• Title/Summary/Keyword: 3.5 GHz 대역

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Radar Probing of Concrete Specimens Using Frequency Domain Filtering (주파수 영역 필터링을 통한 콘크리트 시편 내부 레이더 탐사)

  • 임홍철;이윤식
    • Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.23-29
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    • 2002
  • Radar method can be effective in probing concrete structures damaged by earthquake. Data analysis is usually performed in time domain, by considering time delay of the wave due to the dielectric constant of concrete. In this study, improved data analysis has been performed using signal processing scheme of spectra analysis and filtering. Three antenna with 900MHz, 1㎓, and 1.5㎓ center frequency were used to detect a steel bar or delamination in specimens for obtaining data, Frequency spectrum was filtered in low pass, high pass, and band pass varying cutoff frequency with 1/3 octave in frequency domain. The most effective cutoff frequency for each frequency has been determined as the range for 2 octave lower to 1 octave higher and 2 octave lower to 1 octave lower. This result provided a basis in improving data analysis capability using frequency domain filtering.

A Study on Calculation of NFD and Protection Ratio of Fixed Radio Relay System for Analyzing Adjacent Channel Interference (인접 채널 간섭 분석을 위한 고정 무선 중계 시스템의 NFD 및 보호비 계산에 대한 연구)

  • Suh Kyoung-Whoan
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.16 no.11 s.102
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    • pp.1138-1146
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    • 2005
  • This paper makes a study of a formulation of net filter discrimination(NFD) and its computation for analyzing adjacent channel interference and suggests a systematic algorithm for calculating protection ratios of co-channel and adjacent channel applicable to frequency coordination in the fixed radio relay networks. It is shown that adjacent channel protection ratio can be derived from two factors: One is NFD depending upon receiver filter characteristic as well as transmitter spectrum mask and the other is co-channel protection ratio given by a function of fade margin, modulation scheme, and allowable interference. Actually to show the computing procedure from transmitter spectrum mask and receiver filter characteristic, NFD has been obtained for channel bandwidth of 29.65 and 40 MHz at 6.2 and 6.7 GHz band, respectively. According to the results, NFDs at the first adjacent channel of 29.65 and 40 MHz provide 27.4 and 28.9 dB, respectively. From these data, adjacent channel protection ratios corresponding to each channel bandwidth yield 47.5 and 46.3 dB for a given 64-QAM and 60 km. The proposed method gives some merits of an easy calculation, systematic extension, and applying the same concept to frequency coordination in millimeter radio relay networks.

RET Modelling through the Phase Function Measurement at 12.5 GHz (12.5 GHz 대역 위상 함수 특성 측정을 통한 RET 모델링)

  • Han, Il-Tak;Bae, Seok-Hee;Jung, Myoung-Won;Pack, Jung-Ki
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.18 no.3 s.118
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    • pp.334-340
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    • 2007
  • The prediction for vegetation attenuation using the RET model recommended in the ITU-R requires six RET input parameters. Among these, 4 parameters are related to the scattering characteristics of vegetation. To extract these parameters, two methods can be used. One is to extract the parameters by curve fitting of the measured vegetation-attenuation curve with the RET prediction model, and the other is to use the additional phase function measurement data. In the former method, fitting is quite complex and it does not result in the unique results in some cases. In addition, the extracted parameters lack the physical meaning as well. Thus, in this paper, the measurement method of phase function, and the method of extracting the RET model parameters which lead to more accurate and physically more meaningful results are presented. The extracted RET model parameters are also presented. The RET modeling method, measurement data, and the extracted RET model parameters presented in this paper were submitted to the ITU-R meeting in 2006, and adapted for ITU-R report and recommendation P.833.

Effects of Antenna Modeling in 2-D FDTD Simulation of an Ultra-Wide Band Radar for Nondestructive Testing of a Concrete Wall (콘크리트 벽의 비파괴검사를 위한 초광대역 레이더의 2차원 FDTD 시뮬레이션에서 안테나 모델링의 영향)

  • Joo, Jeong-Myeong;Hong, Jin-Young;Shin, Sang-Jin;Kim, Dong-Hyeon;Oh, Yisok
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.98-105
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    • 2013
  • This paper presents a finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) simulation and a data processing technique for radar sensing of the internal structure of a wall using an ultra-wide band antenna. We first designed an ultra-wide band anti-podal vivaldi antenna with a frequency range of 0.3~7 GHz which is chosen to be relatively low after considering the characteristics of wave attenuation, wall penetration, and range resolution. In this study the two-dimensional FDTD technique was used to simulate a wall-penetration-radar experiment under practical conditions. The next, the measured radiation pattern of the practical antenna is considered as an equivalent source in the FDTD simulation, and the reflection data of a concrete wall and targets are obtained by using the simulation. Then, a data processing technique has been applied to the FDTD reflection data to get a radar image for remote sensing of the internal structure of the wall. We compared the two different source excitations in the FDTD simulation; (1) commonly-used isotropic point sources and (2) polynomial curve fitting sources of the measured radiation pattern. As a result, when we apply the measured antenna pattern into the FDTD simulation, we could obtain about 2.5 dB higher signal to noise level than using a plane wave incidence with isotropic sources.

cutoff Mode characteristics in step-rigded waveguide (스텝-리지도피관의 차단모드특성)

  • 양인응;김붕렬
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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    • v.11 no.4
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    • pp.29-37
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    • 1974
  • Theoretical analysis is carried out for the curtoff wavelength characteristics of rectangular waveguide containing a step-ridge. In order to obtain the cutoff wavelength of step-rigde waveguide, an transmission matriz is formulated by the method of equivalent transverse resonance. The characteristic equation, in which the wavelength is obtainable by the numerical method, is derived from the equation. An approximate determination of the dominant mode fields in step-ridge waveguides at all frequencies has been made. Using these fields, the characteristic impedance equation is derived from power considerations. Analyzing the results of the calculations, the following characteristics are noted. The values of λ /a of TE10 mode increase with decreasing gap lengths and with increasing step width S or S , or both. Experimental results of cutoff characteristics are in good agreement with the theoretical analusis. It is shown that a waveguide within which a step-ridge is placed has a lower cutoff frequency and impedance than empty guide without it. Therefore, the role of a step-ridge guide is to broadening the bandwidth 2 to 3 times more than that of an empty guide of the same demension.

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Design of a PCB-Embedded Antenna for Bluetooth Applications (블루투스용 PCB 임베디드 안테나 설계)

  • Kim, Yun-Mi;Park, Myoung-Shil;Chyung, Ji-Young;Jung, Hae-Mi;Ahn, Bierng-Cherl
    • Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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    • v.11 no.5
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    • pp.98-104
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    • 2006
  • In this parer, proposed a Miniature inverted F Antenna for Bluetooth applications using folded structure and confirm it through producing and measurement. The proposed antenna as PIFA is optimized the impedance matching and the radiation pattern by positioning of feed line and short line. This antenna is designed with Microwave Studio presented CST and the optimized antenna structure is fabricated. The optimized miniature antenna size is 17.3 * 6 * 0.8 mm, the measured return loss bandwidth is 220MHz at 2.45GHz, the radiation pattern is quasi omni, and the gain is -1 dBi. these results are similar to the simulation data. It is comparatively appropriate for Bluetooth system.

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Edge to Edge Model and Delay Performance Evaluation for Autonomous Driving (자율 주행을 위한 Edge to Edge 모델 및 지연 성능 평가)

  • Cho, Moon Ki;Bae, Kyoung Yul
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.191-207
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    • 2021
  • Up to this day, mobile communications have evolved rapidly over the decades, mainly focusing on speed-up to meet the growing data demands of 2G to 5G. And with the start of the 5G era, efforts are being made to provide such various services to customers, as IoT, V2X, robots, artificial intelligence, augmented virtual reality, and smart cities, which are expected to change the environment of our lives and industries as a whole. In a bid to provide those services, on top of high speed data, reduced latency and reliability are critical for real-time services. Thus, 5G has paved the way for service delivery through maximum speed of 20Gbps, a delay of 1ms, and a connecting device of 106/㎢ In particular, in intelligent traffic control systems and services using various vehicle-based Vehicle to X (V2X), such as traffic control, in addition to high-speed data speed, reduction of delay and reliability for real-time services are very important. 5G communication uses high frequencies of 3.5Ghz and 28Ghz. These high-frequency waves can go with high-speed thanks to their straightness while their short wavelength and small diffraction angle limit their reach to distance and prevent them from penetrating walls, causing restrictions on their use indoors. Therefore, under existing networks it's difficult to overcome these constraints. The underlying centralized SDN also has a limited capability in offering delay-sensitive services because communication with many nodes creates overload in its processing. Basically, SDN, which means a structure that separates signals from the control plane from packets in the data plane, requires control of the delay-related tree structure available in the event of an emergency during autonomous driving. In these scenarios, the network architecture that handles in-vehicle information is a major variable of delay. Since SDNs in general centralized structures are difficult to meet the desired delay level, studies on the optimal size of SDNs for information processing should be conducted. Thus, SDNs need to be separated on a certain scale and construct a new type of network, which can efficiently respond to dynamically changing traffic and provide high-quality, flexible services. Moreover, the structure of these networks is closely related to ultra-low latency, high confidence, and hyper-connectivity and should be based on a new form of split SDN rather than an existing centralized SDN structure, even in the case of the worst condition. And in these SDN structural networks, where automobiles pass through small 5G cells very quickly, the information change cycle, round trip delay (RTD), and the data processing time of SDN are highly correlated with the delay. Of these, RDT is not a significant factor because it has sufficient speed and less than 1 ms of delay, but the information change cycle and data processing time of SDN are factors that greatly affect the delay. Especially, in an emergency of self-driving environment linked to an ITS(Intelligent Traffic System) that requires low latency and high reliability, information should be transmitted and processed very quickly. That is a case in point where delay plays a very sensitive role. In this paper, we study the SDN architecture in emergencies during autonomous driving and conduct analysis through simulation of the correlation with the cell layer in which the vehicle should request relevant information according to the information flow. For simulation: As the Data Rate of 5G is high enough, we can assume the information for neighbor vehicle support to the car without errors. Furthermore, we assumed 5G small cells within 50 ~ 250 m in cell radius, and the maximum speed of the vehicle was considered as a 30km ~ 200 km/hour in order to examine the network architecture to minimize the delay.

A Study on the Shaped-Beam Antenna with High Gain Characteristic (고이득 특성을 갖는 성형 빔 안테나에 대한 연구)

  • Eom, Soon-Young;Yun, Je-Hoon;Jeon, Soon-Ick;Kim, Chang-Joo
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.18 no.1 s.116
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    • pp.62-75
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    • 2007
  • This paper describes a shaped-beam antenna for increasing the antenna gain of a radiating element. The proposed antenna structure is composed of an exciting element and a multi-layered disk array structure(MDAS). The stack micro-strip patch elements were used as the exciter for effectively radiating the electromagnetic power to the MDAS over the broadband, and finite metallic disk array elements - which give the role of a director for shaping the antenna beam with the high gain - were finitely and periodically layered onto it. The efficient power coupling between the exciter and the MDAS should be carried out in such a way that the proposed antenna has a high gain characteristic. The design parameters of the exciter and the MDAS should be optimized together to meet the required specifications to meet the required specifications. In this study, a shaped-beam antenna with high gain was optimally designed under the operating conditions with a linear polarization and the frequency band of $9.6{\sim}10.4\;GHz$. Two methods constructed using thin dielectric film and dielectric foam materials respectively were also proposed in order to implement the MBAS of the antenna. In particular, through the computer simulation process, the electrical performance variations of the antenna with the MDAS realized by the thin dielectric film materials were shown according to the number of disk array elements in the stack layer. Two kinds of antenna breadboard with the MDAS realized with the thin dielectric film and dielectric foam materials were fabricated, but experimentation was conducted only on the antenna breadboard(Type 1) with the MDAS realized with the thin dielectric film materials according to the number of disk array elements in the stack layer in order to compare it with the electrical performance variations obtained during the simulation. The measured antenna gain performance was found to be in good agreement with the simulated one, and showed the periodicity of the antenna gain variations according to the stack layer number of the disk array elements. The electrical performance of the Type 1 antenna was measured at the center frequency of 10 GHz. As the disk away elements became the ten stacks, a maximum antenna gain of 15.65 dBi was obtained, and the measured return loss was not less than 11.4 dB within the operating band. Therefore, a 5 dB gain improvement of the Type 1 antenna can be obtained by the MDAS that is excited by the stack microstrip patch elements. As the disk array elements became the twelve stacks, the antenna gain of the Type 1 was measured to be 1.35 dB more than the antenna gain of the Type 2 by the outer dielectric ring effect, and the 3 dB beam widths measured from the two antenna breadboards were about $28^{\circ}$ and $36^{\circ}$ respectively.

Analysis of Adjacent-Channel Leakage-Ratio of Wide-Band Power Amplifiers through Multi-Tone Signals with Statistical Similarity (다중 톤 신호의 통계적 특성 확보를 통한 광대역 신호 증폭기의 인접 채널 간섭 분석)

  • Park, Young-Cheol
    • The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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    • v.22 no.12
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    • pp.1172-1175
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    • 2011
  • In this paper, a design method of multi-tone signals for the measurement of adjacent-channel power-ratios on power amplifiers is suggested. Because most tests for power amplifiers in production are performed with single-tone signals, its testing accuracy is not guaranteed as the signal complexity increases. Therefore, the application of multi-tone signals to the testing is suggested by optimized complex coefficients of each tones for the best statistical similarity to the original modulated signal. From the verification, a 802.11a signal was replaced with a multi-tone signal of N=10, with the complex coefficients generated by the suggested method. The resulting measurements on the ACLR of 2.4 GHz power amplifier showed successful accuracy of less than 1 dB discrepancy.

Design and Fabrication of Base Station Antenna for ETCS based on DSRC (DSRC 기반의 ETCS 기지국 안테나 설계 및 제작)

  • Ko Jin-Hyun;Kim Nam-Ki;Ha Jae-Kwon
    • The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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    • v.3 no.1 s.4
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    • pp.75-83
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    • 2004
  • This paper describes the design, fabrication, and measurement of a low side lobe antenna for RSE base station of the ETCS which is one of the ITS services. The antenna is installed on the gantry of road side and provides the wireless communication lint between vehicles and RSE. The required characteristics of ETCS base station antenna are low sidelobe and specific beam pattern by the road and install environment and installed place of OBU. To minimize the affects of multipath signal by reflection, Circular polarization is required. To get low sidelobe of antenna, array configuration and weighting factor by Taylor distribution in radiator elements are applied. The measured results of fabricated antenna are as follows; return loss of 130MHz by -10dB, an axial ratio of 2.6dB, and a gain of 17dBi. It is found that the measured beam patterns are similar to design results.

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