• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose: Under a trend of hospitals that repeated expansion in line with fast increasing factors of medical demands in the past, medical buildings where clinic businesses have regularly gathered in one building have exponentially increased since separation of prescribing and dispensing in 2000. Thus, this study aims at analyzing characteristics of architectural plan of the current medical buildings, identifying strengths and weaknesses through Post Occupancy Evaluation and suggesting an architectural planning method of medical buildings to be planned in the future. Methods: Scope of study has been limited to 23 medical buildings that are registered in the building register as medical buildings out of the Class 1 neighborhood facilities build as 5 floors or more in Cheongju region since 2000 and being actually used for the usage. Study method is to define concepts of the medical buildings through literature review and advanced researches, analyze characteristics of architectural plan through drawing analysis and site survey. Results: General characteristics of architectural plans for the medical buildings in Cheongju have been analyzed. There are the most frequencies in general commercial area and semi-residential area, most of them are reinforced concrete structure and the Class 1 neighborhood facilities. Average land area is $482.68m^2$, gross floor area $3720.8m^2$, the number of underground floors level 1.16, the number of floors level 7.76, total number of floors 8.92, the building-to-land ratio 67.28%, floor area ratio 452.6%, height 31.44m, and the number of parked vehicles 24.16. Implications: This research will contribute to the establishment of the planning methods which increase the quality of Medical Buildings in Cheongju.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.35-44
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• 2016

Purpose: This study is focus on investigation of user's spontaneous behavior in the public space of ward where chronic patients are hospitalized. Methods: The notion and necessity of social healing environment is analyzed by literature review. User's location and behaviour are investigated for analyzing behavior by visiting the six wards. Results: The result 1) Stay is main behavior of users. 2) The frequency of stay is high in the place where are planned as the dayroom, the program room and the balcony. 3) In the corridor, the users are staying around court and single side corridor. And the users who are staying in the ward planned middle corridor and double corridor are spreaded all over the corridor. As the result of the analysis of correlation between frequency of user for stay and area of public space, 4) The area of the dayroom, the program room and the balcony is bigger, the frequency of users are higher. 5) There is no correlation between area of corridor and frequency of users. 6) When the density of user is highest in the place for stay, one person occupied $1.96m^2$. Implications: Hereafter the public space, which social healing environment is considered, is planned, this study could suggest the directions of architectural planning about area.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the neuro architecture items and detailed elements that can be considered for each detailed space in the future medical space design development through the development of a checklist of neuro architecture elements that can be utilized in medical space design. Methods:: This study first develops the neuro architecture element through theoretical research and prepares the basic plan for the checklist through consultation with the employees of the design company in which the researcher works. Finally, a checklist was developed through a survey of nine experts, including designers, hospital staff, and professors. Results: The result of this study 1) The neuro architecture component was developed in seven categories: light, color, sound, air, image, nature, ergonomic furniture and equipment. 2) Specifically, it consists of 49 elements including 7 light elements, 7 color elements, 5 sound elements, 4 air elements, 11 image elements, 6 elements in nature, 9 elements in ergonomic furniture and equipment. It was. 3) Although each of the detailed elements is more preferred according to the space, in general, all the elements should be considered in the context of the hospital space design. Implications: The checklist on the neuro architecture element will enable the development of the most faithful design as an efficient and useful tool for applying the neuro architecture philosophy that considers human beings in hospital design and pursues healing and happiness.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.79-86
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of Progressive Space Organization (ante-rooms) in Negative Pressured Isolation Unit(NPIU) such as National and Regional Isolation Units in Korea in order to build basic data for the evidence based design of Airborne Infection Isolation Units which should prepare and respond effectively to the public health crisis due to the hazardous airborne infectious disease. Methods: 1) Gas(SF6) test and analysis on the 23 Korean Isolation Units under operation. 2) Assessment of the isolation level of the space components by checking the Gas concentration. 3) Analysis of the Isolation Effectiveness according to Space Organizational levels. Results: 1) The higher segregation level is, the lower Gas(SF6) concentration is. 2) Too many segregations(anterooms) of Isolation Unit are not efficient for the prevention of infectious bacillus spread. For example, 4 level of segregation has similar segregation effect to the 3 level of segregation. Implications: Many anterooms in front of the isolated patient bedroom will guarantee the safe environment against the danger of hazardous airborne nosocomial infection. On the other hand, too many segregations is inefficient, expensive, inconvenient, narrow(unflexible) and so on. This study can be used as basic data for further development of design guidelines of isolation units.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.514-522
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• 2022

In this study, as part of a study to improve the self-healing performance of concrete structures by applying self-healing capsules made of cementitious materials to cement composite materials, the engineering characteristics of mortars according to PCC(Powder Compacted Capsule) size and mixing ratio were compared and analyzed. For this, fluidity, compressive strength, reload test, carbonation, ultrasonic velocity, and water permeability characteristics were measured according to PCC size and mixing ratio of mortar. As a result of the measurement, the fluidity and compressive strength increased as the mixing ratio of PCC increased, and in the case of the load reload test, the healing ratio increased as the mixing ratio of PCC increased in the 03PC formulation. In the case of water permeability test, it was found that when PCC was used, the reduction ratio of water flow was up to 35 % higher than that of Plain, and when PCC with a size of 0.3 to 0.6 mm was mixed with 15 %, it was found to be effective in improving the crack healing ratio of the mortar.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2014

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to examine the nurses' needs for the spatial composition of geriatric hospital. Methods : The survey method was used for collecting the data. The subjects were 110 nurses who worked at 6 geriatric hospitals in Busan. They answered the questionnaire by the self-administered method. The questionnaire consisted of items which asked the spatial composition of patient room, bathroom, dining space, resting space, care-givers' room, and garden. Results : 1) The patient room using a bed on ondol floor would be useful. Also, it would be desirable that most patient rooms consisted of 4 or 6 persons per patient room and the others were 1 or 2 persons per room. 2) The bathroom for only patients and the shower room for their families or care-givers are needed in the geriatric hospital. 3) The dining room for patients in each floor would be useful to old patients. In addition to that, the cafeteria for their families or care-givers are needed. 4) The resting space for patients and their families, for the staff, and for care-givers are needed. 5) The personal locker and refrigerator are necessary fixtures in care-givers' room. Also, table, sofa, sink, and shower booth are also needed. 6) On the base of activities of care-givers, the space for preserving, washing, and heating foods are needed. Also, the storage space for personal items and the fitting space are needed. Implications : The results of this study would be the fundamental data for space planning of the geriatric hospital.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

Purpose: In this study, we performed ventilation simulations for a standard isolation ward including three intensive care rooms, one anteroom(buffer room), and its recommended ventilation equipments. The purpose of this study is to predict outflow of pathogenic bacteria from patient breath to verify the reliability and the safety of the isolation ward. Methods: We suppose three scenarios of the movement of medical staff. The leakage of patient's breath to out of the ward is predicted in these scenarios using CFD simulations. Results: The patient's breath leakage rate to out of the ward in scenario 1 according to room air changes per hour(ACH : 6 and 12) is predicted to be 0.000057% and 0.00002%, respectively. The patient's breath leakage rate to out of the ward in scenario 2 according to room air changes(ACH : 6 and 12) is predicted to be 0.00063% and 0.00019%, respectively. The patient's breath leakage rate to out of the ward in scenario 3, which is the worst case(6 room air changes) is predicted to be 0.1%. Implications: Through the ventilation simulation like that in this study, the reliability and the safety on isolation performance of various plan of isolation ward are predicted quantitatively.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a predictive model for patient visibility in Korean ICUs (corridor or continental type). Methods: The measures of static visibility were used to quantify the patient visibility (upper third part of the patient bed) from the nurse station. The measure of space programme and area distribution (patient zone percentage, staff zone percentage and departmental gross square meter per patient bed) were calculated by using AutoCAD and MS Excel programs. Regression analysis was conducted for visibility as dependant variable with independent variables of patient area percentage, staff area percentage as well as departmental gross square meter per bed by using IBM SPSS. Results: (1) Average patient visibility and percentage of patient area in ICU shows a strong negative correlation ($r^2$=0.66), p=0.01. (2) Patient visibility in Korean ICU (corridor or continental type) can be calculated as below with the given conditions: Y= $-1.449(X)+124.3{\pm}6$, Y is the total visibility of the ICU (corridor or continental type) and X is the percentage of patient area in the unit. Conditions:1. Given that the unit has a mixed programme of open bed and closed patient rooms and 2. The unit have a minimum of 20% patient rooms. Implications: This study may contribute to the visibility analysis of existing and future ICU design (corridor or continental type) in Korea to achieve maximum patient visibility and reduced patient mortality.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to look into the change of area and space organization percentage of wards in main general hospitals in Busan and Gyeongnam. Method : Patient area, nursing area, service area, training area, common area were classified for functional space organization. Patient area was reclassified to bedroom and comfort area, and common area was reclassified into vertical circulation, horizontal circulation and facility area. Also, method of area calculation was chosen standard to wall center-lines following building act 911 and functional space area of each hospital was estimated and comparatively analyzed. Result : For hospitals completed before 2000, area ratio by functional space for patient area, nursing area, service area and common area showed 53.6%, 10.2%, 0.8%, and 35.3% respectively. For hospitals completed after 2000, area ratio by functional space for patient area, nursing area, service space, and common area showed 49.2%, 12.6%, 1.1%, and 37.2% respectively. Implications : Through this study, change of percentage of space organization of main general hospitals in Busan Gyeongnam can be understood. Also because most studies on area organization of general hospital wards were focused on the capital area, this study provides basic material for future studies related to area of general hospital wards in Busan Gyeongnam.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.53-59
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• 2011

본 연구는 미국 텍사스 주의 소도시에 있는 스캇 앤 화이트 클리닉의 외부공간을 대상으로 하여 외래환자와 방문객들이 직면하는 길찾기의 문제점을 분석한다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 클리닉의 외부공간으로 한정하여 진입도로에서 진입하여 주차한 후 출입구에 도달하는 경로에서 관찰되는 행태적 특성을 분석한다. 분석의 초점은 진입도로에서 이루어지는 경로선택의 결정과 그것이 클리닉에 진입하기 위한 출입구 결정에 미치는 영향관계에 둔다. 분석은 외부공간에서의 길찾기에 관한 기존 연구문헌을 참고하여 작성한 연구모형에 의해 이루어진다. 구체적으로 보면, 이용자들이 보이는 날씨, 성별, 그리고 나이에 따른 길찾기 행태의 차이를 클리닉의 남동측 출입구와 남서측 출입구에서 발생하는 이용자들의 하차 빈도를 측정하였다. 또한 하차의 위치를 행태 지도에 기록하여 연구모델에 나타나는 상관성을 분석하였다. 길찾기 행태분석 결과를 통해 파악된 외부주차장에 주차한 후 클리닉에 접근하는 이용자들의 경로선택의 문제점과 클리닉의 입구 공간에서 하차한 이용자들의 입구선택에서 나타나는 문제점을 토대로 하여 외부공간에서 발생하는 길찾기 행위의 효율성을 증진시키기 위한 디자인 추천 사항을 다음과 같이 제시한다: (1) 시각적 단서를 제공하기 위해 남서쪽 출입구의 형태와 색채 차별화; (2) 도로에서 클리닉 진입공간에 위치한 안내판의 글자 크기 확대; (3) 학습된 길찾기 행태를 보조하기 위해 동쪽에 랜드마크 시설물 설치 및 목적 지점의 최종경관 개선; (4) 과도한 클리닉의 정보에 의해 감소되는 가독성을 고려하여 안내판의 정보 간략화; (5) 색채의 대조를 고려(출입구 벽에 설치된 클리닉의 이름이 갈색에 푸른색으로 설치되어 있어 색채의 대비가 낮아 가독성 떨어짐); (6) 클리닉 중앙 출입구의 하차 공간 상부에 설치된 캐노피 기둥의 과도한 크기에 의해 발생하는 가시공간의 감소에 의해 발생하는 하차 공간 사용의 혼잡 문제를 제거하기 위해 기둥규모 축소; (7) 하차점 6까지 캐노피를 확장하여 우천시에 발생하는 공간 사용의 문제점 제거; 그리고 (8) 올바른 하차공간 사용을 위해 진입 접근도로에 차선 설치.