• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 2009

The present study have investigated the effect of the characteristics of stereoscopic images and viewing environment on visual fatigue. We manipulated the speed of stereo images with motion-in-depth and viewing distance, which were used as representative variables of the characteristics of stereo image and viewing environment, respectively. Visual fatigue was evaluated with use of a subjective questionnaire which is consisting of 5 different and independent factors: "Eye pain", "Visual stress," "Nauseousness", "Body stiffness", and "Blurriness". In general, when viewing time increased from 10 minutes to 20 and 40 minutes, observers felt severe visual fatigue. Among other factors, only the factor score of "Nauseousness" was significantly increased as the speed of object moving in depth became faster. When viewing distance was increased, the score of "Blurriness" was decreased. These results suggest that different kind of the visual fatigue might be induced depending on characteristics of the stereo images and viewing environment.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.52-62
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• 2014

Prevalence of common three-dimensional display progresses, increasing the demand for three-dimensional content. Starting from the year 2010 to meet increasing 2D to 3D conversion is insufficient to meet demand content was presented as an alternative. But, Convert 2D to 3D stereo effect only emphasizes content production as a three-dimensional visual fatigue and the degradation of the Quality problems are pointed out. In this study, opened in 2011 'Scenes Guan', the 13 selected Scene is made of the three-dimensional transform the content and the Quality of the transformation applied to the Depth-Map is a visual representation of three-dimensional fatigue and, the adequacy of whether the expert has group interviews and surveys were conducted. Many of the changes are applied to the motion picture of the three-dimensional configurations of Depth-Map conversion technology used in many ways before and after the analysis of the relationship of cascade configurations to create a depth map to the stage. Experiments, presented in this study is a three-dimensional configuration of Depth-Map transformation can lower the production of a three-dimensional visual fatigue and improve the results obtained for a reasonable place was more than half of the experiment accepted the expert group to show a positive reaction were. The results of this study with a rapid movement to convert 2D images into 3D images of applying Depth-map configuration cascade manner to reduce the visual fatigue, to increase the efficiency, and has a three-dimensional perception is the result derived.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2012

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.42-43
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• 2012

최근 양안식 3D 디스플레이의 시청 안정성 문제가 대두됨에 따라, 어떠한 요인들이 시각피로와 시각적 불편함을 야기하는지 밝히는 연구의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 시각적 불편함은 양안식 3D 영상에서 과도한 양안 시차, 양안 시차의 빠른 변화, 양안 불일치 등에 의해 야기될 수 있다. 그러나 시각적 불편함은 시각시스템의 복잡한 메커니즘에 의한 결과이므로 알려진 양안 시차 등의 요인 외에도 밝혀지지 않은 요인들이 더 존재할 수 있다. 본 논문은 기존 연구로부터 시각적 불편함과 관련 있을 것으로 추정되는 요인으로 시각자극의 너비와 시각적 불편함에 대한 민감도를 선택하였다. 이들의 영향을 밝히기 위한 실험으로서, 편안한 양안 시차 범위 내에서 시각자극의 너비와 시각적 불편함에 대한 민감도에 따라 양안 융합 시간이 어떻게 달라지는지를 관찰하였다. 실험 결과로부터 편안한 양안 시차 범위 내에서도 시각자극의 너비와 시각적 불편함에 대한 민감도에 따라 양안 융합 시간이 크게 달라짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들은 시각자극의 너비가 주요한 시각적 불편함의 3D 콘텐츠 요인이 될 수 있음을 암시한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Broadcast Engineers Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.145-148
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 3차원 스테레오 영상에서의 시각적 피로도와 안구의 운동량과의 상관관계를 도출하고 시각적 피로도 측정 시스템을 제안한다. 제안한 측정 방법은 3차원 스테레오 영상 시청자의 피로도가 누적되었을 때, 안구의 단속성 운동(saccade)이 감소할 것이라는 가정에 기반을 둔다. 액티브 셔터글라스 방식의 3D 안경을 착용한 시청자의 동공을 검출하고 추적하기 위해 적외선 광원 및 적외선 카메라를 이용한다. 획득한 영상에 대해 이진 임계화를 적용하고 타원 피팅을 수행하여 동공의 위치를 검출한다. 피팅된 타원의 이심률과 크기 및 위치를 제한하여 검출 오류를 줄인다. 검출된 동공의 위치를 바탕으로 안구의 단속성 운동량을 측정한다. 실험에는 변이 정도가 크지 않아 편안하게 시청 가능한 스테레오 영상과 과도한 변이를 가져 시청하는데 불편한 영상이 분리되어 사용되었다. 이들 영상에 대해 각각 실험자의 단속성 운동량을 측정하였다. 실험 결과에서 안구의 단속성 운동량이 변이가 큰 영상에서 그렇지 않은 영상에 비해 감소하는 경향이 나타났다.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.60-72
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• 2012

After the movie "AVATAR" became a good model of cash-cow in 3D movie, the profit of 3D-movie significantly reduced. One of the reasons why it happens comes from rare understanding of human factors for instance how viewers get immersed, but sometimes tired. Although 3D images should be more considered human visual system including eye, unfortunately most communication research ignored human factors. For those reasons this study observed the effect of 3D video on viewers' psychological response, especially for perceived eye movement, perceived characteristics, visual fatigue, and presence. With 90 participants, the results show that viewers' perceived feature effects on their presence. In detail, first, materiality and tangibility are more important factors than clarity in 3D video, and it means that when making 3D content or devices, materiality and tangibility should be considers that any other factor. Second, this study examined whether we perceive our eyes as media, and the result shows that as viewers' presence level became higher we perceive eye movements more, and as viewers' presence level became higher perceived visual fatigue became lower. This result means that when we move eyes, we interact with surrounded environment, so 3D content needs to provide vivid features to be more interactive. On the other hand, since level of presence increase visual fatigue, it must be balanced when producing and playing.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.916-926
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• 2011

It is well known that high-resolution 3D movie contents frequently do not deliver the identical 3D perception to low-resolution 3D images. For solving this problem, we propose a novel method that produces a new stereoscopic image based on depth map transformation using the spatial complexity of an image. After analyzing the depth map histogram, the depth map is decomposed into multiple depth planes that are transformed based upon the spatial complexity. The transformed depth planes are composited into a new depth map. Experimental results demonstrate that the lower the spatial complexity is, the higher the perceived video quality and depth perception are. As well, visual fatigue test showed that the stereoscopic images deliver less visual fatigue.

• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2011

영화 "아바타"가 개봉되면서 입체 콘텐츠 특히 입체 영화에 대해 많은 사람들이 관심을 갖게 되었다. 초기 국내에서, 스테레오 영상 제작 시도는 많았지만, 입체 영상을 단순히 한 쌍의 영상을 보여주는 것으로 생각하여 잘못 제작되는 경우가 많았다. 입체영상 제작 기술은 한 쌍의 영상을 인간의 양안에 각각의 영상을 보여주면 3차원으로 인식한다는 데 기술적 근간을 두고 있으나, 초기엔 실세계에서 인간이 인식하는 것과 유사하게 처리되지 않아 시각피로를 유발하는 경우가 많았다. 그래서, 본 원고에서는 "아바타" 영화와 같은 입체영상을 제작하기 위해 어떠한 기술과 고려되어야 할 사항들이 있는지 살펴본다. 현재 입체 영상 획득 방식인 두 대의 카메라를 이용하여 실사로 촬영하는 데 필요한 기술과, 그 결과 영상을 후반작업에서 보정하고 합성하여 시각피로를 최소화하는 방법 및 기술들을 중심으로 살펴본다.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.225-236
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• 2013

3D contents could cause unique 3D visual fatigue. Screen disparity, image blurring, and crosstalk are known to be the three major factors responsible for the fatigue. Among these, screen disparity and image blurring are content factors, that is, one can directly manipulate contents themselves to handle visual fatigue caused by these two factors. On the other hand, because crosstalk is closely tied to physical characteristics of 3D display, it is difficult or even impossible to reduce crosstalk-driven visual fatigue unless one replaces 3D display itself (for example, from active to passive display). However, the effects of crosstalk on 3D visual fatigue depends on visual stimulus features (that is, contents), and thus it is possible to manipulate stimulus features in order to handle visual fatigue caused by crosstalk. Hence, this research tested the effects of visual stimulus features on crosstalk (which then causes 3D visual fatigue). Using relative depth discrimination task, we tested the effects of stimulus-background contrast, background texture density, and screen disparity on the degree of perceived crosstalk. The results showed that crosstalk decreases with presence of background texture and with less degree of screen disparity.

• Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.11-20
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• 2016

This paper introduces an effective method for generating 3D stereoscopic images that gives immersive 3D experiences to viewers using mobile-based binocular HMDs. Most of previous AR systems with monocular cameras have a common limitation that the same real-world images are provided to the viewer's eyes without parallax. In this paper, based on the assumption that viewers focus on the marker in the scenario of marker based AR, we recovery the binocular disparity about a camera image and a virtual object using the pose information of the marker. The basic idea is to generate the binocular disparity for real-world images and a virtual object, where the images are placed on the 2D plane in 3D defined by the pose information of the marker. For non-marker areas in the images, we apply blur effects to reduce the visual discomfort by decreasing their sharpness. Our user studies show that the proposed method for 3D stereoscopic image provides high depth feeling to viewers compared to the previous binocular AR systems. The results show that our system provides high depth feelings, high sense of reality, and visual comfort, compared to the previous binocular AR systems.