• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-44
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• 2000

This study examined the development of phonological awareness of 3-, 5-, and 7-year-old children, 20 subjects at each age level. The 3-year-olds were given 2 phoneme detection tasks and the 5- and 7-year-olds were given 5 phoneme detection tasks. In each task, the children first heard a target syllable together with 2 other syllables and were asked to tell which of the 2 syllables sounded similar to the target. Children were able to detect relatively large segments ($Consonant_1+Vowel$ or $Vowel+Consonant_2$: $C_1V$ or $VC_2$) at the age of 3 and gradually progressed to smaller sound segments(e.g., phonemes). This study indicated the Korean children detect $C_1V$ segments better than $VC_2$ segments and detect the initial consonant better than the middle vowel and the final consonant.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-52
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• 2020

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is a rare disease in healthy people but a potentially fatal opportunistic infection by Pneumocystis jirovecii in immunocompromised patients with organ transplantation. We present three cases of PCP after kidney transplantation in pediatric patients. First case was a 4-year-old boy diagnosed with Denys-Drash syndrome and received living-donor kidney transplantation from his mother at age of 1. Second case was a 19-year-old male, with polycystic kidney disease, who received kidney transplantation from his mother at the age of 18. Third case was a 19-year-old female with chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology, who received kidney transplantation from her father at age of 15. These three patients who were on immunosuppressive therapy and completed of routine PCP prophylaxis for 6 months had presented with cough and dyspnea more than 1 year after transplantation. Chest x-ray all showed diffuse haziness of both lung fields, and bronchoalveolar lavage from bronchoscopy revealed Pneumocystisjirovecii infection. All patients showed clinical resolution with intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) therapy for at least 3 weeks and had continued secondary prophylaxis for another 6-12 months. This report suggests that clinicians should have suspicion for the possibilities of opportunistic infection such as PCP after kidney transplantation in children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.521-530
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• 2009

This study was conducted to assess dietary pattern and dietary diversity of preschool children by investigating their food consumption. To accomplish this, dietary intake survey (24 hour-recall food diary) was administered to 508 children aged between 4 to 6 years old from 4 kindergartens in the Daegu area (415 were completed). By using CAN pro 3.0 for professionals, the dietary patterns and dietary diversity scores of each food group were examined by age and sex. Data were analyzed with SPSS 12.0, and $\chi^2$, t-test and Anova test, and Duncan's multiple range test used for verifying significance. For 4~5-year-old group, boys had significantly more fruit and meats than girls (p < 0.05), but girls had more dairy food than boys with no significance. For 6-year-old group, boys had significantly more foods, milk and dairy foods than girls (p<0.05), and also boys had more vegetables and fruit than girls with no significance. For DDS (Dietary Diversity Score), the score of 6-year-old group was significantly higher than that of younger children (p < 0.05) and the older the age was, the higher the score was. Dietary Pattern (GMVFD) was verified by 8 types, and the ratio of taking all five food groups (GMVFD = 11111) of the 6-year-old group was 48.8%. Children with older ages had more various foods than younger ones (p < 0.05). In addition, the ratio of taking less than the minimal intake of dairy foods of girls (48.1%) was higher than that of boys (41.3%). As results, unbalanced diet, overeating and not eating unbalanced diet were revealed as the problematic dietary habits among preschool children, and those habits may change positively with knowledge on nutrition grow on. Therefore, nutritional characteristics and importance of preschool children should be taught to parents and caregivers, and it must be practical and ready to use in cooking for these children to healthy dietary habits.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : Children with cleft palate children may be imparied in articulation and resonance. This study examined the phonological process usage of 3-, 4- and 5- year old children with cleft palate. Materials and Method : Twenty seven children with cleft palat participated 3-, 4- and 5-year old children with cleft palate. The authors performed speech evaluation using picture consonants test for children with cleft palate. Percentage of consonants correct(PCC), mean value of each phoneme depends on articulation site and manner were evaluated. Results : In place of articulation, ommission of velar consonants were the most frequent. In manner of articulation, ommission of nasal consonants were the most frequent. Backing, glottal stop, was the most prominent phonological process children with cleft palate. Conclusion : These results may indicate that articulation disorder with cleft palate. and other articulation disorders differences should be considered in the interpretation of speech evaluations.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 1999

Purpose : Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia has been to be developed frequently in school age children and adolescence and hard to see under 3 year-old children. But it seems to be increased in number of patients with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia under 3-year old in clinical practice in these days. We have aimed to examine the characteristics of clinical findings of Mycoplasma pneumonia under 3 year-old children. Methods : We had performed retrospective review of medical records of 30 patients with Mycoplasmal pneumonia under 3-year old children who admitted to Department of Pediatrics, Kyunghee University Hospital from Jan. 1994 to Dec. 1997. The diagnostic criteriae was Cold agglutinin titer>1:64 or Mycoplasma antibody titer>1:80. Results : Mycoplasmal pneumonia was 30 out of 235 cases(12.7%) of total pneumonia under 3 year old children. Male female ratio was 1.3 : 1 and age distributions were 0~1y : 0, 1~2y : 8, 2~3y : 22 cases. Clinical symptoms and signs were cough(100.0%), sputum(83.3%), fever(80.0%) rhinorrhea(33.3%), vomiting(33.3%), moist rale(86.7%), decreased breathing sound(26.7%), wheezing(20.0%), and pharyngeal injection(30.0%). Thirteen out of 30 cases(43.3%) had unilateral infiltration, 10 cases(33.4%) had bilateral infiltration, 1 case(3.3%) had pleural effusion, and 6 cases(20.0%) had negative findings on chest radiography and there was no cases of atelectasis. On laboratory findings, 6 out of 30 cases(20.0%) had leukocytosis, 1 case(3.3%) had neutrophilia, 10 cases(30.0%) had eosinophilia, 17 cases(56.7%) had increased ESR, and 18 cases(60.6%) had positive CRP. Positive cold agglutinin titers(>1 : 64) were 19 cases(63.3%), and positive mycoplasma antibody(M-ab) titers(>1 : 80) were 27 cases(93.3%). Mycoplasma antibody test was more valuable than cold agglutinin test for the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal pneumonia and there was no correlation between cold agglutinin titer and mycoplasma antibody titer. Mycoplasma-polymerase chain reaction(M-PCR) was done with 13 cases, 12 out of 13 cases(92.3%) were positive. M-PCR test was valuable to the diagnosis of Mycoplasmal pneumonia but it will be needed to further study for their clinical application. Among 30 cases, 5 cases(16.7%) had complications, 3 cases(10.0%) had skin rash, 1 case(3.3%) had pleural effusion, 1 case(3.3%) had arthralgia, but all complications were mild and recovered without residual sequelae. Conclusion : The occurrence of Mycoplasmal pneumonia under 3 year-old children was not rare from this study. Clinical characteristics of Mycoplasmal pneumonia under 3-year old were normal radiologic findings in many cases, low complication rate, mild clinical course, and tend to rapid recovery compared with general manifestations of Mycoplasmal infectionsin children and adolescence. There were likely to be missed patients with Mycoplasmal pneumonia which did not diagnose by conventional serologic tests that had low sensitivity and specificity. We have to pay attention to the Mycoplasmal infection of the young children with pneumonia during epidemic periods of Mycoplasmal infection.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.19-31
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• 1985

This study was designed to find out clothing weights and clothing practice of elementary school children and their mothers and to investigate the correlation between clothing weights of the children and those of their mothers and to investigate the correlation between clothing weights and physical fitness of the children. RESULTS : 1. Total clothing weight of elementary school children was heavier than that of their mothers. 2. The results analyzed by sex and age of the children were as follows. Correlation was little recognized between lowerwear, underwear weights of the 6 year old girls and underwear weight of their mothers and between upperwear weight of 10 year old girls and underwear weight of their mothers. 3. In case of the children who made a clothing decision with their mothersm, correlation was recognized between total clothing weight of the children and total clothing, underwear, lowerwear weights of their mothers, and between upperwear weight of the children and upperwear weight of the children and upperwear, total clothing, underwear and outerwear weights of their mothers, and between outerwear weight of the children and lowerwear weight of their mothers. 4. Physical fitness had partly a negative correlation with the clothing weights in case of the boys, while not the girls. As a reslult, clothing weights of elementary school children were related to thermal sensation of their mothers.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2014

Purpose. To analysis the refractive error in 7-9 year-old Korea children. Methods. From July 2013 to June 2014, two hundred eighty two subjects were performed in refraction test using the Auto-Refractometry. Results. The refractive error by spherical equivalent among all subjects was myopia 47.58%, emmetropia 42.35%, astigmatism 32.33%, and hyperopia 8.76%. Myopia was more common in female than males although the difference was not statically significant. The axis of astigmatism was with the rule in 65%, against the rule in 31.5%, and oblique in 3.5% There was a statistical significance between 7 year and 9 year of male in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.010). Also there was a statistical significance between 7 years and 9 years of female in the spherical equivalent power(p=0.036). However, there was not a statistical significance between male and female in spherical equivalent power(p>0.5). Conclusions. In this study, myopia was the most common refractive error. On the other hand, The prevalence of the axis of astigmatism was the with- the- rule. The spherical equivalent of refractive error was similar results between male and female. However The refractive error was different style with aging. these data suggested that the analysis of the refractive error at young children can provide the information of useful diagnosis for the correction of visual acuity.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.79-94
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate whether linguistic contrast helps children map a new word into a specific semantic domain when a new word is introduced, (2) to examine the existence of a hierarchy of domains into which children will place a new word, (3) to examine whether children's existing lexicons affect how children map a new word. A total of 320 children from 3 to 6 years of age were drawn from Pusan, Korea. The children were divided into one of four age groups. There were 80 children in each age group. In each group, children were randomly assigned to one of four groups; the linguistic contrast group exposed to color, the linguistic contrast group exposed to shape, a label group and control group. All of the children were tested for production and comprehension of the new word. The results of this study were as follows; (1) The linguistic contrast helped children learn the meanings of a new word. Especially, children age 4 or more showed a significant effect for linguistic contrast; however, it was not sufficient to teach 3-year-old the correct, referent of a term. (2) There was a hierarchy of domains into which children mapped a new word. There was no significant effect for domains into which 3-year-old children mapped the new word, but from 4 years of age children showed a preference for assuming a new word refered to an object's shape rather than its color. (3) Children's existing lexicon had no effect, on how children comprehend a new word.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.381-395
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine the competence and the methods of problem solving in four operations word problems based on the informal knowledges by five-year-old children. The numbers which are contained in problems consist of the numbers bigger than 5 and smaller than 10. The subjects were 21 five-year-old children who didn't learn four operations. The interview with observation was used in this research. Researcher gave the various materials to children and permitted to use them for problem solving. And researcher read the word problems to children and children solved the problems. The results are as follows: five-year-old children have the competence of problem solving in four operations word problems. They used mental computation or counting all materials strategy in addition problem. The methods of problem solving were similar to that of addition in subtraction, multiplication and division, but the rate of success was different. Children performed poor1y in division word problems. According to this research, we know that kindergarten educators should be interested in children's informal knowledges of four operations including shapes, patterns, statistics and probability. For this, it is needed to developed the curriculum and programs for informal mathematical experiences.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.87-98
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• 2016

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of herbal medicine in children's growth. Methods 51 children from the age of 5 to 16 were participated in this study (27 of boys and 24 of girls). The participants were from the department of the pediatrics in Daegu hanny university oriental medical hospital. They were measured their body composition and their bone age, the height percentile of their first and the last visit. Then, those were compared by the Korean Association of Pediatrics' Growth Statistics Curve. Results 1. Generally, total children's average height and weight were significantly increased after the herbal medical treatment. The differences between their height and the general populations' average height, their weight and general populations' average weight were significantly decreased after the treatment. 2. Total children's average soft lean mass, body fat mass, BMI were also significantly increased after the herbal medical treatment. 3. The mean height percentiles of the children has increased by 1.47 percentile. The mean weight percentiles of the children decreased 1.08 percentile. 4. The height percentiles were increased in every group except the group of boys younger than 9 and older than 12 year old. Other than the group of boys younger than 9-year-old and the group of 10-11-year-old boys, every group showed decreasing weight percentile. Conclusions The herbal medical treatment helped children with growth retardation.