• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2009.10a
• /
• pp.6-7
• /
• 2009

We proposed the two-dimensional (2D) / three-dimensional (3D) convertible modified integral imaging system using functional polarizing film named $imazer^{TM}$, which transfer or scatter the incident light ray according to the polarizing direction of ray. When the incident light rays transfer to $imazer^{TM}$, the rays generate 3D image through the process of the modified integral imaging system. However, the scattered light rays generate 2D image through the simple backlight scheme when the incident rays are scattered by the film. The proposed method can be implemented the partial 3D display system without any mechanical movements. In this paper, we propose and verify our system using some basic experiments and its results.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2016

Objectives: This study was evaluated the marginal microleakage of two different adhesive systems before and after aging with two different dye penetration techniques. Materials and Methods: Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 48 human molars. Clearfil SE Bond and Single Bond (self-etching and etchand-rinse systems, respectively) were applied, each to half of the prepared cavities, which were restored with composite resin. Half of the specimens in each group underwent 10,000 cycles of thermocycling. Microleakage was evaluated using two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) dye penetration techniques separately for each half of each specimen. Data were analyzed with SPSS 11.5 (SPSS Inc.), using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: The difference between the 2D and 3D microleakage evaluation techniques was significant at the occlusal margins of Single bond groups (p = 0.002). The differences between 2D and 3D microleakage evaluation techniques were significant at both the occlusal and cervical margins of Clearfil SE Bond groups (p = 0.017 and p = 0.002, respectively). The difference between the 2D and 3D techniques was significant at the occlusal margins of non-aged groups (p = 0.003). The difference between these two techniques was significant at the occlusal margins of the aged groups (p = 0.001). The Mann-Whitney test showed significant differences between the two techniques only at the occlusal margins in all specimens. Conclusions: Under the limitations of the present study, it can be concluded that the 3D technique has the capacity to detect occlusal microleakage more precisely than the 2D technique.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.455-465
• /
• 2020

As cities continue to expand and additional underground structures are constructed, a policy is being planned to expand addresses, which are national framework data. In this study, the application scope of a proposed 3D (three-dimensional) mixed-use complex space for assigning 3D addresses was defined, based on past research on 3D address systems and by analyzing related laws. Underpass shopping malls, underground walkways (excluding underground shopping malls), and 3D mixed-use transfer centers with a gross floor area of 2,000㎡ or more are connected with each space by underground walkways or public paths. In addition, the detailed space corresponding to the public space of the 3D mixed-use complex space was presented and distinguished from the space to which the detailed address is assigned. The criteria for setting the road section were presented based on the intermediate space, which is a characteristic of 3D mixed-use complex spaces. The proposed criteria were applied to the Express Bus Terminal station (3D mixed-use transfer center) and COEX mall (underpass shopping malls). Thus, the road section was set for an unfamiliar 3D mixed-use complex space. However, by applying the proposed criteria to various 3D mixed-use complex spaces, additional and detailed criteria for different cases should be prepared.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
• /
• v.9 no.5
• /
• pp.368-373
• /
• 2003

This paper presents a cost-effective 3D foot scanner system that provides the 3-dimensional point cloud foot data to design the custom footwear. To measure the 3-dimensional point cloud data of the foot, a CCD camera, a Non-Gaussian laser line projector and optical triangulation method are employed. Furthermore, the integrated system employs a measurement base, a frame grabber, a CCD moving cart, a stepping motor and a computer. The measurement result is saved as 3D dxf format and it could be converted to 2D essential data fer a shoe design. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system have the decent resolution of 1mm which is enough for last and shoe design.

• Computational Structural Engineering
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.171-178
• /
• 1997

Three-dimensional dynamic analyses of underground openings subjected to explosive loadings are carried out. Dynamic analyses consist of two steps; one-dimensional source calculation and three-dimensional tunnel analysis. One-dimensional source calculation includes explosive charge and the free field surrounding rock. The input pressure time history for three-dimensional tunnel analysis is obtained from the companion one-dimensional source calculation. The computer program MPDAP-3D incorporated this analysis capability. It is shown that the computer program is a useful tool for the analysis of the structural safety evaluation of underground openings during construction by drill and blasting method.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.430-437
• /
• 2016

Background Accurate breast volume assessment is a prerequisite to preoperative planning, as well as intraoperative decision making in breast reconstruction surgery. The use of three-dimensional surface imaging (3D scanning) to assess breast volume has many advantages. However, before employing 3D scanning in the field, the tool's validity should be demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to confirm the validity of 3D-scanning technology for evaluating breast volume. Methods We reviewed the charts of 25 patients who underwent breast reconstruction surgery immediately after total mastectomy. Breast volumes using the Axis Three 3D scanner, water-displacement technique, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained bilaterally in the preoperative period. During the operation, the tissue removed during total mastectomy was weighed and the specimen volume was calculated from the weight. Then, we compared the volume obtained from 3D scanning with those obtained using the water-displacement technique, MRI, and the calculated volume of the tissue removed. Results The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of breast volumes obtained from 3D scanning, as compared to the volumes obtained using the water-displacement technique and specimen weight, demonstrated excellent reliability. The ICC of breast volumes obtained using 3D scanning, as compared to those obtained by MRI, demonstrated substantial reliability. Passing-Bablok regression showed agreement between 3D scanning and the water-displacement technique, and showed a linear association of 3D scanning with MRI and specimen volume, respectively. Conclusions When compared with the classical water-displacement technique and MRI-based volumetry, 3D scanning showed significant reliability and a linear association with the other two methods.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to verify the concordance of the measurement values when the same cephalometric analysis method was used for two-dimensional (2D) cephalometric radiography and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT), and to identify which 3D Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane was the most concordant with FH plane used for cephalometric radiography. Materials and Methods: Reference horizontal plane was FH plane. Palatal angle and occlusal plane angle was evaluated with FH plane. Gonial angle (GA), palatal angle, upper occlusal plane angle (UOPA), mandibular plane angle (MPA), U1 to occlusal plane angle, U1 to FH plane angle, SNA and SNB were obtained on 2D cephalmetries and reconstructed 3D CT. The values measured eight angles in 2D lateral cephalometry and reconstructed 3D CT were evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficiency (ICC). It also was evaluated to identify 3D FH plane with high degree of concordance to 2D one by studying which one in four FH planes shows the highest degree of concordance with 2D FH plane. Results: ICCs of MPA (0.752), UOPA (0.745), SNA (0.798) and SNB (0.869) were high. On the other hand, ICCs of gonial angle (0.583), palatal angle (0.287), U1 to occlusal plane (0.404), U1 to FH plane (0.617) were low respectively. Additionally GA and MPA acquired from 2D were bigger than those on 3D in all 20 patients included in this study. Concordance between one UOPA from 2D and four UOPAs from 3D CT were evaluated by ICC values. Results showed no significant difference among four FH planes defined on 3D CT. Conclusion: FH plane that can be set on 3D CT does not have difference in concordance from FH plane on lateral cephalometry. However, it is desirable to define FH plane on 3D CT with two orbitales and one porion considering the reproduction of orbitale itself.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.89-96
• /
• 2014

Here, we present a review of the proposals and advances in the field of three-dimensional (3D) imaging acquisition and display made in the last century. The most popular techniques are based on the concept of stereoscopy. However, stereoscopy does not provide real 3D experience, and produces discomfort due to the conflict between convergence and accommodation. For this reason, we focus this paper on integral imaging, which is a technique that permits the codification of 3D information in an array of 2D images obtained from different perspectives. When this array of elemental images is placed in front of an array of microlenses, the perspectives are integrated producing 3D images with full parallax and free of the convergence-accommodation conflict. In the paper we describe the principles of this technique, together with some new applications of integral imaging.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.84-90
• /
• 2014

This paper presents the results of three-dimensional face point cloud smoothing based on a modified anisotropic diffusion method. The focus of this research was to obtain a 3D face point cloud with a smooth texture and number of vertices equal to the number of vertices input during the smoothing process. Different from other methods, such as using a template D face model, modified anisotropic diffusion only uses basic concepts of convolution and filtering which do not require a complex process. In this research, we used 6D point cloud face data where the first 3D point cloud contained data pertaining to noisy x-, y-, and z-coordinate information, and the other 3D point cloud contained data regarding the red, green, and blue pixel layers as an input system. We used vertex selection to modify the original anisotropic diffusion. The results show that our method has improved performance relative to the original anisotropic diffusion method.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
• /
• v.50 no.6
• /
• pp.427-431
• /
• 2017

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) film has recently attracted much attention as a key material for the fabrication of various nanostructures. A control of anodizing voltage (U) was employed to render different anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanostructures with pore diameter ($D_p$) and interpore distance ($D_{int}$) in oxalic acid. In this work, we study the effect of stepwise modulation of anodizing voltages on the shape and dimension of porous structures along the vertical direction and demonstrate the fabrication of hierarchical layers of systematically controlled three-dimensional (3D) pore profile.