만 사료 요구율은 CP 21, 22% 처리구에서 CP 20% 처리구에 비하여 통계적으로 개선되었다(P<0.05). 실험 개시후 $3{\sim}5$주간에 사료 ME 3,100 kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,000 kcal/kg 처리구에 비하여 사료 요구율은 개선되었다(P<0.05). 이 기간에 사료내 CP 22% 처리구는 낮은 수준의 처리구보다 증체량이 유의하게 증가하였고(P<0.05) 사료 요구율은 CP가 높은 수준의 사료를 급여시에 낮은 수준의 CP 처리구에 비하여 개선되었지만 사료 섭취량은 처리구간에 차이가 없었다(P<0.05). 이 기간에 증체량과 사료 요구율은 ME와 CP간 상호 작용하였다(P<0.05). 전 실험기간 5주간에 사료 요구율은 ME 3,100 kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,000 kcal/kg 처리구보다 개선되었으며, CP (20)18% 처리구는 다른 처리구에 비하여 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 증폐량은 CP (22)22% 처리구에서 CP (21)21%, (20)18% 처리구보다 증가하였으며, ME와 CP간에 상호 작용은 증체량과 사료 요구율에서 나타났다(P<0.05). 혈중 알부민, 총콜레스레롤 함량은 ME 3,100 kcal/kg 처리구에서 ME 3,000 kcal/kg 처리구보다 증가하였지만 중성지방은 감소되었다(P<0.05). 한편 총콜레스테롤은 CP (22)21 처리구에서 CP (22)20, (20)18% 처리구에 비하여 증가하였다(P<0.05). 시험 2 : $0{\sim}2$주간 증체량은 ME 3,000 kcal/kg 처리구에 비하여 ME 3,100 kcal/kg 처리구에서 높게 나타났으며, CP 22% 처리구에서 CP 20% 처리구보다 유의하게 개선되었으며, CP과 ME는 상호 작용을 보였다(P<0.05). 사료 요구율은 CP 21, 22% 처리구에서 CP 20% 처리구보다 개선되었으나(P<0.05), $3{\sim}5$주 및 전체 사육 기간에 처리구간에 생산성은 차이가 없었다. 혈액 성상도 처리구간에 차이를 나타내지 않지만 ME와 CP 처리구간 총콜레스테롤 함량에 대한 상호 작용은 <.0001 수준에서 인정되었다. 따라서 교잡육용계 생리에 적합한 사료내 단백질 수준은 $0{\sim}2$주령에 22% 또는 그 이상의 수준으로 급여하고, $3{\sim}5$주의 단백질 수준은 21, 20% 수준으로 급여가 생산성의 극대화에 효과적일 것으로 생각되며, 사료내 에너지는 부분적으로 처리구간에 생산에 차이를 보였지만 일관성이 없었으므로 에너지 수준을 세분화하여 급여하는 추후의 시험이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8553-8557
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• 2016

Background: Accurate dose assessment and correct identification of irradiated from non-irradiated people are goals of biological dosimetry in radiation accidents. Objectives: Changes in the FDXR and the RAD51 gene expression (GE) levels were here analyzed in response to total body exposure (TBE) to a 6 MV x-ray beam in rats. We determined the accuracy for absolute quantification of GE to predict the dose at 24 hours. Materials and Methods: For this in vivo experimental study, using simple randomized sampling, peripheral blood samples were collected from a total of 20 Wistar rats at 24 hours following exposure of total body to 6 MV X-ray beam energy with doses (0.2, 0.5, 2 and 4 Gy) for TBE in Linac Varian 2100C/D (Varian, USA) in Golestan Hospital, in Ahvaz, Iran. Also, 9 rats was irradiated with a 6MV X-ray beam at doses of 1, 2, 3 Gy in 6MV energy as a validation group. A sham group was also included. After RNA extraction and DNA synthesis, GE changes were measured by the QRT-PCR technique and an absolute quantification strategy by taqman methodology in peripheral blood from rats. ROC analysis was used to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated samples (qualitative dose assessment) at a dose of 2 Gy. Results: The best fits for mean of responses were polynomial equations with a R2 of 0.98 and 0.90 (for FDXR and RAD51 dose response curves, respectively). Dose response of the FDXR gene produced a better mean dose estimation of irradiated "validation" samples compared to the RAD51 gene at doses of 1, 2 and 3 Gy. FDXR gene expression separated the irradiated rats from controls with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 87.5%, 83.5% and 81.3%, respectively, 24 hours after dose of 2 Gy. These values were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 75%, 75% and 75%, respectively, obtained using gene expression of RAD51 analysis at a dose of 2 Gy. Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that absolute quantification by gel purified quantitative RT-PCR can be used to measure the mRNA copies for GE biodosimetry studies at comparable accuracy to similar methods. In the case of TBE with 6MV energy, FDXR gene expression analysis is more precise than that with RAD51 for quantitative and qualitative dose assessment.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.376-381
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• 2019

Objective : To define optimal method that calculate the safe direction of cervical pedicle screw placement using computed tomography (CT) image based three dimensional (3D) cortical shell model of human cervical spine. Methods : Cortical shell model of cervical spine from C3 to C6 was made after segmentation of in vivo CT image data of 44 volunteers. Three dimensional Cartesian coordinate of all points constituting surface of whole vertebra, bilateral pedicle and posterior wall were acquired. The ideal trajectory of pedicle screw insertion was defined as viewing direction at which the inner area of pedicle become largest when we see through the biconcave tubular pedicle. The ideal trajectory of 352 pedicles (eight pedicles for each of 44 subjects) were calculated using custom made program and were changed from global coordinate to local coordinate according to the three dimensional position of posterior wall of each vertebral body. The transverse and sagittal angle of trajectory were defined as the angle between ideal trajectory line and perpendicular line of posterior wall in the horizontal and sagittal plane. The averages and standard deviations of all measurements were calculated. Results : The average transverse angles were $50.60^{\circ}{\pm}6.22^{\circ}$ at C3, $51.42^{\circ}{\pm}7.44^{\circ}$ at C4, $47.79^{\circ}{\pm}7.61^{\circ}$ at C5, and $41.24^{\circ}{\pm}7.76^{\circ}$ at C6. The transverse angle becomes more steep from C3 to C6. The mean sagittal angles were $9.72^{\circ}{\pm}6.73^{\circ}$ downward at C3, $5.09^{\circ}{\pm}6.39^{\circ}$ downward at C4, $0.08^{\circ}{\pm}6.06^{\circ}$ downward at C5, and $1.67^{\circ}{\pm}6.06^{\circ}$ upward at C6. The sagittal angle changes from caudad to cephalad from C3 to C6. Conclusion : The absolute values of transverse and sagittal angle in our study were not same but the trend of changes were similar to previous studies. Because we know 3D address of all points constituting cortical shell of cervical vertebrae. we can easily reconstruct 3D model and manage it freely using computer program. More creative measurement of morphological characteristics could be carried out than direct inspection of raw bone. Furthermore this concept of measurement could be used for the computing program of automated robotic screw insertion.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2006

The trend of miniaturization has been applied to the research of rockets to develop prototypes of micro rockets. In this paper, the development of a web-integrated prototyping system for three-dimensional micro rockets, and the results of combustion tests are discussed. The body of rocket was made of 6061 aluminum cylinder by lathe process. The three-dimensional micro nozzles were fabricated on the same aluminum by using micro endmills with ${\phi}100{\mu}m{sim}{\phi}500{\mu}m$ diameter. Two types of micro nozzle were fabricated and compared for performance. The total mass of the rockets was 7.32 g and that of propellant (gun powder) was 0.65 g. The thrust-to-weight ratio was between 1.58 and 1.74, and the flight test with 45 degree launch angle from the ground resulted in $46\;m{\sim}53\;m$ of horizontal flight distance. In addition, ABS housing for the micro machined rocket was fabricated using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM). A web-based design, fabrication, and test system for micro nozzles was proposed to integrate the distributed hardware resources. Test data was sent to the designer via the same web server for the faster feedback to the rocket designer.