• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.76-80
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• 2009

Purpose: The uptake of $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI increases in the parathyroid adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the results of the biopsy with quantitative analysis results in the localized parathyroid lesions (adenoma, hyperplasia, and carcinoma). Materials and Methods: From April 2002 to January 2009, double-phase $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI parathyroid scan (early 15 min, delayed 2 hrs) was performed after injection of 750 MBq of $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI in 27 diagnosed parathyroid patients (adenoma:15, hyperplasia:4, carcinoma:8). For quantitative analysis, early, delayed lesion to non-lesion ratios (L/NLs), washout rate (%, WR) and vertical axis were calculated. Results: In early images, lesion to non-lesion ratios were $1.53{\pm}0.41$ (adenoma), $1.38{\pm}0.27$ (hyperplasia) and $1.45{\pm}0.64$ (carcinoma). In delayed images, lesion to non-lesion ratios were $1.56{\pm}0.43$ (adenoma), $1.33{\pm}0.10$ (hyperplasia), $1.83{\pm}0.79$ (carcinoma). In vertical axis, the sizes were $2.11{\pm}0.67$ (adenoma), $2.23{\pm}0.75$ (hyperplasia) and $2.20{\pm}0.97$ (carcinoma). There was no statistical difference between lesion to non-lesion ratios and the size of vertical axis (p>0.05). However, washout rates were $31.59{\pm}13.97$ (adenoma), $37.8{\pm}5.69$ (hyperplasia), $17.73{\pm}11.02$ (carcinoma). As a result, there was a significant difference statistically between and that of carcinoma (p<0.05, p=0.028 by Kruskal-willis statistic, Dunn's Multiple comparison test SPSS Ver 12.0). Conclusions: There was no statistical difference between the lesion to non-lesion ratios and the size of vertical axis. However, there was a significant difference statistically between WR of hyperplasia and that of carcinoma.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.48-55
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• 2009

Purpose: As Korean nuclear law doesn't have any clear guideline about the dose and the external dose rate(uSv/h) requiring hospitalization in radioactive iodine treated patients, the patients are discharged when they meet the guideline of IAEA Basic Safety Standards(BSS). We measured external dose rate(${\mu}Sv/h$) of inpatient underwent 3700MBq (100 mCi) $^{131}I$ radioiodine treatment and considering external dose rate(${\mu}Sv/h$), residual activity(mCi) and excretion rate(%) we found the time for RA to be lowered from 3700MBq (100 mCi) to 1110 MBq (30 mCi) to give reference to set a guideline for discharge. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients underwent thyroidectomy and scheduled for radioiodine treatment, who received 3700MBq (100 mCi) of $^{131}I$ orally and had no renal disease were examined. After 1, 2, 4, 8, and 20, 24, 40 hours iodine uptake and before/after the urination, the external dose rate(${\mu}Sv/h$) measured using FH40G-L(Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., MA) at a distance and a height of 1 m for 20 sec on the average. Results and Conclusions: At 20 hours, the external dose rate was decreased to $49{\pm}13\;{\mu}Sv$/h, namely, 78% of administrated radioactivity was excreted and 814 MBq (30 mCi) was residual, and it met the accepted limit for discharge of (IAEA, BSS) under 1110 MBq (30 mCi) (1 m at 66 uSv/h).

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.92-101
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• 2009

Purpose: Scintimammography is one of the screening tests for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. It has been widely accepted as very useful in assessing masses that have not been detected in breast scanning. This method is highly sensitive and specific with respect to the diagnosis of primary and relapsing breast cancer. It has some difficulties, however, in detecting tumors sized 1 cm and below due to the radioactivity around the breast and the geometrical structure of the equipment. The recent introduction of high-resolution Breast-specific Gamma Imaging (BSGI) has made it possible to more accurately discriminate between malignant and benign tumors than with any other test method. Thus, the possibility of an unnecessary biopsy being performed has decreased. The purpose of this study was to examine the diagnostic capacity of mammography, breast sonography, and scintimammography, which are used for the early diagnosis of known breast cancer, and of BSGI, and to evaluate the skillfulness of radiologists. Materials and Methods: The 53 volunteers participants who had no clinical manifestation of breast cancer underwent the BSGI in February 2009. In the BSGI procedure, scanning images were obtained from the craniocaudal projection (CC) and the mediolateral Oblique projection (MLO), as well as from the additional $80{\times}80$-matrix-sized views at various angles in the Present Time method, 10 minutes after the 25 mCi $^{99m}Tc$-MIBI was injected. Results: The results of the BSGI showed that two participants had masses in their breast tissue. As the results of the diagnosis of four participants were not clear, they were retested and the results of the second test were negative. The results of the clinical screening test for breast cancer showed that the sensitivity of BSGI, scintimammography, mammography, and breast sonography was 86.5%, 77.8%, 85~90%, and 66.7%, respectively, and that their specificity was 92.4%, 84.2%, 20~42%, and 68%, respectively. Conclusion: The autodiagnosis and breast cancer screening test are needed for the early diagnosis of breast cancer. It was not easy, however, to accurately determine the presence of a mass in the breast using the existing breast cancer screening test. The patients with unclear test findings were made to undergo a histologic biopsy for a more accurate diagnosis. It is expected that the BSGI can provide useful information for the early diagnosis of breast cancer and of primary breast cancer, and will reduce the performance of unnecessary biopsies because of its higher sensitivity and specificity than existing breast cancer screening tests.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.435-454
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• 1999

The caregiving experiences of 100 family menbers of outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders were investigated for the presence of positive(positive family-patient relationship. patient' contribution to the family) and negative caregiving experience(objective and subjective burden) and their predictors. This study attempts to make the analysis of caregiving experience more useful by expanding the focus to incoporate these positive aspects of the experience of family caregiver. Objective burden consists of two elements: 'disruption of family life', 'care'(amount of caregiving related to activity of daily living). Subjective burden is defined as emotional reactions to the care giving and it comprised of 6 emotional subdimensions such as 'stigma', 'grief'. 'worry', 'pity', 'fear', 'despair'. Also we investigate the severity of patients' disturbing behaviors into two categories, positive and negative disturbing behaviors and patient' contribution to the family as a predictors of positive and negative caregiving experiences. This study use Pearson's correlation coefficient, Hierardhical regressions in the SAS Program. The results are as follows: 1. Respondents reported moderate level of objective burden 'disruption of family life' (mean = 2.48, range = 1-4), and 'care' (mean=2.54, range = 1-4), and slightly high level of total subjective burden(mean = 2.19, range = 1-4). Mean scores for the measure of the severity of behavioral disturbance indicated that the caregiver experienced negative disturbing behaviors around almost 'somtimes'(mean=2.28, range = 1-4), and positive disturbing behaviors 'almost not frequent'(mean=2.78. range=1-4). So they reported that they perceived patient's negative disturbing behaviors more than positive disturbing behaviors. Mean scores for the measure of the patient' contributions (mean = 1.99. range = 1-4) indicated that caregivers experienced these contributions a little. It means that there should be a positive aspect of possibilities of patient' family roles that can be developed in the daily life. Mean scores for the measure of the positive family-patient relationship indicated that caregivers experienced moderate level of positive family-patient relationship(mean=2.52, range = 1-4). 2. Hierardhical regression analysis 1) Hierardhical regression of 'disruption of family life' showed that the interaction between positive disturbing behaviors and patient' contributions (B = .20. p = .022) and caregiver's educational level(B=.06. p=.000) were 'significant and Hierardhical regression of 'care' showed that 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B= .35. p= .007). 'patient' contributions'(B= .28, p= .019). 'family income'(B=-.l1. p=.096) were significant. 2) Hierardhical regression of 'total subjective burden', 'stigma', 'grief', 'worry', 'pity'. 'fear', 'dispair' showed that 'positive disturbing behaviors'(B=.51. p=.000). 'negative disturbing behaviors' (B = .17, p = .026), 'caregiver's educational level'(B = .03. p=.036), 'family income'(B=.08. p=.041) were significant predictors of 'total subjective burden': 'positive disturbing behaviors'(B=.32. p=.066). 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B=.24, p=.096) 'durations of illness'(B= .03. p= .079) were significant predictors of 'stigma' 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B=.28. p=.005). 'patient sex'(B=-.32. p=.022). 'positive disturbing behaviors'(B=.28. p=.020), 'patient age'(B=.02. p=.010), 'caregiver age'(B=-01, p= .002) were significant predictors of 'grief' 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B= .28, p= .005). 'patient sex'(B= -.32. p=.039), 'caregiver age'(B=-.02, p= .023). 'caregiver's educational level'(B= .04, p = .044) were significant predictors of 'worry' 'patient sex'(B=-.46. p=.005). 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B= .28. p=.018), 'caregiver age'(B=-.01, p=.037) were significant predictors of 'pity' 'positive disturbing behaviors'(B=.83. p=.000). 'patient' contributions' (B = .22, p =.017). 'family income'(B=.09. p=.65) were significant predictors of 'fear' 'positive disturbing behaviors'(B=.49, p=.001). 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B= .24. p=.057) 'patient sex'(B=-.4l, p=.017), 'family income'(B=.14, p=.047) were significant predictors of 'dispair'. 3) Hierardhical regression of 'positive relationship' showed that 'patient contributions'(B=.32, p=.000). 'negative disturbing behaviors'(B= .24, p= .005), 'patient sex'(B=-.23, p=.036).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.39-48
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• 2007

The stimulus of accommodation A, the stimulus of convergence C and the prism diopter ${\Delta}$ are reviewed and redefined more obviously. How the A and C are managed in the practice are reviewed and summarized. As a result, the common practical process of the binocular vision findings is most suitable in the case of the $l_c=26.67mm$, where the near distance is measured from the test lens to the near target and its value is 40 cm and the average of the P.D equal to 64 mm. The $l_c$ is the distance between the test lens and the center of rotation. Those values were used at calculating the various values in this paper. The error of the stimulus of accommodation values which are evaluated by the practically used formula (5) are calculated. Where the distance between lens and the principle point of eye is 15.07 mm ($=l_H$). The incremental stimulus of convergence values P' caused by the addition prism $P_m$ are evaluated by the recursion computation method. The P' are varied with the $P_m$, the distance $p_c$ between the prism and the center of rotation, the initial convergence value (or inverse target distance) $C_o$ and the refractive index n of the prism material. The recursion computation method and the other formulas are described in detail. In this paper n=1.7 is used. The two factors by which the P' is increased are exist. The one which is major is the property by which the values of convergence whose unit is ${\Delta}$ are not added in the generally way. The other is the that the actual power of the prism is varied with the angle of incidence light. And the P' is decreased remarkably by an increase in the $p_c$ and $C_o$. The $P^{\prime}/P_m$ are calculated and graphed which are varied with the $p_c$ and $C_o$, where the $P_m=20{\Delta}$, P.D=64 mm and n=1.7. The index n dependence of the $P^{\prime}/P_m$ is negligible (refer to fig. 6). The $p_c$ are evaluated at which the P' equal to the $P_m$ for various $P_m$ (refer to table 1). The actual values of the stimulus of convergence and accommodation which are manipulated simply in the practice are calculated. Two graphical forms are suggested. The one is like as the commonly used one. But the stimulus of convergence and of accommodation values in the practice are positioned at the exact positions when the graphic is made (refer to fig. 9). The other is the form that the incremental stimulus of convergence values caused by the addition prisms are represented at actual positions (refer to fig. 11).

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.824-831
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• 2009

Purpose : We aimed to investigate the efficacy of and functional recovery after intracerebral transplantation of different doses of mouse mesenchymal stem cells (mMSCs) in immature rat brain with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Methods : Postnatal 7-days-old Sprague-Dawley rats, which had undergone unilateral HI operation, were given stereotaxic intracerebral injections of either vehicle or mMSCs and then tested for locomotory activity in the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 8th week of the stem cell injection. In the 8th week, Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the learning and memory dysfunction for a week. Results : In the open field test, no differences were observed in the total distance/the total duration (F=0.412, P=0.745) among the 4 study groups. In the invisible-platform Morris water maze test, significant differences were observed in escape latency (F=380.319, P<0.01) among the 4 groups. The escape latency in the control group significantly differed from that in the high-dose mMSC and/or sham group on training days 2-5 (Scheffe's test, P<0.05) and became prominent with time progression (F=6.034, P<0.01). In spatial probe trial and visible-platform Morris water maze test, no significant improvement was observed in the rats that had undergone transplantation. Conclusion : Although the rats that received a high dose of mMSCs showed significant recovery in the learning-related behavioral test only, our data support that mMSCs may be used as a valuable source to improve outcome in HIE. Further study is necessary to identify the optimal dose that shows maximal efficacy for HIE treatment.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.729-735
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• 2008

Purpose : Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases and is also a cause of pneumonia in infants. Respiratory infections by respiratory viruses are also common for infants. The objectives of this study were to identify the clinical manifestations and to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis respiratory infections and coinfections by respiratory viruses in infants younger than 6 months of age. Methods : For this study, we enrolled 6 months or younger infants who were admitted to the Dankook University Hospital between January 2002 and July 2007, with respiratory symptoms. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or throat swabs were collected within s d of hospitalization and C. trachomatis was detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Patients who tested positive underwent multiplex PCR for respiratory viruses. Results : A total of 690 patients underwent chlamydial PCR testing and 36 (5.2%) had positive results. Of the 36, 28 (78%) were male; 30 were vaginally delivered. From the 36 patients positive for C. trachomatis, 26 underwent multiplex respiratory viral PCR; 12 were coinfected with viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was the most frequent pathogen that was detected in 6 patients. Increased C-reactive protein and fever were significant in patients coinfected with respiratory viruses. Conclusion : C. trachomatis can infected in infants delivered by cesarean section as well as in 6 months old or younger infants. Infant with C. trachomatis respiratory infections can also be coinfected with respiratory infection also coinfected with respiratory viruses. Further studies are needed to better understand the prevalence rates of the this infection and its coinfection rate with respiratory viruses.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2010

To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of Acanthopanax senticosus (AS) and Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on antioxidant defense system in laying hens, a total of three hundreds sixty 20-wk old Hyline brown commercial laying hens were assigned to five dietary groups for 10-wk: (1) control diet, (2) control diet supplemented with AS at 0.5%, (3) control diet supplemented with AS at 1.0%, (4) control diet supplemented with EU at 0.5% and (5) control diet supplemented with EU at 1.0%. Total antioxidant status (TAS) in blood and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluthathione -S- transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and lipid peroxidation in the small intestine and liver were measured. There were no changes in body weight for 10-wk dietary treatment. TAS in blood significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed the diet supplemented with 1% AS and 0.5 and 1.0% EU compared with those fed control diet. Especially, dietary EU showed much higher (P<0.05) TAS compared with AS. In the antioxidant defense enzymes, GST activity of the small intestine was shown to be significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed the diets supplemented with 0.5 and 1.0% EU compared with those fed the control diet. In addition, intestinal SOD activity significantly (P<0.05) increased in birds fed the diets supplemented with 0.5% of AS and EU. However, we could not observe any significant dietary treatment effect of those antioxidant parameters in the liver. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 0.5% AS and EU in a laying hen diet could be applied as a potential antioxidant source to improves bio-activity of antioxidant and economical aspect in laying hens.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.37-46
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• 2014

This study investigates the effects of the degree of preparation engaged in the related industry, and the amount of financial support program on R&D performance of technology based startup companies. This study seeks to discover the core variables that impacts most on business performance. However, it should be noted that the validity of such variables and their impacts on business performance can be contentious. The study sets hypothetical variables as following. Intensity of preparation of the startup company, amount of preparation and amount of work experience in related industry are independent variable. The amount of financial support program was selected as a moderating mediating variable. According to the results, the intensity of preparation had a positive relationship with R&D performance, as opposed to work experience of the founder having a negative relationship on R&D performance. The amount of support program had no significant relationship with R&D performance. Furthermore, there are negative modified effect between the amount of support program and work experience. And, there is no relationship modified effect between support program and work experience. Existing policies tend to lean heavily toward young entrepreneurs through support and guidance. The government has placed great emphasis on policies that aim to promote and create jobs for young individuals. The results suggest that the government should review their policies toward young technological entrepreneurs and that these entrepreneurs should prepare thoroughly before launching any startups.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.67-77
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to develop the entrepreneurial mentoring scale on start-up mentoring situation. In recent years, as the needs for entrepreneurship have grown from domestic to foreign, entrepreneurship education is actively being carried out. The entrepreneurial mentoring is strengthening its weight and contents in entrepreneurship education. However, research on the mentoring function scale designed to reflect the characteristics of entrepreneurial mentoring is rarely performed in Korea. In this study, we conducted a qualitative and quantitative research to achieve the research goal. First, we derive the entrepreneurial mentoring scales through literature review and expert group discussions, and we conducted the empirical analysis to draw conclusions. The results of this study are as follows. In the first step, literature review was conducted. In the second step, four major factors and questionnaires were derived through expert group discussion. In the third step, the doctoral level specialists developed 16 questionnaire items to measure the four factors of entrepreneurial mentoring derived from the second step and verified the content validity and the facial validity in fourth step. As a result of this survey, we conducted questionnaires on founding mentors who belonged to 17 Creation Economic Innovation Centers nationwide (153) and analyzed the problem solving, networking, communication, and motivation formation through exploratory factor analysis. This questionnaire was used to survey the entrepreneurial mentors who belonged to the 17 Center for Creative Economy and Innovation under the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning of South Korea(153). In fifth step, as the results of factor analysis such as EFA and CFA, we could confirm four factors including problem solving, networking, communication, and motivation. The significance of this study is as follows. First, academic significance was the first study of the entrepreneurial mentoring function scale reflecting the characteristics of entrepreneur mentoring as a qualitative and quantitative approach in Korea. Second, it is hoped that practitioners will be able to better measure the mentoring function of entrepreneurial mentors and contribute to improving the quality of future entrepreneurial mentoring programs.