• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 1999

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of 24 hour pH monitoring in the pediatric patients with recurrent vomiting or regurgitation. Methods: We performed 24 hour pH monitoring on 87 pediatric patients with recurrent vomiting or regurgitation using GastrograpH with glass electrode. The pathologic GER was determined by the reflux index (RI). RIs>10% were considered positive in patients <1 year of age, whereas RIs of >5% were positive in other age groups. We evaluated the mean and standard deviation of the reflux parameters between physiologic and pathologic GER groups, and also compared the reflux indices of each group with respect to time zones of the day. Results: Pathologic GER was found in 32 of 87 patients (36.8%), and the age incidence included 32.5% in infants <6 months old, 13.3% in infants aged 6 months-1 year old, 61.5% in children aged 1~2 years old, 14.3% in children aged 2~3 years old and 66.7% in children >3 years old. In physiologic GER patients, the RI was $3.7{\pm}2.9%$ for the patients <1 year old (group A), and $1.8{\pm}1.5%$ for those ${\geq}1$ year old (group B) which was statistically significant between the 2 age groups (p=0.02). The number of long refluxes more than 5 minutes was significantly increased (p=0.03) in group A ($1.7{\pm}1.9$) than in group B ($0.8{\pm}1.0$). The duration of the longest reflux was significantly longer (p=0.007) in group A ($604{\pm}551$ sec) than in group B ($275{\pm}296$ sec). In pathologic GER patients, the RI was $17.7{\pm}11.6%$ for the patients <1 year old and $7.8{\pm}2.9$ for those ${\geq}1$ year old. The number of long refluxes of more than 5 minutes were $8.9{\pm}4.6$ and $3.2{\pm}1.8$, and the duration of the longest reflux were $1955{\pm}2190$ sec and $1093{\pm}706$ sec for each age group. In both physiologic and pathologic GER patients, there was no significant difference of RI among the time zones of the day. Conclusion: Pathologic GER was found in 36.8% of patients. There was significant difference of RI between those <1 year old and those ${\geq}1$ year old in physiologic GER patients. There was no significant difference of RI among the time zones of the day in both pathologic and physiologic groups. In our study, the frequency of pathplogic GER was too much higher in age group of 1~2 years old (61.5%) than in group of 6 months-1 year old (13.3%), which means that further study is needed to determine the pathologic criteria of RI (Vandenplas criteria is >5%) in the age group of 1~2 years old.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.23
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• pp.71-102
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of being adopted that adopted children have experienced. To achieve this purpose, researchers contacted adopted children and adoptive parents, collected data through in-depth interview and document, and analysed these data using case study approach. 23 adopted children over three ages and their parents were interviewed for this study. Participants were classified into three groups(3~5 ages, 6 ages, over 7 ages) based on their age. Researchers investigated the changes of the meaning of being adopted by age. The major findings were follows: First, the meaning of being adopted that adopted children have experienced was changed from 6 ages. Second, this study analyzed that the meaning of being adopted was love born by heart at 3~5 ages, inevitable grief at 6 ages and first step of adoptive person over 7 ages. Based on the findings, this study suggested practice guidelines to help adoptive children and their family.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2002

Our study shows the following results of the patterns and reality of oral health of 862 Government employees and private school employees who had received oral examinations from April to May, 2000. For the exposition of each group to dental service, the male groups(37.4%) were more exposed than the female ones(30.0%, p<0.05), while the scaling experience results indicated that more ages mean more scaling(the over 50 year group 27.1%, 41-50 group 23.9%, 31-40 group 20.5%, 21-30 group 10.8%, p<0.001). The data involving sweet food and refreshments revealed that 'positive respondents' in the male groups were 19.7% with 12.5% positive in the female ones, and 'negative respondents' were 32.3% and 51.0% in the male and female groups respectively(p<0.001). For the oral odor, the male groups(37.9%) are more severe than the female ones(25.5%, p<0.01). The results of dental caries revealed that 19.1% of the male and 13.9% of the female said 'yes'(p<0.05), with 25.1% of the male and 11.1% of the female suffering from missing teeth(p<0.001); 77.4% of the male and 51.0% of the female from periodontal disease (p<0.001).

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.53-57
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• 2001

The corneal structure and function changes somewhat with aging. We were performed the analysis of women college students on the base curve, power, and astigmatism axis of the cornea by keratometer. All women subjects were between the ages of 19 and 20 years. On the corneal base curve. the right eye of the ages of 19 was 7.64 mm in vertical and 7.81 mm in horizontal. But, the left eye was 7.65 mm in vertical and 7.83 mm in horizontal on the other hand, the right and left eye of the ages of 20 was 7.72 mm in vertical and 7.75 mm in horizontal. On the corneal diopter power, the right eye of the ages of 19 was 44.21 diopter in vertical and 43.32 diopter in horizontal. But, the left eye was 44.23 diopter in vertical and 43.24 diopter in horizontal. On the other hand, the right eye of the ages of 20 was 43.67 diopter in vertical and 43.62 diopter in horizontal. But, the left eye was 43.73 diopter in vertical and 43.6 diopter in horizontal. According to the corneal astigmatism axis style, the right eye of the ages of 19 have 83% positive for with the rule astigmatism, and 16% positive for against the rule astigmatism. But, the left eye of the ages of 19 have 86% positive for with the rule astigmatism, and 12% positive for against the rule astigmatism. On the other hand, the right eye of the ages of 19 have 56% positive for with the rule astigmatism, and 44 % positive for against the rule astigmatism. But, the left eye of the ages of 20 have 56% positive for with the rule astigmatism, and 41% positive for against the rule astigmatism. According to the diopter power of corneal astigmatism. The right eye of the ages of 19 have 36% positive for behind 1 diopter and left eye have 31%. But, the right and left eye of the ages of 20 have 37.5%. The right and left eye of the ages of 19 have 42% positive for 1 diopter, and the right eye of the ages of 20 have 34.4% positive for 1 diopter and the left eye have 43.8%. The right eye of the ages of 19 have 12% positive for 2 diopter and left eye have 22%. But, the right eye of the ages of 20 have 15.6% positive for 2 diopter and the left eye have 12%. The right eye of the ages of 19 have 4% positive for 3 diopter and left eye have 3%. But, the left eye of the ages of 20 have 3% positive for 3 diopter and the left eye have 6%. On the other hand, the right eye of ages of 19 have 6% positive over 4 diopter, and the left eye have 2%. But, the right eye of ages of 20 have only 9% positive over 4 diopter.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to obtain the data for dental caries experience and occlusal pattern to utilize these data for motivating oral health promotion and activating oral health care programme in preschool children of multicultural family. Caries prevalence on primary teeth was surveyed for 3-5 years old 190 children of multicultural families in Chonbuk province. The results were as follows : 1. Dental caries prevalence rate of primary teeth (dmf rate) was 61.7% at 3 years of age, 88.7% at 4 years of age, and 92.6% at 5 years of age (p>0.05). 2. Average score of dmft index was 2.22 at 3 years of age, 4.97 at 4 years of age, and 6.62 at 5 years of age (p>0.05). 3. Most of the caries-prevailed tooth was maxillary primary central incisor and showed 28.8% at 3 years of age, 56.7% at 5 years of age. 4. dmft index and dmfs index of children of Vietnamese, Cambodian, and Filipinos women were higher than those of Chinese and Japanese. 5. In sagittal primary molar relationship, flush terminal plane type was 82.6%, distal step type was 5.2% and mesial step type was 8.4%. This study is the first report for children of multicultural families in Korea. More attention for children of multicultural families will be needed in aspect of oral disease prevention and treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.185-189
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• 1993

급속응고법으로 제작된 비정질 $Fe_{85-x}Co_{x}Zr_{7}B_{7}Cu_{1}$ 합금의 열처리에 따른 구조 및 자기특성이 조사되었다. 비정질 $Fe_{85-x}Co_{x}Zr_{7}B_{7}Cu_{1}$ 합금은 $600^{\circ}C$이하의 열처리온도에서 약 10 nm의 초미세결정립이 형성된다. $600^{\circ}C$이상의 열처리 조건에서는 결정립크기가 급격히 증가하여 자기특성을 열화시킨다. $Fe_{85-x}Co_{x}Zr_{7}B_{7}Cu_{1}$ 합금의 최적열처리온도는 Fe-Zr-B초미세결정립합금에 비하여 낮으며, 결정립크기 또한 감소한다. 이는 Cu의 첨가에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다. 최적열처리조건에서 $Fe_{80}Co_{5}Zr_{7}B_{7}Cu_{1}$ 초미세결정립합금의 포화자화 및 f=50 kHz, $B_{m}=0.2\;T$에서 측정한 투자율 및 철손은 각각 157.3 emu/g(1.5 T), $1.8{\times}10^{4}$ 및 13 W/kg으로 자기특성이 가장 우수하다.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

The developmental age of permanent teeth was evaluated in children and adolescents according to age and gender using the Nolla Method. A retrospective study was performed on panoramic radiographs of 1,200 subjects aged 4-15 years, including 50 children for each age/gender group. Three well-trained examiners estimated the developmental stage of upper and lower permanent teeth using the Nolla Method. The inter-examiner reliability was excellent (intra-class correlation coefficient value = 0.973). The mean developmental age was calculated. In boys, Nolla stage 6, indicated by crown completion, was seen in the central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first premolar, second premolar, first molar, and second molar at 5.4, 6.4, 6.7, 7.5, 7.8, 4.6, and 8.1 years, respectively, in the maxilla and at 4.8, 5.1, 6.0, 6.5, 7.2, 4.5, and 8.0 years, respectively, in the mandible. In girls, Nolla stage 6 was seen at 5.3, 6.0, 6.3, 7.3, 7.7, 4.8, and 8.1 years, respectively, in the maxilla and at 4.8, 5.1, 5.9, 6.5, 7.2, 5.0, and 7.9 years, respectively, in the mandible. In this study, the developmental age of permanent teeth was evaluated in Korean children and adolescents who visited Yonsei University Dental Hospital. This study may be helpful in diagnosis and treatment planning in the clinic.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.610-616
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of sexual maturation and secular trends of menarchial age in Korean adolescents. Methods : Nine hundred eighty two school students and 119 university female students were included. Tanner's pubertal assessment method was applied using a self-assessment sheet with pictures for their developmental stages. A medical checkup database from 1,156,022 women was also used to analyze the age of menarche from the year 1900 to 1980. Results : Onset of puberty was at $11.3{\pm}1.3$ years(y) in girls and $12.1{\pm}1.5$ y in boys and total pubertal duration was 3.6 y in girls and 3.3 y in boys. Height at the onset of puberty was $146.1{\pm}7.9cm$ in girls and $152.7{\pm}9.8cm$ in boys. Weight at the onset of puberty was $39.3{\pm}6.9kg$ in girls and $47.7{\pm}14.4kg$ in boys. The mean age of menarche was $12.0{\pm}1.0y$ and mean age at nocturnal emission was $12.3{\pm}1.8y$. By age ten, 3.0 percent of girls experienced menarche, which increased to 41.1 percent by age 12, and 98.0 percent by age over 15. By SMR 2 breast stage, 18.2 percent of girls experienced menarche, which increased to 66.1 percent and 91.7 percent by SMR stages 3 and 4, respectively. By SMR 2 pubic hair stage, 52.0 percent and by SMR 3, 93.8 percent of girls experienced menarche. While the menarchial age of women born around 1980 was $12.4{\pm}1.1y$, the menarchial age of women born around 1990 was $12.0{\pm}1.1y$. Age at menarche has been advanced approximately by 2 years between 1900 and 1980 birth cohorts. Conclusion : There was a downward secular trend in pubertal timing. Age at menarche has been advanced by 2 years during the last 80 years. Further large scale, prospective studies, including inspection by specialists, are needed to provide reference data for pubertal timing in Korean adolescents.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1981.05a
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• pp.4.1-4
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• 1981

The statistical study was done on 74 cases of foreign bodies in the air passages, who visited the department of otolaryngology of SNUH during recent 5 years from 1975 to 1980. The result was as follows, 1) Of the total 74 cases, 55 cases were male and 18 cases were female. The ratio between male and female was 3 : 1. 41.8% of all-cases were under 2 years of age, 75.5% were under 3 years, and 83.6% were under 5 years. 2) Major symptoms on visit were dyspnea, cough, cyanosis. No significant symptoms was noted in 6.7%. Initial physical findings were coarse breathing sound, decreased breathing sound, and stridor. No abnormal physical findings were noted in 10.8%. 3) 48.6% of total cases visited hospital within 24 hours. There was one case who visited hospital over 2 years later. 4) Initial simple chest film showed atelectasis in 25.0%, emphysema in 32.8%, definite foreign body shadow in 17.2% and within normal limit in 17.2%. 5) 60.8% of total cases were vegetables, 15.5% were metals, 16.2% were fish bone, and 2.7 % were others. 6) Vegetables were most frequent foreign bodies in the cases under 5 years of age. 7) 40.5% of total cases were lodged in the right main bronchus, 31.0% were in the left main bronchus, 9.8% were in trachea and 6.7% were in multiple sites, 8) Foreign bodies were removed by ventilating bronchoscopy in 82.3%, by tracheostomy only in 2.7%, by tracheal suction in 2.7%, by spontaneous removal in 1.3%, by thorachotomy in 5.4% and 5.4% of total cases were expired.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.213-217
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between age, physical activity (walking, strength exercise), subjective body shape recognition, and weight change with subjective health status in the population aged 30 years or older among the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2018) of Koreans. The subject and method of this study was a secondary analysis study using the 7th 3rd year National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2018). Age, walking days per week, strength training days per week, subjective health status, subjective body shape recognition, and weight change during the year were used the SPSS (p<.01). The response rate of walking for 7 days (every day) was 21.9% for those aged 30-45, 27.2% for those aged 50-64, and 26.6% for those aged 65 or older. aged 8.4% and over 65 years old 7.9% (p<.001). The subjective health status was positively correlated with age (.091), number of walking days per week (.739), number of days of strength exercise per week (.530), subjective perception of body shape (.256), and weight change over one year (.303). There was a relationship (p<.01). In this study, the age group that answered 'bad' in subjective health status was the highest at 21.4% of those aged 65 or older, followed by 15.7% of those aged 50-64 and 11.0% of those aged 30-45. This could be expected to improve subjective health status by walking and strength training. Based on these results, it was intended to provide basic data for preparing health-related programs to improve subjective health status of individuals according to age.